A collaborative study among 20 participating laboratories was conducted for determination of phenols in mainstream cigarette smoke. The study resulted in establishment of CRM 78, ISO 23904, and ISO 23905 standardized methods.

1. Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research
formerly: Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International
Volume 32 @ No. 1 @ March 2023
DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2023-0003
Selected Phenolic Compounds in Mainstream
Cigarette Smoke, CORESTA Collaborative Study
and Recommended Method *
by
Rana Tayyarah 1
, Douglas Knepper 2
, and Alexander Hauleithner 3
1
Labstat International Inc., 262 Manitou Dr, Kitchener, Ontario, N2C 1L3, Canada
2
ITG Brands LLC, PO BOX 21688 Greensboro, NC, USA 27420
3
JTI Ökolab, Hasnerstraße 127, 1160 Vienna, Austria
SUMMARY
A collaborative study among 20 participating laboratories
was conducted in an effort to publish a recommended
method for determination of phenols in mainstreamcigarette
smoke. The study was conducted using 10 test samples
includingreferencecigarettesandcommercialproductsfrom
various regions (ISO 3308 total particulate matter 1–16
mg/cig) smoked under two regimes (ISO 3308 and ISO
20778). Health Canada method T-114 was chosen as a basis
for the analytical methodology and therefore mainstream
cigarette smoke was trapped on 44-mmglass fiber filter pads
which were subsequently extracted with 1% aqueous acetic
acidforanalysisbyhighperformanceliquidchromatography
with fluorescence detection. Statistical analysis was carried
out following ISO 5725 to generate repeatability (r) and
reproducibility (R) data for results from linear and rotary
smoking. For reproducibility (R) expressed as a percentage
of mean yield across all of the studied products and both
smoking regimes, values ranged from 17–150%. The lowest
“tar” yielding products had the most variable data. Results
trended as expected for total particulate matter, blend type,
regime, and relative analyte yields. Results supporting a
robust method for hydroquinone, resorcinol, catechol,
phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, and p-cresol are reported herein
and support establishment of CRM 78, ISO 23904 and ISO
23905 standardized methods. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res.
32 (2023) 18–25]
KEYWORDS
Cigarette; harmful and potentially harmful constituents;
HPHC; smoke; hydroquinone; resorcinol; catechol; phenol;
o-cresol; m-cresol; p-cresol, CORESTA
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Es wurde eine Vergleichsstudie mit 20 teilnehmenden
Laboren mit dem Ziel durchgeführt, eine Empfehlung
bezüglich einer Methode zur Bestimmung von Phenolen im
Hauptstromrauch von Zigaretten auszusprechen. In die
Studiewurden10Probeneingeschlossen,darunterReferenz-
zigaretten sowie handelsübliche Produkte aus verschiedenen
Regionen (ISO 3308 Gesamtpartikelmasse 1–16 mg/cig).
Diese wurden nach zwei Abrauchprotokollen (ISO 3308 und
ISO 20778) geraucht. Als Grundlage für die analytische
Methodik wurde das Verfahren T-114 von Health Canada
ausgewählt. Hierbei wurde der Hauptstromrauch der Ziga-
retten auf Glasfaserfilterpads (44-mm) aufgefangen. Diese
wurdenanschließendmit1%EssigsäureinwässrigerLösung
extrahiertundmittelsHochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatogra-
phie mit Fluoreszenzdetektion analysiert. Es wurde eine
statistische Analyse nach ISO 5725 durchgeführt, um Daten
zur Wiederholbarkeit (r) und Reproduzierbarkeit (R) für die
Ergebnisse des linearen und rotierenden Abrauchens zu
ermitteln. Bei der Reproduzierbarkeit (R) - ausgedrückt in
*Received: 24th
June 2022 – accepted: 31th
January 2023
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).
© 2023 Authors who publish with this journal retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.

2. Table 1. Participating laboratories and product volunteers.
Testing participants
Altria Client Services ITC Ltd.
ARISTA Laboratories ITG, France
BAT Souza Cruz SA – Brazil ITL – Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken
British American Tobacco Japan Tobacco Inc.
China National Tobacco Corp. Beijing Cigarette Factory Japan Tobacco International
CNTC – Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute KT&G Corp.
CNTC QC Labstat International Inc.
Enthalpy Analytical, Inc. Philip Morris International – Brazil
Essentra Scientific Services Philip Morris International – Indonesia
Global Laboratory Services, Inc. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.
