This document summarizes Justin Brunelle's dissertation defense on archiving deferred web representations using a two-tiered crawling approach. It discusses how current archival tools are unable to fully capture dynamic and interactive web pages that use JavaScript to modify page content after load. The dissertation measures the impact of missing JavaScript resources on memento quality and proposes crawling pages using PhantomJS to execute scripts and archive the complete representation as seen by users. Future work is needed to scale this approach for archiving large portions of the deferred web at risk of being lost to history.

1. Scripts in a Frame:
A Two-Tiered Approach for Archiving
Deferred Representations
Justin F. Brunelle
Dissertation Defense
February 5, 2016
Committee Members:
 Michael L. Nelson
 Michele C. Weigle
 Elizabeth J. Vincelette
 Irwin B. Levinstein

2. A simpler time…
2

3. Mass hysteria. Human sacrifices. Dogs and
cats living together.
3
<iframe><script>…</script></iframe>

4. 4
t

5. 5http://ws-dl.blogspot.com/2012/10/2012-10-10-zombies-in-archives.html
Missing resources (bad)
2008

6. 6http://ws-dl.blogspot.com/2012/10/2012-10-10-zombies-in-archives.html
2008
2012
Missing resources (bad) and
Temporal violations (worse)

7. Old ads are interesting
7

8. New ones are annoying…for now.
8
“Why are your parents wrestling?”

9. Today’s ads are
missing from the
archives
9
http://adserver.adtechus.com/addyn/3.0/5399.1/2394397/0/-
1/QUANTCAST;;size=300x250;target=_blank;alias=p36-
17b4f9us2qmzc8bn;kvp36=p36-17b4f9us2qmzc8bn;sub1=p-
4UZr_j7rCm_Aj;kvl=172802;kvc=794676;kvs=300x250;kvi=c052a80
3d0b5476f0bd2f2043ef237e27cd48019;kva=p-
4UZr_j7rCm_Aj;rdclick=http://exch.quantserve.com/r?a=p-
4UZr_j7rCm_Aj;labels=_qc.clk,_click.adserver.rtb,_click.rand.85854;
rtbip=192.184.64.144;rtbdata2=EAQaFUhSQmxvY2tfMjAxNlRheFNlY
XNvbiCZiRcogsYKMLTAMDoSaHR0cDovL3d3dy5jbm4uY29tWihUUEh
wYlUzM3ZqeFU5LTA1SGZEMk1SXzE0anBVcGU0d0dxTG10STFUdUs2I
ECAAb_JicoFoAEBqAGhy7YCugEoVFBIcGJVMzN2anhVOS0wNUhmR
DJNUl8xNGpwVXBlNHdHcUxtdEkxVMAB3ed3yAGUp7GUqSraAShjM
DUyYTgwM2QwYjU0NzZmMGJkMmYyMDQzZWYyMzdlMjdjZDQ4M
DE55QHvEWs-
6AFkmAK2wQqoAgWoAgawAgi6AgTAuECQwAICyAIA0ALe9baMj4Co
s-oB

10. JavaScript is hard to replay
What happens when things are completely lost?
http://ws-dl.blogspot.com/2013/11/2013-11-28-replaying-sopa-protest.html
10

11. Remember SOPA? And the protest?
11
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_SOPA_and_PIPA

12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page January 18th, 2012 12

13. http://web.archive.org/web/20120118110520/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page January 18th, 2012 13

14. 14
Problem!
The archives contain the Web as
seen by crawlers

15. Why archive?
The Internet Archive has everything!
Why didn’t you back it up?
Participating institutions can hand over their databases.
15

16. Crimean Conflict
Russian troops captured the Crimean Center for Investigative
Journalism
Gunman: "We will try to agree on the correct truthful coverage of
events.”
16
http://gijn.org/2014/03/02/masked-gunmen-seize-crimean-investigative-journalism-center/

17. Archive-It to the rescue!
17

18. How?
 Masked
gunman have
your servers
 Where are
your backups?
 Transactional
archive? Too
late!
18
Preservation over HTTP

19. How?
 Masked
gunman have
your servers
 Where are
your backups?
 Transactional
archive? Too
late!
19
Preservation over HTTP

20. Any future discussion of the 21st
century will involve the web and
the web archives
20

21. Any future discussion of the 21st
century will involve the web and
the web archives
But JavaScript is hard to archive, resulting in archives of
content as seen by crawlers rather than as seen by users
21

