The document discusses the proper uses of semicolons, including connecting two independent clauses without a conjunction, using conjunctive adverbs after a semicolon, and separating items in a list. It provides examples of sentences with and without semicolons and explains why semicolons are preferable in certain cases over commas or periods. The overall purpose is to outline the main rules and applications for using semicolons in writing.

1. Our Friend, the Semicolon
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2. Our Friend, the Semicolon
Let’s begin with a simple sentence:
Grandma stays up too late.
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3. Our Friend, the Semicolon
Now let’s expand on that a bit:
Grandma stays up too late. She’s afraid she’s going
to miss something.
This is OK. Two independent ideas,
separated by a period.
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4. Our Friend, the Semicolon
What if we try to combine the two ideas?
Grandma stays up too late, she’s afraid she’s going
to miss something.
Something’s wrong. We connected two independent clauses
with only a comma. The dreaded COMMA SPLICE!
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5. Our Friend, the Semicolon
We could insert a coordinating conjunction:
Grandma is afraid she’ll miss something, so she
stays up too late.
This is better! Note the comma that accompanies
the coordinating conjunction.
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6. Our Friend, the Semicolon
We could also try subordinating one of these ideas:
Grandma stays up too late because she’s afraid
she’s going to miss something.
Notice that the comma disappeared. One idea (the
second one) now depends on the other; it has
become a dependent clause.
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7. Our Friend, the Semicolon
But let’s try something else.
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8. Our Friend, the Semicolon
Let’s try using a semicolon in this sentence.
Grandma stays up too late; she’s afraid she’s going
to miss something.
Notice there is no conjunction used with this
semicolon – either subordinating or coordinating.
Just the semicolon, all by itself.
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9. Our Friend, the Semicolon
Sometimes semicolons are accompanied by
conjunctive adverbs – words such as however,
moreover, therefore, nevertheless, consequently,
as a result.
Grandma is afraid she’s going to miss something;
as a result, she stays up too late.
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10. Our Friend, the Semicolon
Notice the pattern:
; as a result,
semicolon + conjunctive adverb + comma
This is a typical construction with semicolons.
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11. Our Friend, the Semicolon
There is one other use of the semicolon: to help us
sort out monster lists, like this one:
The committee included Peter Wursthorn, Professor of
Mathematics, from Marlborough, Connecticut, Virginia
Villa, Professor of English, from Hartford, Connecticut, Paul
Creech, Director of Rad-Tech, from Essex, Connecticut, and
Joan Leach, Professor of Nursing, from Farmington,
Connecticut.
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12. Our Friend, the Semicolon
Be careful where you insert semicolons in this
sentence.
The committee included Peter Wursthorn, Professor of
Mathematics, from Marlborough, Connecticut; Virginia
Villa, Professor of English, from Hartford, Connecticut ; Paul
Creech, Director of Rad-Tech, from Essex, Connecticut ; and
Joan Leach, Professor of Nursing, from Farmington,
Connecticut.
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13. Our Friend, the Semicolon
Now you know everything you’ll ever need to know
about using semicolons!
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