Product Volunteers
British American Tobacco Germany GmbH Japan Tobacco – Japan
China National Tobacco Corp. Beijing Cigarette Factory Philip Morris International – Neuchatel, Switzerland
ITG Altadis Shanghai Tobacco Group Co. Ltd
Prozent der mittleren Ausbeute aus allen untersuchten
Produkten und beiden Abrauchprotokollen - lagen die
Werte zwischen 17 und 150%. Die größten Schwankungen
traten bei den Daten der Produkte mit der niedrigsten
“Teerausbeute”auf.Beiden Ergebnissen bestätigte sichdie
erwartete Tendenz in Bezug auf die Gesamtpartikelmasse,
denMischungstyp,dasProtokollunddierelative Analyten-
ausbeute. In diesemArtikel wird über Ergebnisse berichtet,
die für die Anwendung einer robusten Methode bei Hydro-
chinon, Resorcin, Catechin, Phenol, o-Kresol, m-Kresol
und p-Kresol sprechen und damit für die Einführung von
CRM 78 und standardisierten Methoden nach ISO 23904
und ISO 23905. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023)
18–25]
RESUME
Une étude conjointe rassemblant 20 laboratoires partici-
pants entendait concourir à la publication d’une recom-
mandation méthodologique concernant le dosage des
composés phénoliques dans la fumée principale de ciga-
rettes. Cette analyse reposa sur l’utilisation de 10 échan-
tillons pour essai incluant des cigarettes de référence et des
produits du commerce en provenance de différentes
régions (ISO 3308 Matière particulaire totale 1–16 mg/cig)
fumées suivant deux régimes de fumage (ISO 3308 et ISO
20778). La méthode T-114 de Santé Canada fut retenue en
guise de socle à la méthodologie analytique et donc, la
fumée principale de cigarette fut piégée dans des disques
filtrants en fibre de verre de 44-mm qui furent ensuite
soumis à une extraction par une solution d’acide acétique
à 1% en vue d’une analyse par chromatographie liquide à
haute performance(CLHP)avec détecteur de fluorescence.
Une analyse statistique fut réalisée conformément à la
norme ISO 5725 afin de générer des données de répétabili-
té (r) et de reproductibilité (R) relatives aux résultats
obtenus par machine à fumer linéaire et machine rotative.
Eu égard à la reproductibilité (R) exprimée en un pourcen-
tage du rendement moyen sur la totalité des produits
analysés et les deux régimes de fumage, les valeurs
oscillèrent entre 17 et 150%. Les produits présentant le
rendement en “goudron” le plus faible affichèrent les
données les plus variables. Les résultats évoluèrent dans la
plage de nos attentes concernant la matière particulaire
totale, le type de mélange, le régime de fumage et les
rendements relatifs de l’analyte. Les résultats étayant
l’emploi d’une méthode solide pour l’hydroquinone, le
résorcinol, le catéchol, le phénol, l’ o-crésol, l’ m-crésol et
le p-crésol sont présentés dans le présent article et appuient
l’établissement des méthodes normalisées CRM 78, ISO
23904 et ISO 23905. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32
(2023) 18–25]
INTRODUCTION
Smoking cigarettes is a cause of serious diseases in smok-
ers including lung cancer, heart disease, and emphysema.
Phenolic compounds catechol, hydroquinone, resorcinol,
phenol, and/or o-, m-, and p-cresol are often among harmful
and potentially harmful chemicals (HPHCs) of regulatory
interest (1–5).
Phenols have been measured by various methods at least
since the 1960s for research, product characterization, and
selective filtration purposes (6–13). In particular, Health
Canada’s T-114 was treated as a starting point for the study
reported here (14). The scope of T-114 is limited to pheno-
lic determination using intense smoking regime T-115 (15).
The purpose of this study was to establish a method with a
broader scope and to establish repeatability and
reproducibility estimates for the determination of phenolic
compounds using cigarettes and test pieces across a wide
range of “tar” yield and cigarette designs.
Thus, a collaborative study was conducted involving 20
laboratories from 11 countries, smoking 10 samples from
the world-wide market. The samples had a range of blend
styles (Virginia, American blend, and dark air-cured) and
ISO 3308 “tar” yields between 1 and 13 mg. The cigarettes
were smoked under both the ISO 3308 and ISO 20778
smoking regimes (16–17).