22. Any future discussion of the 21st
century will involve the web and
the web archives
But JavaScript is hard to archive, resulting in archives of
content as seen by crawlers rather than as seen by users
22
Goal: Mitigate the impact of JavaScript on the archives
by making crawlers behave like users

23. 23
Motivating Examples
Background Information
Research Questions
Measuring the Impact of JavaScript
Measuring Memento Quality
Crawling Deferred Representations
Future Work
Conclusions

24. Some Institutional Archives
24

25. Some Page-at-a-time Archivers
25

26. Some Archival Tools
26
1: http://warcreate.com/
2: http://matkelly.com/wail/
1
2

27. Memento Framework
27
http://mementoweb.org/guide/rfc/
Machine readable bidirectional link between the past and present web

28. 28

29. 29

30. 30
 URI-R: Original
Resource Identifier
 URI-M: memento
Identifier
 URI-T:
TimeMap
Identifier
Page on the live web
Archived version of a
page
List of archived
pages

31. Web Architecture
31
Dereference a URI, get a
representation

32. JavaScript makes requests for new resources
after the initial page load
32
http://maps.google.com
Identifies
Represents

33. Deferred Representation
33
http://maps.google.com
Identifies
Represents

34. JavaScript != Deferred
34
Deferred
HTTP GETHTTP GET HTTP GETHTTP GET
onload
Nondeferred
HTTP GET

35. Web Browsing Process
35
 User-controlled
 Interaction
 Environment
variables → content
negotiation
 Client-controlled
representation
changes
HTTP GET Request for Resource R
HTTP 200 OK Response: R Content
Browser renders
and displays R
JavaScript requests
embedded resources
Server returns
embedded resources
R updates its representation

36. Web Browsing Process
36
There is no longer “the”
representation.
At any given time, users
get “a” representation.
GeoIP: Washington, D.C.
URI-R: http://www.wunderground.com/
GeoIP: Suffolk, VA
URI-R: http://www.wunderground.com/

37. The Internet Archive got everything, right?
37

38. Missing tiles, not interactive
38

39. HTTP GET Request for Resource R
HTTP 200 OK Response: R Content
Browser renders
and displays R
JavaScript requests
embedded resources
Server returns
embedded resources
R updates its representation
Web Browsing Process
39
Archival Tools stop here

40. HTTP GET Request for Resource R
HTTP 200 OK Response: R Content
Browser renders
and displays R
JavaScript requests
embedded resources
Server returns
embedded resources
R updates its representation
Web Browsing Process
40
Archival Tools stop here

41. HTTP GET Request for Resource R
HTTP 200 OK Response: R Content
Browser renders
and displays R
JavaScript requests
embedded resources
Server returns
embedded resources
R updates its representation
Web Browsing Process
41
Archival Tools stop here
Still not solved!

42. 42
Motivating Examples
Background Information
Research Questions
Measuring the Impact of JavaScript
Measuring Memento Quality
Crawling Deferred Representations
Future Work
Conclusions

43. Research Questions
RQ1. To what extent does JavaScript impact archival tools?
RQ2. How do we measure memento quality?
RQ3. How can we crawl, archive, and play back deferred
representations?
43

44. 44
Motivating Examples
Background Information
Research Questions
Measuring the Impact of JavaScript
Measuring Memento Quality
Crawling Deferred Representations
Future Work
Conclusions
20152013

45. Zombies!
45
2008
2012

46. Measuring JavaScript
 1,000 URIs from Twitter
 1,000 URIs from Archive-it
Dataset available at http://www.cs.odu.edu/~jbrunelle/jsDataSet.txt
 Capture with tools
 Study the archivability
46
“The impact of JavaScript on archivability”, 2015, International Journal of Digital Libraries
( )

47. Good
47

48. Good
48

49. Good
49

50. Meh
50

51. Meh
51

52. Bad
52

53. Bad
53

54. Bad
54

55. Bad
55

56. Bad
56

57. Leakage by archival tool
57Twitter has more leakage than Archive-It

58. Leakage by archival tool
58Wayback reduces leakage the most

59. Leakage -> Zombies
5912% increase in embedded mementos loaded via JavaScript

60. Leakage increasing over time
60Increased JavaScript -> increases in missing embedded resources

61. 61
• 73.1% of all missing
embedded mementos are
loaded via JavaScript
• 33% increase in missing
embedded mementos from
JavaScript between
2005-2012
Leakage increasing over time

