Sense organs
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The document discusses the five basic human senses - sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. It describes the sense organs associated with each sense, how they receive sensory information from the environment and transmit it to the brain so the body can respond appropriately. The eye is described as the organ of sight, the ear for hearing, the tongue for taste, the nose for smell, and the skin as the organ of touch that covers the entire body.
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Barrientos, josielyn
Human beings traditionally have five senses - sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch - that provide data for perception. These senses are studied by fields like neuroscience and philosophy of perception. Aristotle was credited with classifying the five traditional senses, while Kant proposed that our knowledge depends on our modes of perception. Each sense has an associated organ - the eye for sight, nose for smell, ear for hearing, tongue for taste, and skin/nerves for touch. The brain interprets signals from these sensory organs to represent and understand the environment.
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Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved..docx
Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 17
The Special
Senses
Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Special SensesRecall that a sensation is the conscious or subconscious awareness of an internal or external stimulus
For this chapter, “external stimulus” means light rays striking the retina of the eye, sound waves impinging on the tympanic membrane of the ear, molecules in the air and food transmitting smells and tastes to the chemical sensors in the nose an on the tongue, and the force of gravity acting on equilibrium receptors in the inner ear which sense changes in inertia
Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Special SensesReceptors for the special senses of smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium are anatomically distinct from one another and are concentrated in specific locations in the head
In addition to the stimuli and the receptors, there are specific afferent pathways and translation sites in the brain for information assembled from these special senses
Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Special Senses
General Senses
Include somatic sensations (tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive) and visceral sensations
Are scattered throughout the body
Are relatively simple structures
Special Senses
Include smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium
Are concentrated in specific locations in the head
Are anatomically distinct structures
Form complex neural pathwaysComparing the general senses and the special senses
Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Olfaction and TasteOlfaction is the process of perceiving smells. Smell and taste are brought about through the interpretation of chemicals present in the environment
Olfactory and gustatory (taste) impulses travel not only to the cerebral cortex, but also to the limbic systemthis is why we can have emotional responses and trigger strong memories to certain smells and tastesgustation and olfaction work together but olfaction
is much stronger/more sensitive (when someone has a cold it is difficult to taste food)
Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
OlfactionThe olfactory epithelium is located in the superior part of the nasal cavity covering the surface of the cribriform plate and extending along the superior nasal concha
Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
OlfactionThe olfactory epithelium consists of 3 kinds of cells:
The olfactory receptor is a bipolar neuron with cilia (called olfactory hairs). There are 10-100 million of these receptors in the nose that respond to odorant molecules
Supporting cells provide
support and nourishment
Basal cells are stem cells
that replace olfactory
receptors
*
Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
OlfactionThe olfactory apparatus can detect about 10,000 different odors, often in concentrations as low as 1/25 billionth of a milligram per milliliter of air .
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Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved..docx
Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved..docx
Sense organs
- 1. SENSE ORGANS AN ORGAN HAVING NERVE ENDINGS THAT RESPOND TO STIMULATION.
- 2. THERE ARE FIVE SENSES SIGHT HEARING TASTE SMELL TOUCH THERE ARE ORGANS CONNECTE WITH THE SENSES THAT TAKE IN INFORMATION THAT IS SENT TO THE BRAIN SO THAT THE BODY CAN ACT ON IT.
- 3. SIGHT THE EYE IS THE ORGAN OF THE SENSEOF SIGHT. EYE DETECT LIGHT AND CONVERT IT TO ELECTRO- CHEMICAL IMPULSES IN NEURONS. HEARING THE EAR IS THE ORGAN CONCERNED WITH HEARING.
- 4. TASTE TONGUE IS A MUSCULAR ORGAN IN THE MOUTH . THE TONGUE IS VITAL IN TASTING AND CHEWING FOOD AND IN SPEECH. SMELL THE NOSE ,ALONG WITH THE MOUTH ,LETS AIR IN AND OUT OF THE BODY. IT ALSO HELPS US DISTINGUISH DIFFERENT SMELLS IN THAT AIR.
- 5. TOUCH THE SKIN IS THE LARGEST ORGAN OF THE BODY ,WITH A TOTAL AREA OF ABOUT 20 sq feet. THE SKIN PROTECTS US FROM MICROBES AND THE ELEMENTS. . IT HELPS REGULATE BODY TEMPERATURE AND PERMITS THE SENSATIONS OF TOUCH ,HEAT AND COLD.