Statistical evaluations were made according to ISO 5725
recommendationsandrepeatabilityandreproducibilitydata
are provided (18).
19
CTNR @ 32 (1) @ 2023

3. Table 2. Study samples.
Sample ID Blend description
Approximate TPM ISO 3308 regime
(mg/cig) a
Approximate TPM ISO 20778 regime
(mg/cig)
CM7 Virginia 16.1 43.4
KR 1R5F American 2.0 31.8
KR 3R4F American 9.9 44.1
Sample 1 Dark air-cured 13.5 44.1
Sample 2 American 8.9 40.2
Sample 3 American 10.2 45.1
Sample 4 Virginia 4.0 30.3
Sample 5 Virginia 1.8 20.6
Sample 6 Virginia 11.3 36.1
Sample 7 Charcoal filtered 1.2 25.8
a
Based on the average TPM values from the study reported in this report
Table 3. Fluorescence detector settings.
Time initial Excitation (nm) Emission (nm)
0.0 280 310
12.4 280 310
12.5 274 298
23.0 274 298
24.0 280 310
28.0 280 310
Table 4. Elution program. a
Time (min)
Composition
% A % B
0 78 22
8 78 22
8.5 55 45
21 55 45
22 0 100
28 0 100
(Equilibrate 6 min)
a
Linear gradient
EXPERIMENTAL
Participating laboratories
The laboratories that conducted the testing along with the
product volunteers are listed in alphabetical order in
Table 1. To ensure anonymity of the results, each
laboratory was given a unique study code for data
exchange and reporting.
Study protocol
Participating laboratories were asked to follow a supplied
study protocol, a draft of a CORESTA Recommended
Method (CRM), and Health Canada T-114 (14) analytical
method for the determinationof phenols. Samples analyzed
for the study are listed in Table 2 with a range of blend and
cigarette designs that represent the market and a wide
range of total particulate matter (TPM) and analyte yields.
In accordance with the study protocol, participating
laboratories were asked to obtain reference cigarettes and
monitor test pieces directly from suppliers (19–20). Other
samples were commercial products from various regions
provided by the study volunteers listed in Table 1. Five
replicates of each product with each smoking regime were
requested to be generated. Reportable measures included
puff count, TPM, hydroquinone, resorcinol, catechol,
phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, and p-cresol.
The yields of phenols collected under ISO 3308 (non-
intense) and ISO 20778 (intense) smoking regimes were
reported in units of microgram per cigarette (µg/cig) in the
templates provided to participants.
Smoke collection and sample preparation
Following the recommended method, conditioned ciga-
rettes were smoked using an automated 20-port constant
volumesmokingmachine, onto a conditioned, pre-weighed
glass fiber filter disc (pad).
TPM was determined gravimetrically and puff counts were
as recorded. The pads were extracted using 40 mL of 1%
aqueous acetic acid with 30 min of agitation using a wrist-
action shaker. Extracts were diluted using 1% acetic acid
based on total TPM. Samples below 15 mg TPM were
tested undiluted. Samples with 15–60 mg TPM were
diluted 2:5 and samples with 60–100 mg TPM were diluted
1:5 prior to analysis.
Analytical method
Samples were analyzed within 24 hours of collection and
extraction as hydroquinone is subject to rapid oxidation.
Samples were analyzed using high performance liquid
chromatography with selective fluorescence detection
(HPLC-FLD).
Detector settings are included in Table 3.
The mobile phase consisted of: 1% acetic acid (HOAC)
(aqueous; solvent A); 1% HOAC (in methanol; solvent B)
with a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min and an elution gradient as
noted in Table 4.
Sample injection volume was 10 µL to 20 µL onto a
pentafluorophenylpropyl analytical column (4.6 mm ×
150 mm × 3 µm).
20 CTNR @ 32 (1) @ 2023

4. Data analysis
Data consistency was verified using graphical and
numerical outlier detection techniques. Mandel’s h
plot and Grubbs test were used to evaluate between-
laboratories consistency.
Mandel’s k plot and Cochran’s test were used to
evaluate within-laboratory consistency. Grubbs and
Cochran tests are less likely to qualify data points as
outliers than their corresponding graphical methods
and to avoid excessive data exclusion. Thus, the final
decision on straggling (0.95) and outlying (0.99) data
was made using Cochran’s and single-iteration Grubbs
tests.