62. 62
Motivating Examples
Background Information
Research Questions
Measuring the Impact of JavaScript
Measuring Memento Quality
Crawling Deferred Representations
Future Work
Conclusions
2015
2014

63. 63
“Not All Mementos Are Created Equal: Measuring The Impact Of Missing Resources”, JCDL 2014,
International Journal of Digital Libraries, 2015
VS.
63

64. “Live” XKCD
• Missing 17% of embedded
resources
• Looks complete
64

65. “Live” XKCD
• Take three resources:
• Logo
• Main Comic
• Navigation Strip
• Relative importance?
• All present in “Live” XKCD
65

66. Damaging XKCD
• Created a local memento
• Removed the logo and navigation
strip
• Now missing 29% of
embedded resources
• Human assessment:
looks OK
66

67. Damaging XKCD
• From our local memento
• Removed the Main Comic
• Now missing 24% of
embedded resources
• Human assessment:
Not a usable memento
67

68. Damaging XKCD
• From our local memento
• Removed the Main Comic
• Now missing 24% of
embedded resources
• Human assessment:
Not a usable memento
• Percent of missing
embedded resources is
not a suitable metric for
memento quality
68

69. Image Importance
• Size (as percentage of all pixels)
69

70. Image Importance
• Size
• Position (in viewport?)
70

71. Image Importance
• Size
• Position
• Centrality (in the vertical or
horizontal center?)
71

72. Missing CSS
• More important
than thought
• Calculated the
amount of content
in each vertical
third
• If >=80% in left
column and
missing CSS, CSS is
important
• Only performed if
stylesheets are
missing
72

73. Methodology
• Defined Dm and Mm metrics
Mm =
𝑀𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝐸𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠
Dm = 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑤 𝑖
𝑗=1
𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑤 𝑗
• Used Amazon Mechanical Turkers to assess web user perception of
quality
• Assessed Dm versus Mm in manually damaged pages
• Assessed Dm versus Mm in the archives
73

74. Turk Results
74
Live vs Manually
Damaged Dm
Mementos from
Internet Archive
Agreement with Dm
Mementos from
Internet Archive
Agreement with Mm
50/50 Chance

75. Damage in the Archives
75
Internet Archive WebCite
Mementos with deferred representations have 13.5% higher
damage rating

76. 76
Motivating Examples
Background Information
Research Questions
Measuring the Impact of JavaScript
Measuring Memento Quality
Crawling Deferred Representations
Future Work
Conclusions
2015 2016

77. 77
Current
Workflow
• Dereference URI-Rs
• Archive representation
• Extract embedded URI-Rs
• Repeat

78. 78
Two-Tiered Crawling
“Archiving Deferred Representations
Using a Two-Tiered Crawling Approach”,
iPRES2015
“Adapting the Hypercube Model to Archive
Deferred Representations at Web-Scale”,
Technical Report, arXiv:1601.05142, 2016

79. 79
<script> tags alone are not indicative of a deferred
representation. JavaScript can be played back in the
archives!
Current workflow not suitable for deferred
representations
Use PhantomJS to run JavaScript, interact with the
representation
Two-tiered crawling approach to optimize
performance

80. 80
<script> tags alone are not indicative of a deferred
representation. JavaScript can be played back in the
archives!
Current workflow not suitable for deferred
representations
Use PhantomJS to run JavaScript, interact with the
representation
Two-tiered crawling approach to optimize
performance
More URI-Rs in the
crawl frontier
Runs more slowly but
more deeply

81. Comparing Performance
• Crawled 10,000 URI-Rs
Dataset available at http://www.cs.odu.edu/~jbrunelle/wsdl/10kuris.txt
• Compare crawl speed & discovered frontier size
• With and without classifier
• Code available at https://github.com/jbrunelle/classifyDeferred/
81

82. Performance: Frontier Size
82PhantomJS creates a 1.5x larger crawl frontier than Heritrix

83. Performance: Crawl Speed
83
Heritrix: ~2 URIs/second
PhantomJS: ~4 seconds/URI

84. Classifier
We are omitting a discussion about the classifier
for deferred vs. nondeferred representations
Please see Section 7.4 in the
dissertation for a detailed discussion
84

