FAO has developed several semantic technologies and ontologies to improve information sharing and interoperability across different knowledge domains, including AGROVOC, the Agricultural Ontology Service, ontologies for fisheries, crops, nutrition, and geopolitics. These projects use techniques such as concept mapping, multilingual support, and semantic search to facilitate knowledge organization and exchange.

1. Semantic Technologies at FAO International Society for Knowledge Organization (ISKO) 3 Aprile 2009, Torino Margherita Sini

2. Few words about myself

5. Semantic projects involving FAO

6. Why AOS vessel? craft? boat? bateaux? barco? Terminology brokering Semantic navigation, Clustering, Ranking, ... Intelligent query expansion Interoperability ship or container Inferencing Reasoning Machine learning

8. IPFSAPH

9. IPFSAPH

10. The Ontology

12. Concept Search The same records will be retrieved regardless of the specific synonyms or singular/plural forms that the user uses to refer to a concept. Related concepts

13. Multilinguality The system is also able to understand a concept even when different languages are used.

14. Check spelling Spelling errors are corrected: e.g. “desease” into “disease”

15. Paraphrasing “ mad cow disease symptoms” or “clinical signs of bovine spongiform encephalopathy”

16. give the same results, which are ranked.

17. Semantic navigation of the bibliographical metadata (1)

18. Semantic navigation of the bibliographical metadata (2)

19. Semantic Navigation of Knowledge parent concept(s) children concept(s)

20. FNA

22. Creation of the core ontology BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE CORPORATE DOCUMENT REPOSITORY DATABASE MERGE RECORDS + TRANSFORM TO RDFS Ontology Editor (OI-Modeler) maintain

23. Ontology Relationships

25. The ontology instances

28. RDFa

29. CWR

30. Hierarchy

33. More semantics Term: wild plants subclass of plants superclass of crop wild relatives adapted by domestication benefits from resource conservation

34. From unstructured data to formalized data “ Destruction of forests is leading to the loss of many populations of important wild relatives of fruit , nut and industrial crops such as mango and rubber.”

36. Properties (1/2)

37. Properties (2/2)

38. Overall Solution (1/2) Value-added information services Shared layer of interoperability Distributed Datasets dataset1 dataset2 Common exchange layer (Vocabularies,Ontologies, RDF/XML) … … datasetn Aggregated Database View Subject specific Portals Information System (n) News feed service

39. Overall Solution (2/2) Data

40. Fisheries

42. Foundational Ontology FOS core FOS integrated FOS merged FIGIS Reference Tables ASFA FIGIS DTD ONE FISH AGROVOC

43. Fisheries Ontologies (2/2) OneFish FIGIS AGROVOC Aquaculture Resource Water Area land strains Species life cycle Farming system management system Production center Spawning technique Breeding technique Hatchery technique Expl. form Regulation Farming technique Environment Institution Health monitoring technique diseases suppliers ASFA

45. Ontology properties

47. Using multilingual lexicalizations ENGLISH SPANISH FRENCH

48. Using hierarchically related concepts hierarchically related concept Polyvalent Trawlers

49. Using non-hierarchically related concepts non-hierarchically related concept gears

50. Help the user formulate queries Original query: bateau de pêche To refine your query, click on the concepts you are interested in. They will appear to the left. Search:

51. Enhancement of terminologies

52. Reconcile different vocabularies “ navire de p ê che”, “fishing vessel”, “ embarcaciones de pesca” AGROVOC or ASFA or other “ fishing vessels,” “ fishing boat,” AGROVOC: “fishing vessels”, “barco”, etc... ASFA: “fishing vessels”

53. Semantic Navigation of Knowledge: a) Thesaurus based Highlighting the originator thesaurus. User can select a specific thesaurus to look for.

