This document discusses gliomas, which are central nervous system tumors that resemble glial cells. It provides background on gliomas and glioblastoma. The World Health Organization grading system for classifying brain tumors into grades I-IV is described. The document discusses methods for analyzing gliomas such as molecular characterization, pathologic evaluation, and specific molecular tests. It outlines the objectives and methods of a study on IL4I1, a protein that promotes glioma progression. The results sections describes findings from quantitative PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry experiments. The discussion section reviews how the findings relate to previous research on glioma heterogeneity, the tumor microenvironment, and the role of tumor-associated macrophages. The conclusions suggest

1. SUSANA CANO VANEGAS
3RD SEMESTER- UPB

2. Gliomas are central nervous system (CNS) tumors that have histologic features similar to normal glial cells
(astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells).
INTRODUCTION
GLIOMA
GLIOBLASTOMA
ASTROCYTOMA,
CNS WHO GRADE 2
Louis, D, & et al. (2023). Classification and pathologic diagnosis of gliomas, glioneuronal tumors, and neuronal tumors. Up To Date.
Amthor F. R, et al. (2020). Essentials of Modern Neuroscience. McGraw-Hill. https://doi.org/978-0-07-184905-0
GLIOBLASTOMA
The World Health Organization (WHO) grading system is based on histologic criteria that are used to
classify tumors as 1 of 4 grades:
Grade I
Grade II
Grade III
Grade IV
Molecular tests:
Molecular characterization.
Pathologic evaluation.
IDH mutational testing.
Testing for 1p/19q codeletion*

3. CELL TARGET BIOLOGIC ACTIVITY
IL-1 All cells
Upregulates adhesion.
Neutrophil and macrophage emigration,
Mimics shock, fever.
Hepatic acute-phase protein production.
Hematopoiesis.
IL-4
T, B, NK cells.
Monocytes-macrophages.
Neutrophils, eosinophils.
Endothelial cells.
Fibroblasts.
T-cell differentiation and proliferation.
B-cell Ig class switch to IgG1.
IgE anti-inflammatory action on T cells.
Stimulate B-cell maturation.
IL4 & IL1
INTRODUCTION
Joseph Loscalzo, et al. (2022). Harrison’s principles of internal medicine (18a ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional.
Johnston, A., et al. (2019). Immunobiologics: Targeted therapy against cytokines, cytokine receptors, and growth factors in dermatology. McGraw Hill Medical.

4. IDENTIFY IL4I1 IN M2-LIKE
MACROPHAGE PROMOTES
GLIOMA PROGRESSION AND
AS A PROMISING TARGET
FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY
GENERAL OBJECTIVE

5. 02 QUANTITATIVE REAL TIME PCR
WESTERN BLOT
01
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mybiosource.com%2Flearn%2Fwesternblotting&psig=AOvVaw04DFYfsN8Rhcg8J2Yd9_Wv&ust=1708440378570000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBIQjRxqFwoTCMDv48DSt4QDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAa
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41467-020-18611-5&psig=AOvVaw0YQg18P5ZzCFoIB5HB5J6O&ust=1708441048182000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBQQjhxqFwoTCODqmoDVt4QDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAS

6. IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
03
04
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fibidi.com%2Fcontent%2F364-the-principle-of-immunofluorescence-assays&psig=AOvVaw18uq5o6ozK7Wd--lMm9XM4&ust=1708441326294000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBQQjhxqFwoTCJC-4oTWt4QDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAS
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0165993616302904&psig=AOvVaw1KlAX-uDJzC_1Zox1skXDk&ust=1708441268395000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBQQjhxqFwoTCJDcrOnVt4QDFQAAAAAdAAAAABBo

7. RESULTS
FIGURE 6

8. RESULTS
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 8

9. DISCUSSION
Author discussed yes/no
Miller KD, et al.
“The heterogeneity and complexity of epigenetics of glioma
hamper treatment and diagnoses. Despite tremendous efforts to
reduce recurrence and mortality, this malignancy results in a poor
prognosis”
Zhang Y, et al.
Pan Z, et al.
“Within the TME, infiltrating macrophages predominantly
exhibit the M2 subtype and are known as TAMs, which
contribute critically to promote the proliferation and metastasis of
tumor cells”
Morrissey SM, et al.
“The infiltration and activation of TAMs are
also well-known factors associated with the prognosis of glioma. For
instance, TAM-associated PGK1 phosphorylation has shown
correlations with glioma grade, patient prognosis, and
tumorigenesis”

10. CONCLUSIONS
Molecular biology allows us to develop new techniques
for the well being of patients by going to the microscopic
causes and principles, as in this article where an
interleukin is key to help people get diagnosed.
This article is key for new coming discoveries in glioma
pathology, as it allows a more specific approach where
more studies can be made for an early diagnosis or
even, new ways to help with the treatment.