85. Descendants = States of deferred representations
reached through client-side events
85
Click Pan Zoom
Click Pan Zoom

86. Crawling descendants
• Interactions represented as N-ary tree G
• FSM: M = (S, s0, Σ, δ)
‒ S is the finite set of client states
‒ s0 ϵ S is the initial state reached by dereferencing the URI-R and executing the initial on-
load events
‒ e ϵ Σ defines the client-side event e as a member of the set of all events Σ
‒ δ : Sx Σ → S is the transition function in which a client-side event is executed and
leads to a new state
si, sj ϵ S
δ(si, e) = sj
e = client-side event
j = i + 1
86
“Adapting the Hypercube Model to Archive Deferred Representations at Web-Scale”, Technical Report, arXiv:1601.05142, 2016

87. 87http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-06-16/open-plan-offices-for-people-who-hate-open-plan-offices
s0
s1
s2
Interaction Trees are 2 Levels Deep

88. 88http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-06-16/open-plan-offices-for-people-who-hate-open-plan-offices
s0
s1
s2
Interaction Trees are 2 Levels Deep

89. 89
Interaction Trees are 2 Levels Deep
http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-06-16/open-plan-offices-for-people-who-hate-open-plan-offices
s0
s1
s2

90. 90
Interaction Trees are 2 Levels Deep
http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-06-16/open-plan-offices-for-people-who-hate-open-plan-offices
s0
s1
s2

91. 91
Interaction Trees are 2 Levels Deep
http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-06-16/open-plan-offices-for-people-who-hate-open-plan-offices
s0
s1
s2

92. Expanding the Crawl Frontier
92
Level s1 provides the greatest benefit to the crawl frontier
Nondeferred
Deferred

93. Crawling Descendants
93
New embedded resources at levels s1 are largely
unarchived

94. Crawling Descendants
94
Level s1 has the highest cost-benefit Return on Investment

95. Storage Impact of Two-Tiered Crawling
 IIPC-proposed JSON metadata of interactions, resulting descendants
–Potentially used to resolve URI-M collisions
–16.5KB WARC metadata
–143MB for total dataset
 11.4 times larger for deferred vs nondeferred
 Totals 5.12 times more storage per URI-R for total dataset
95
2013

96. 96
Motivating Examples
Background Information
Research Questions
Measuring the Impact of JavaScript
Measuring Memento Quality
Crawling Deferred Representations
Future Work
Conclusions

97. Future Work
• Modeling user interactions, tendencies, and simulation
– Form filling
– Click and navigation likelihood
• Evaluating success of crawling deferred representations
– Random walks through the archives
– Dm vs Mm of mementos of deferred representations
• Archival Halting Problem: How much is enough?
– Mapping Applications – How many pans and zooms gets all the Norfolk,
VA Google map tiles?
– How many CNN.com pages get all the Google Ads?
• Playing back WARCs with IIPC metadata of deferred
representations and descendants
97

98. 98
Motivating Examples
Background Information
Research Questions
Measuring the Impact of JavaScript
Measuring Memento Quality
Crawling Deferred Representations
Future Work
Conclusions

99. RQ1. To what extent does JavaScript impact
archival tools?
Contributions:
• Defined and identified zombie resources
• Adoption of JavaScript correlates with
missing embedded resources in mementos
• Defined deferred representations
• Showed that deferred representations have
reduced archivability
99
2012: ws-dl.blogspot.com
2013: TPDL2013
2015: iPRES2015
2015: IJDL
2015: IJDL
Section 4.3
Ch. 5
Ch. 2
Ch. 5
For more information, reference:

100. RQ2. How do we measure memento quality?
Contributions:
• Mm is not accurate (worse than coin-flip)
• Created Dm metric
• Dm is closer to user perception than Mm
• Mementos of deferred representations
have higher Dm than
nondeferred representations
100
2015: JCDL2015
2015: IJDL Special Issue
Ch. 6
Section 6.6
For more information, reference:

101. RQ3. How can we crawl, archive, and play
back deferred representations?
Contributions:
• Defined a framework for archiving deferred
representations
• Showed that the framework will crawl more
slowly but more thoroughly
• Defined descendants, showed that they are
2-levels deep
• Showed the storage impact of crawling
descendants and deferred representations
101
2015: iPRES2015
2016:
arXiv:1601.05142
Ch. 7
Ch. 7
For more information, reference:

