ICT role in 21st century education and its challenges
Second lecture b
1. Biological molecules consist predominantly of carbon
atoms bound to other carbon atoms
and/ or atoms of O, N, S, P or H.
Hydrocarbons: only C and H.
Since both atoms have similar electronegativity
the bonds are non-polar.
Therefore simple hydrocarbons are hydrophobic.
2. In addition to hydrocarbons, biological
molecules include carbohydrates
which have oxygen in addition
to C and H.
C:H:O 1:2:1 (CH2O)n
3. A functional group is a molecular group attached
to a hydrocarbon that confers chemical properties
or reactivities.
Examples include –OH, -COOH, -NH2.
8. Carbon is in period 4.
Needs 4 electrons to
complete its outer shell (L)
9. A carbon atom bound to 4 different
groups has a distinct 3 dimensional
shape
10. A carbon atom bound to 4 different
groups has a distinct 3 dimensional
shape
11.
12. D L
The groups are followed from greatest electronegativity to least.
If the rotation is clockwise it is D for dextro because it rotates
polarized light to the right (also called R for right).
If the rotation is counter-clockwise it is L for levo.
13. The convention is the two vertical
bonds are projecting
into the page and the two
horizontal bonds are projecting
out of the page.
19. Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
A polymer is a long molecule built
by linking together a large number
of small, similar subunits called
monomers.
Polysaccharide
20.
21.
22.
23.
24. Glucose + Fructose
Examples of disaccharides-
Common transport form of sugars
Lactose (milk sugar) is a disaccharide
of glucose and galactose
26. Maltose is a disaccharide of alpha
glucose.
Starch consists of hundreds of alpha
glucose molecules linked together
(insoluble).
Amylose is the simplest starch consisting
of polymers of hundreds of alpha glucose
molecules in unbranched chains.
27. Amylopectin is a varient of amylose
where there are additional linkages
beteen some subunits (alpha 1-6)
causing branching.
In animals, bacteria and fungi the alpha
glucose polymers are branched and
known as glycogen.