Straggling data were retained in the dataset but out-
lying data were removed for descriptive statistics
reporting. Overall mean, standard deviation, repeat-
ability (r), and reproducibility (R) values were deter-
mined according to ISO 5725-216 (18).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Study design
The study design allowed for evaluation of the
robustness of the method across the linear range for
analytes of interest and confirmed the method’s
effectiveness with a variety of products.
Thus, the study samples chosen represented a wide
variety of TPM yields, tobacco blends, and product
construction parameters including varied filter
ventilation level and inclusion of a filter additive for
one study sample. Non-intense and intense smoking
regimes were used to verify applicability with the
recommended method.
General trending
Smoking related measures, including puff count and
TPM, had low variability for both smoking regimes
and across all products. Sample 7 (activated charcoal
filter and high filter ventilation) showed the highest
variability among the products tested. Additionally, no
significant differences in results were noted based on
choice of smoking machine type (i.e., linear or rotary).
The method appears to distinguish samples appropri-
ately. As expected of particulate phase and pad-
trapped semi-volatile constituents, the analyte yields
were directly correlated to TPM yields. When normal-
ized to TPM, phenols showed predictable trending
based on blend type. For example, Virginia (i.e., flue-
cured) products had higher phenolic:TPM values
compared to American blend samples containing
Burley tobacco.
In general, CM7 had the highest phenolic:TPM values.
This is consistent with previous research indicating
that flue-cured tobacco may generate higher levels of
some phenolic HPHCs (10, 21).
Data below the limits of quantification (LOQ)
Several data sets included non-numeric (i.e., < LOQ)
reporting for resorcinol, phenol, and the cresol compounds.
These values were excluded from outlier evaluation and
calculation of descriptive statistics and repeatability (r), and
reproducibility (R) values.
Outlier detection
Results of graphical outlier detection methods (Mandel’s h
and k plots) are not displayed in this report. During the first
iteration, there were 10 stragglers and 8 outliers for the non-
intense regime, and 13 stragglers and 7 outliers for the
intense regime. A second iteration of the test did not reveal
any further outliers. Grubbs single outlier test was employed
on the lab means and identified the following outliers and
stragglers. There were 4 stragglers and 8 outliers in the non-
intense regime, and 10 stragglers and 13 outliers for the
intense regime. All outliers were removed from the dataset.
All straggling data was retained.
Determination of inter-laboratory repeatability and repro-
ducibility variance
Mean, r, and R results with outliers removed are displayed
in Table 5 and Table 6. Values are typically above limits
established in ISO 8243 (22) for “tar”, nicotine, and carbon
monoxide (TNCO). This is not unexpected given the much
lower levels for phenols (µg) than TNCO measures (mg).
Additionally, the highest values for r and R noted in the
study were for results near LOQ at limits of the method’s
capabilities.
CONCLUSION
Through this study, a robust method CRM Nº 78 (23) and
ISO standards ISO 23904 (24) and ISO 23905 (25) were
established for the determination of mainstream cigarette
smoke phenolics.
The scope of the study included 20 laboratories testing 10
cigarette samples across a range of blends types. The
products tested included a range of TPM values between
1 mg and 16 mg (ISO 3308) and 32 mg and 51 mg (ISO
20778) and two smoking machine designs. The analytes
tested were from a 4-fold to a 60-fold range in of the
analytesofinterest.Reproducibility(R)values,expressedas
a percentage of mean yield, ranged from 17–150%.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to acknowledge Steve Purkis, Michael
Intorp, and the participating laboratories and product
volunteers noted in Table 1. Without the work and support
provided, the objectives of the CORESTA Smoke Analytes
subgroup and this project could not have been completed.
21
CTNR @ 32 (1) @ 2023

5. Table 5. Non-intense smoking regime – Inter-laboratory mean yields, repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) data.