102. Summary
• Measured the impact of JavaScript on the archives
• Quantified damage caused by JavaScript
• Measured the cost in time and space to archive JavaScript
Provides policy makers information to make decisions regarding
JavaScript handling in crawling and archiving
Quantified an intuitive understanding of crawling deferred
representations at web scale
102

103. Backups
103

104. 104
Year RQ Venue Abbreviated Title Notes
2012 JCDL2012 Doctoral Consortium Capturing Dynamic Web
2013 JCDL2013 TimeMap Caching
2013 RQ1 TPDL2013 Archivability Over Time
2013 TPDL2013 Transactional Archiving
2013 RQ1 DLib Magazine 19(11/12) Identifying Mementos
2014 RQ2 JCDL2014 Measuring Memento Damage Best Student Paper
2015 RQ1 International Journal of Digital Libraries Measuring Impact of JavaScript
2015 RQ2 International Journal of Digital Libraries Measuring Memento Damage JCDL2015 Special Issue
2015 JCDL2015 Merging Mobile and Desktop Best Poster
2015 RQ3 iPRES2015 Two-Tiered Crawling
2016 RQ3 Technical Report, arXiv:1601.05142 Hypercube Model for Archiving
2016 DLib Magazine 22(1/2) Archiving Corporate Intranets
Publications

105. Publications
• Justin F. Brunelle “Filling in the Blanks: Capturing the
Dynamic Web”, JCDL 2012 Doctoral Consortium
• Justin F. Brunelle, Michael L. Nelson “An Evaluation of
Caching Policies for Memento TimeMaps”, JCDL 2013
• Mat Kelly, Justin F. Brunelle, Michele C. Weigle, Michael L.
Nelson, “On the Change in Archivability of Websites Over
Time”, TPDL 2013
• Justin F. Brunelle, Michael L. Nelson, Lyudmila Balakireva,
Robert Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel, “Evaluating the
SiteStory Transactional Web Archive With the
ApacheBench Tool”, TPDL 2013
• Mat Kelly, Justin F. Brunelle, Michele C. Weigle, and Michael
L. Nelson, “A Method for Identifying Personalized
Representations in Web Archives”, D-Lib Magazine,
19(11/12), 2013.
• Justin F. Brunelle, Mat Kelly, Hany SalahEldeen, Michele C.
Weigle, and Michael L. Nelson “Not All Mementos Are
Created Equal: Measuring The Impact Of Missing
Resources”, JCDL 2014
• Justin F. Brunelle, Mat Kelly, Michele C. Weigle, and Michael
L. Nelson “The impact of JavaScript on archivability”, 2015,
IJDL
• Wesley Jordan, Mat Kelly, Justin F. Brunelle, Laura Vobrak,
Michele C. Weigle, and Michael L. Nelson “Mobile Mink:
Merging Mobile and Desktop Archived Webs”, JCDL 2015
• Justin F. Brunelle, Michele C. Weigle, and Michael L. Nelson,
“Archiving Deferred Representations Using a Two-Tiered
Crawling Approach”, iPRES2015
• Justin F. Brunelle, Michele C. Weigle, and Michael L. Nelson,
“Adapting the Hypercube Model to Archive Deferred
Representations at Web-Scale”, Technical Report,
arXiv:1601.05142, 2016
• Justin F. Brunelle, Krista Ferrante, Eliot Wilczek, Michele C.
Weigle, and Michael L. Nelson, “Leveraging Heritrix and the
Wayback Machine on a corporate intranet: A case study on
improving corporate archives”, DLib Magazine, 22(1/2)
2016
105

106. Mobile Mink: Merging Mobile and
Desktop Archived Webs
Wesley Jordan, Mat Kelly, Justin F. Brunelle,
Laura Vobrak, Michele C. Weigle, Michael L. Nelson
This work supported in part by the NEH HK-50181. This work
was performed as part of Wesley Jordan’s mentorship at The
MITRE Corporation. The author’s affiliation with The MITRE
Corporation is provided for identification purposes only, and is
not intended to convey or imply MITRE’s concurrence with, or
support for, the positions, opinions or viewpoints expressed by
the author.
Acknowledgements
http://bitly.com/MobileMink/
More about Mobile Mink
Desktop URIs are much
more prevalent than their
mobile counterparts in the
archives because crawlers
use desktop user-agent
strings.
Corresponding Mobile URIs
are archived less frequently
even though the
representations are different
than their desktop
counterparts.
http://espn.go.com/ http://m.espn.go.com/
Same
ESPN,
different
URIs,
different
HTML,
different
TimeMaps.
.
 Browse to a URI-R
 Potential content-
negotiation from
user-agent
 Access tool from the
“Share” menu
MobileMink merges TimeMaps of
http://espn.go.com & http://m.espn.go.com/
Desktop and mobile webs differ and
the linkage between them is lost in the
archives
 Discovers mobile and
desktop URI-Rs
 Uses Memento to get
all available
TimeMaps
 Provides integrated
TimeMap
 Offers users ability
to submit mobile
and desktop URI-Rs
to archives
 Increases
coverage of mobile
URI-Rs in the
archives