54. Geopolitical ontology

57. Nutrition Ontology

59. Procedure =CONCATENATE(&quot;<owl:Class rdf:ID=&quot;&quot;&quot;,J2,&quot;&quot;&quot;><rdfs:subClassOf><owl:Class rdf:ID=&quot;&quot;c_&quot;,B2,&quot;&quot;&quot;/></rdfs:subClassOf><rdfs:label xml:lang=&quot;&quot;en&quot;&quot;><![CDATA[&quot;,D2,&quot;]]></rdfs:label><code><![CDATA[&quot;,J2,&quot;]]></code><TAGNAME><![CDATA[&quot;,J2,&quot;]]></TAGNAME>&quot;,S2, T2,&quot;</owl:Class>&quot;) <?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns=&quot;http://www.fao.org/aos/infoods#&quot; xmlns:protege=&quot;http://protege.stanford.edu/plugins/owl/protege#&quot; xmlns:rdf=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#&quot; xmlns:xsd=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#&quot; xmlns:rdfs=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#&quot; xmlns:owl=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#&quot; xmlns:daml=&quot;http://www.daml.org/2001/03/daml+oil#&quot; xmlns:dc=&quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/&quot; xml:base=&quot;http://www.fao.org/aos/infoods&quot;> <owl:Ontology rdf:about=&quot;&quot;> <owl:imports rdf:resource=&quot;http://protege.stanford.edu/plugins/owl/protege&quot;/> <owl:versionInfo rdf:datatype=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string&quot; >Revision 4.0</owl:versionInfo> <protege:defaultLanguage rdf:datatype=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string&quot; >en</protege:defaultLanguage> <rdfs:comment rdf:datatype=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string&quot; >International Network of Food Data Systems (INFOODS) was established in 1984 on the basis of the recommendations of an international group convened under the auspices of the United Nations University (UNU). Its goal was to .....</rdfs:comment> </owl:Ontology> <owl:Class rdf:ID=&quot;c_0413&quot;> <code rdf:datatype=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string&quot; >0413</code> <rdfs:subClassOf> <owl:Class rdf:ID=&quot;c_041&quot;/> </rdfs:subClassOf> <rdfs:label xml:lang=&quot;en&quot;>Vitamin D</rdfs:label> </owl:Class>

60. AGROVOC

61. AOS Core: the Concept Server Export mapping Terminology Workbench AGROVOC OWL AGROVOC RDFS formats (e.g. SKOS) and TagText ISO2709 Other thesauri and terminologies integration ABACA NT1 Food NT2 Apple ANIMAL BT Organ NT .... Other thesauri & terminologies ABACA NT1 Food NT2 Apple ANIMAL BT Organ NT ....

64. How to obtain more semantics MAIZE UF corn NT flint maize NT popcorn NT sweet corn MILK NT Milk Fat NT Colostrum NT Cow Milk International Fund for Agricultural Development UF IFAD MAIZE synonym corn superclass-of flint maize used-to-make popcorn hybridized-into sweet corn MILK ingredient Milk Fat ingredient Colostrum superclass-of Cow Milk International Fund for Agricultural Development acronym IFAD

68. SKOS export maintain access access response AGROVOC CS Workbench triple store Web Services

69. Ontology models (AGROVOC Concept Server, LIR, ...) Concept Relationships between concepts Lexicalization/ Term String Relationships between strings Relationships between terms designated by manifested as Other information: language/culture subvocabulary/scope audience type, etc. Note annotation relationship Relationship Relationships between Relationships All terms are created as instances of the class o_terms. All at the same level. Only one language per term. term level string level concept level

70. Agropedia Indica

72. Thai Rice Ontology

73. Plant ontology: Relationship types Taxon <hasSuperclass> Taxon Taxon <has GrowthType> GrowthType Taxon <hasPropagationMethod> PropagationMethod Taxon <occursIn> Environment Taxon <hasPest> Taxon Taxon <hasDisease> Disease Disease <causedBy> Taxon TaxonPart <isa> AnatomicalPart TaxonPart <isa> AnatomicalTypeOfFruit TaxonPart <partOf> Taxon TaxonPart <usedAs> Use TaxonPart <usedToMake> ProductType Taxon <hasDescription> Text

74. Thai plant ontology: Example Mangifera indica Linn. <hasSuperclass> Mangifera Mangifera indica Linn. <hasGrowthType> tree Mangifera indica Linn. <hasPropagationMethod> seedling Mangifera indica Linn <hasDescription> &quot;leaves ...., flower ...... “ Mangifera indica Linn <occursIn> dry soil Mangifera indica Linn. <hasPest> Scirtothrips dosalis Hood Mangifera indica Linn <hasPest> Oidium mangiferae OR, instead of the last statement or in addition to it Mangifera indica Linn <hasDisease> Powdery Mildew Powdery mildew <caused by> Oidium mangiferae

75. Conclusions

79. Questions? Thanks Margherita Sini: margherita.Sini@fao.org Johannes Keizer: Johannes.Keizer@fao.org Dagobert Soergel: dsoergel@umd.edu Asanee Kawtrakul: [email_address] But Also: Gudrun Johannsen, Boris Lauser, Claudio Baldassarre, Gauri Salokhe, Marta Iglesias, Caterina Caracciolo, Sachit Rajbhandari, Jeetendra Singh, Mary Redahan, Shrestha, Prashanta, Ton, Imm, Thanapth, Trakul, and many others...