CM7 1R5F 3R4F Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7
Puff count Mean a
8.45 6.90 8.28 5.66 7.88 6.91 5.19 4.54 6.82 6.16
STD b
0.35 0.27 0.33 0.27 0.36 0.34 2.35 1.10 1.65 0.25
TPM Mean 16.12 1.96 9.85 13.46 8.85 10.24 3.26 1.69 10.64 1.17
STD 1.07 0.32 0.78 1.78 0.75 0.84 1.71 0.52 2.90 0.31
Hydroquinone Mean 91.82 8.45 32.84 42.78 36.98 46.88 20.38 * 9.30 46.69 8.09
STD 7.47 1.33 2.78 3.85 3.43 3.60 3.26 1.19 4.08 0.96
r c
12.14 1.58 4.27 8.92 5.97 6.72 2.89 1.78 6.31 1.41
R d
23.58 3.97 8.67 13.40 10.99 11.75 9.49 3.68 12.73 2.97
N e
18 17 18 14 18 18 14 18 16 18
Resorcinol Mean 1.79 * 0.13 * 0.63 * 0.66 * 0.80 * 0.97 * 0.51 0.35 1.19 * 0.12 *
STD 0.30 0.04 0.15 0.21 0.16 0.18 0.09 0.05 0.21 0.03 *
r 0.52 0.09 0.19 0.37 0.29 0.29 0.18 0.14 0.22 0.10
R 0.95 0.14 0.46 0.67 0.51 0.58 0.30 0.17 0.63 0.13
N 17 13 15 12 16 16 13 15 15 12
Catechol Mean 96.39 8.13 36.77 35.30 39.87 42.61 24.17 12.89 58.19 7.84
STD 4.13 0.62 1.72 1.53 2.45 2.16 2.41 0.68 3.09 0.59
r 13.39 1.60 5.02 7.32 6.84 4.91 4.77 1.98 7.58 1.88
R 16.65 2.25 6.60 7.83 9.19 7.46 7.99 2.61 11.00 2.35
N 18 17 18 14 18 17 15 18 16 18
Phenol Mean 27.60 * 0.93 7.06 19.97 9.64 12.47 4.58 1.21 * 13.91 0.49 *
STD 2.94 0.19 0.80 1.49 1.28 1.15 1.11 0.25 1.42 0.11
r 4.17 0.44 1.59 4.12 2.43 2.52 1.24 0.36 3.04 0.29
R 9.05 0.65 2.64 5.57 4.20 3.93 3.30 0.77 4.81 0.39
N 16 14 18 14 18 18 15 16 16 13
o-Cresol Mean 5.63 0.38 2.33 5.75 2.62 3.30 1.34 0.42 * 3.40 0.21
STD 0.68 0.08 0.27 0.65 0.37 0.35 0.26 0.10 0.43 0.07
r 0.96 0.15 0.54 1.22 0.63 0.67 0.29 0.15 0.66 0.12
R 2.08 0.25 0.90 2.11 1.18 1.14 0.78 0.31 1.35 0.23
N 18 15 18 14 18 18 15 16 16 13
m-Cresol Mean 4.57 0.32 1.83 3.73 2.03 2.50 1.10 0.38 2.78 0.24
STD 0.67 0.10 0.18 0.45 0.33 0.29 0.22 0.07 0.28 0.12
r 0.69 0.12 0.37 0.77 0.42 0.43 0.23 0.11 0.53 0.10
R 1.98 0.29 0.61 1.43 0.99 0.90 0.64 0.23 0.92 0.36
N 17 13 17 13 17 17 14 17 16 13
p-Cresol Mean 12.45 0.73 4.56 10.40 5.44 6.49 2.49 0.88 6.25 0.44
STD 1.24 0.14 0.51 0.87 0.71 0.60 0.50 0.13 0.73 0.13
r 1.63 0.27 0.75 2.24 1.19 1.07 0.47 0.20 1.02 0.16
R 3.76 0.46 1.58 3.16 2.26 1.93 1.47 0.40 2.24 0.39
N 17 16 17 13 17 17 14 17 16 17
a
Mean: mean yield (μg/cig) except TPM (mg/cig) and puff count (pc)
b
STD: overall standard deviation
c
r: repeatability (μg/cig at 95% confidence interval)
d
R: reproducibility (μg/cig at 95% confidence interval)
e
N: number of datasets used for r and R determination after removal of outliers and non-quantifiable values
* Values calculated after removal of outlier (s)
22 CTNR @ 32 (1) @ 2023

6. Table 6. Intense smoking regime – Inter-laboratory mean yields, repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) data.