107. HTTP Request
$ curl -i -v http://www.cs.odu.edu/
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> User-Agent: curl/7.19.7 (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.19.7
NSS/3.13.1.0 zlib/1.2.3 libidn/1.18 libssh2/1.2.2
> Host: www.cs.odu.edu
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Server: nginx
< Date: Tue, 25 Mar 2014 23:42:38 GMT
< Content-Type: text/html
< Transfer-Encoding: chunked
< Connection: keep-alive
<
107

108. HTTP Response
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx
Date: Tue, 25 Mar 2014 23:40:09 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Connection: keep-alive
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<!-- saved from url=(0036)http://www.cs.odu.edu/newcssite/new/ -->
<!-- saved from url=(0019)http://sci.odu.edu/ -->
<HTML xmlns:st1 = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags">
<HEAD>
<meta name="verify-v1" content="CXMn8RoyhZpl9fsKpbgxtiFw3kIdHD51r/ntbf1Rrcw=" >
<TITLE>Department Of Computer Science</TITLE>
108

109. Client-side code modifies
the DOM
109

110. Internet Archive URI-M
110
http://web.archive.org/web/20140314130018/http://espn.go.com/
Archive Prefix Memento-DateTime URI-R

111. Deferred Representations
Representation is incomplete
Client-side code execution completes the build of the representation
111

112. Web Browsing Process
112
Deferred
representations

113. Percent Missing vs. Weighted Damage
• 𝑀 𝑀 = Percent of embedded
resources missing
𝑀 𝑀 =
𝐸𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑀𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠
• 𝐷 𝑀 = Damage rating of missing
embedded resources
𝐷 𝑀 =
𝐷 𝑀 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝐷 𝑀 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝐷 𝑀 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
= 𝑖=1
𝑛[𝐼|𝑀𝑀]
𝐷[𝐼|𝑀𝑀] (𝑖)
𝑛[𝐼|𝑀𝑀]
+ 𝑖=1
𝑛[𝐶]
𝐷[𝐶] (𝑖)
𝑛 𝐶 113
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑀𝑀 = 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎
𝐶 = 𝐶𝑆𝑆

114. • Measured Internet
Archive mementos
• Damage generally
improves over time
• Despite missing more
resources over time
Damage in the
Internet Archive
114

115. Expanding the crawl frontier
115
Click events lead to the most descendants

116. Related Work
116

117. Deep Web
• Deferred=Deep (Bergman, 2001)
• Mobile requires context (Schneider, 2013)
• Static → Dynamic Web (Rosenthal, 2011)(IIPC, 2012)
• Crawlers & deep Web (Ast, 2008) (B. He, 2007) (Y. He, 2013)
• Google’s deep Web crawler (Madhavan, 2008)
• Forms (Ntoulas, 2005)
117

118. Archive Quality
• SHARC, Quality Conscious Archiving (Spaniol, 2009)
• Quality of archives (Spaniol, 2009, 2009)
• Archiveready (Banos, 2013, 2015)
• Acid test (Kelly, 2014)
• Block Importance (Ye, 2003) (Fersini, 2008) (Kohlschutter, 2010)
118

119. Monitoring for Security
• Ripley (Vikram, 2009)
• Mugshot (Mickens, 2010)
• ActionShot (Li, 2010)
• Ajax testing and states (Mesbah, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2012)
• Crawling Ajax (Dincturk, 2013, 2014)
119