CM7 1R5F 3R4F Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7
Puff count Mean a
11.78 6.40 10.39 7.00 9.74 7.62 5.81 5.02 9.31 6.54
STD b
0.56 0.36 0.51 0.40 0.51 0.52 2.63 1.25 2.33 0.37
TPM Mean 43.36 31.83 44.12 44.11 40.16 45.09 24.62 19.43 33.86 25.79
STD 6.09 4.07 3.97 4.80 4.62 4.87 12.32 5.91 9.33 3.76
Hydroquinone Mean 191.17 53.41 89.62 91.44 101.85 114.04 76.44 * 43.56 106.50 60.19
STD 15.16 5.08 7.49 7.99 8.60 6.30 5.32 4.30 9.49 5.47
r c
27.40 11.85 11.67 18.19 15.75 18.27 9.98 9.36 15.97 17.18
R d
49.02 17.74 23.43 27.67 27.88 24.05 17.37 14.67 30.16 21.70
N e
18 17 18 14 18 18 14 18 16 18
Resorcinol Mean 3.77 1.07 * 1.87 * 1.35 * 2.55 2.77 2.21 2.07 2.70 1.46
STD 0.79 0.15 0.40 0.41 0.68 0.79 0.48 0.44 0.39 0.42
r 0.70 0.38 0.45 0.60 0.65 0.75 0.80 0.68 0.71 0.57
R 2.31 0.55 1.18 1.27 1.99 2.32 1.52 1.39 1.26 1.27
N 18 14 15 11 17 18 15 17 16 17
Catechol Mean 198.81 41.73 90.24 76.29 100.18 96.21 79.79 * 54.38 127.00 * 51.10
STD 15.11 3.55 6.71 6.52 7.92 9.10 6.22 4.56 6.48 5.27
r 27.35 9.81 14.58 14.03 14.46 20.19 11.53 12.81 24.78 13.13
R 48.87 13.26 22.87 22.16 25.68 31.23 20.24 17.16 28.64 18.86
N 18 17 18 14 18 18 14 18 15 18
Phenol Mean 43.05 8.20 13.13 36.65 16.99 19.19 12.00 6.64 19.33 * 6.93
STD 3.59 0.91 1.05 1.20 1.46 1.59 1.33 0.63 1.35 0.57
r 8.93 1.88 3.30 8.39 4.14 4.82 2.96 1.74 4.59 3.13
R 12.83 3.05 4.17 8.22 5.51 6.21 4.56 2.34 5.58 3.23
N 18 17 18 14 18 18 15 18 15 18
o-Cresol Mean 8.67 2.53 4.15 10.88 4.66 5.22 3.14 * 1.90 4.53 * 1.97
STD 1.14 0.28 0.50 0.99 0.60 0.60 0.38 0.22 0.41 0.28
r 1.89 0.58 0.96 2.52 1.05 1.22 0.66 0.52 1.15 0.91
R 3.62 0.93 1.64 3.58 1.93 2.01 1.22 0.78 1.55 1.13
N 18 16 18 14 18 18 14 17 15 17
m-Cresol Mean 7.08 1.78 3.25 7.14 3.58 3.90 2.65 1.58 3.91 1.67
STD 1.07 0.22 0.45 0.74 0.51 0.37 0.43 0.22 0.37 0.35
r 1.27 0.48 0.72 1.49 0.68 0.90 0.64 0.45 0.84 0.69
R 3.22 0.76 1.42 2.47 1.55 1.31 1.34 0.74 1.28 1.16
N 17 16 17 13 17 16 14 17 16 17
p-Cresol Mean 20.16 * 5.53 8.54 * 21.25 9.99 * 10.77 * 6.49 4.14 9.08 * 4.12 *
STD 2.21 0.72 0.72 2.32 1.10 1.06 0.81 0.36 0.82 0.40
r 3.58 1.09 1.78 4.29 1.98 2.19 1.31 0.91 1.84 1.82
R 6.97 2.24 2.56 7.55 3.56 3.55 2.56 1.30 2.82 1.98
N 16 16 16 13 16 16 14 17 15 16
a
Mean: mean yield (μg/cig) except TPM (mg/cig) and puff count (pc)
b
STD: overall standard deviation
c
r: repeatability (μg/cig at 95% confidence interval)
d
R: reproducibility (μg/cig at 95% confidence interval)
e
N: number of datasets used for r and R determination after removal of outliers and non-quantifiable values
* Values calculated after removal of outlier (s)
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24 CTNR @ 32 (1) @ 2023

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Corresponding author:
Rana Tayyarah
Labstat International Inc.
Kitchener
Ontario
Canada
E-mail: rana.tayyarah@labstat.com
25
CTNR @ 32 (1) @ 2023