120. Publications
Master’s:
• Kyle Dempsey, Justin Brunelle, G. Tanner Jackson, Chutima Boonthum, Irwin
Levinstein, Danielle McNamara. “MiBoard: Multiplayer Interactive Board
Game”, AIED2009
• Justin F. Brunelle, Irwin B. Levinstein, Chutima Boonthum. “MiBoard:
Metacognitive Training Through Gaming in iSTART”, 2009 VMASC Capstone
Conference
• Best paper in track
• Justin F. Brunelle, Kyle B Dempsey, G. Tanner Jackson, Chutima Boonthum,
Irwin B. Levinstein, Danielle S. McNamara. “MiBoard: Metacognitive Training
Through Gaming”, SCiP2009
• Justin F. Brunelle, G. Tanner Jackson, Kyle Dempsey, Chutima Boonthum,
Irwin B. Levinstein, Danielle S. McNamara. “Analysis of MiBoard as an iSTART
Practice Tool”, FLAIRS-24, 2010
• Kyle Dempsey, G. Tanner Jackson, Justin Brunelle, Michael Rowe, Danielle
McNamara. “MiBoard: Assessing Collaborative Learning Through Game-
Based Practice”, FLAIRS-24, 2010
PhD:
• Justin F. Brunelle “Filling in the Blanks: Capturing the Dynamic Web”, JCDL
2012 Doctoral Consortium
• Justin F. Brunelle, Michael L. Nelson “An Evaluation of Caching Policies for
Memento TimeMaps”, JCDL 2013
• Mat Kelly, Justin F. Brunelle, Michele C. Weigle, Michael L. Nelson, “On the
Change in Archivability of Websites Over Time”, TPDL 2013
• Justin F. Brunelle, Michael L. Nelson, Lyudmila Balakireva, Robert Sanderson,
Herbert Van de Sompel, “Evaluating the SiteStory Transactional Web Archive
With the ApacheBench Tool”, TPDL 2013
• Mat Kelly, Justin F. Brunelle, Michele C. Weigle, and Michael L. Nelson, “A
Method for Identifying Personalized Representations in Web Archives”, D-
Lib Magazine, 19(11/12), 2013.
• Justin F. Brunelle, Mat Kelly, Hany SalahEldeen, Michele C. Weigle, and
Michael L. Nelson “Not All Mementos Are Created Equal: Measuring The
Impact Of Missing Resources”, JCDL 2014
• Best Student Paper, International Journal of Digital Libraries: JCDL2015 Special
Issue
• Justin F. Brunelle, Mat Kelly, Michele C. Weigle, and Michael L. Nelson “The
impact of JavaScript on archivability”, 2015, IJDL
• Wesley Jordan, Mat Kelly, Justin F. Brunelle, Laura Vobrak, Michele C. Weigle,
and Michael L. Nelson “Mobile Mink: Merging Mobile and Desktop Archived
Webs”, JCDL 2015
• Best Poster
• Justin F. Brunelle, Michele C. Weigle, and Michael L. Nelson, “Archiving
Deferred Representations Using a Two-Tiered Crawling Approach”,
iPRES2015
• Justin F. Brunelle, Michele C. Weigle, and Michael L. Nelson, “Adapting the
Hypercube Model to Archive Deferred Representations at Web-Scale”,
Technical Report, arXiv:1601.05142, 2016
• Justin F. Brunelle, Krista Ferrante, Eliot Wilczek, Michele C. Weigle, and
Michael L. Nelson, “Leveraging Heritrix and the Wayback Machine on a
corporate intranet: A case study on improving corporate archives”, DLib
Magazine, 2016
120

121. Performance with classifier
121

122. Mobile Sites in the Archives
122
http://m.espn.go.com/wireless/http://espn.go.com/
“A Method for Identifying Personalized Representations in Web Archives”, D-Lib Magazine, 2013

123. Mobile Sites in the Archives
123
http://m.espn.go.com/wireless/http://espn.go.com/
URI-M:
http://web.archive.org/web/2014033
0125315/http://espn.go.com/
URI-M:
http://web.archive.org/web/2014033012
5414/http://m.espn.go.com/wireless/

124. Collisions in the Archives
124
http://www.cnn.com/
URI-M? URI-T?
http://web.archive.org/web/[DATETIME]/http://www.cnn.com/

125. Need a better way to index mementos
• URI-R is no longer enough
• Environmental factors:
‒ Content negotiation
‒ Interaction
‒ Personalization
‒ GeoIP
125

126. Content Negotiation
 Server-side
interpretation of
client-provided
parameters
 Multiple
representations,
single resource
126
Resource
URI Representation 2
Represents
Representation 1
Represents
Identifies
Content Negotiation
Mobile
Desktop
user-agent