Knowledge graphs for the support of knowledge-intensive tasks and processes, or as a backbone of an organizational digitalization strategy are intensively discussed in recent scientific literature. What is largely missing, are aspects of the organizational management and even the major change of intermediary roles between business domain experts and IT specialists. Based on a literature review this paper introduces a comprehensive definition together with an abstract model of a knowledge graph in companies, a so-called Enterprise Knowledge Graph (EKG). Considering one of its core elements, the development of an EKG schema, i.e. the formal knowledge structure of the business domains to model, was analyzed in detail and reflected in the course of a case study. The new role of a knowledge engineer and its responsibilities as well as necessary competencies were outlined and discussed from real world perspective. The findings of the paper constitute an initial building block of a comprehensive framework for the implementation and the assessment of the maturity of knowledge graphs in organizations.

1. Technische Hochschule Brandenburg · University of Applied Sciences 1
Jonas Jetschni
Vera Meister
Schema Engineering for Enterprise Knowledge Graphs
A Reflecting Survey and Case Study
IEEE Eighth International Conference on
Intelligent Computing and Information Systems

2. Technische Hochschule Brandenburg · University of Applied Sciences 2
Schema Engineering for Enterprise Knowledge Graphs - A Reflecting Survey and Case Study 05.12.2017
Table of Content
Introduction and Definition1
Role of a Knowledge Engineer2
Schema Engineering3
Service Desk Case Study4

3. Technische Hochschule Brandenburg · University of Applied Sciences 3
Relevance for Enterprises and Organizations
05.12.2017
Data silos Knowledge as a Graph
Paradigm
Shift
Schema Engineering for Enterprise Knowledge Graphs - A Reflecting Survey and Case Study

4. Technische Hochschule Brandenburg · University of Applied Sciences 4
Base Principles of a Knowledge Graph
05.12.2017
entities
Knowledge Schema
related to
other entities
various
topical
domains
Schema Engineering for Enterprise Knowledge Graphs - A Reflecting Survey and Case Study

5. Technische Hochschule Brandenburg · University of Applied Sciences 5
An Enterprise Knowledge Graph is a central infrastructure which acquires, integrates, shares
and manages knowledge in the company by
(i) mainly describing real world entities and their interrelations, organized in a graph,
(ii) based on possible classes and relations of entities in an organizational knowledge
schema,
(iii) ensuring all basic functions through specific business processes and roles.
Hereby it
(i) allows for potentially interrelating arbitrary entities with each other,
(ii) covers a multitude of organizational domains,
(iii) and eventually may generate new knowledge by analysis and reasoning.
Definition of an Enterprise Knowledge Graph
Schema Engineering for Enterprise Knowledge Graphs - A Reflecting Survey and Case Study 05.12.2017
Partly based on H. Paulheim, “Knowledge Graph Refinement: A Survey of Approaches and Evaluation Methods”, Semant. Web, 2016, pp. 1–23.

6. Technische Hochschule Brandenburg · University of Applied Sciences 6
Abstract Model of an Enterprise Knowledge Graph
05.12.2017Schema Engineering for Enterprise Knowledge Graphs - A Reflecting Survey and Case Study
Knowledge Schema
Analysis
&
Reasoning
Graph
Management
Roles&BusinessProcesses
Data
Integration
Data
Access
Functions
EKGCore

7. Technische Hochschule Brandenburg · University of Applied Sciences 7
Role of a Knowledge Engineer
Schema Engineering for Enterprise Knowledge Graphs - A Reflecting Survey and Case Study 05.12.2017
EKG
Machines
Human
Domain 1
Domain 2
Domain nDomain
Business Analyst
App
IntermediaryBusinessIT
Information environment Knowledge environment
Knowledge Engineer
Knowledge Engineer
Communicates with
business domain experts
from different domains
1
Analyzes and structures the
corresponding knowledge
2
Develops and maintains the
EKG schema as a formally
specified artifact
3
Addresses humans as well
as machines as "users"
4

8. Technische Hochschule Brandenburg · University of Applied Sciences 8
Approach to Schema Engineering
Schema Engineering for Enterprise Knowledge Graphs - A Reflecting Survey and Case Study 05.12.2017
Requirement analysis
Conceptualization
Implementation
DomainAnalysis
Evaluation
Documentation
2
1
3

9. Technische Hochschule Brandenburg · University of Applied Sciences 9
Create competency
questions
Define the problem
Delimit the
knowledge domain{ }
Schema Engineering - Requirement Analysis
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Service desk of a software company
Improve customer and service agent tools
How are product groups, products and
features related?
Schema Engineering for Enterprise Knowledge Graphs - A Reflecting Survey and Case Study
1

10. Technische Hochschule Brandenburg · University of Applied Sciences 10
Schema Engineering - Conceptualization
05.12.2017
Supported by
examples
Visualized graphically
Informal sketch of the
knowledge schema
Schema Engineering for Enterprise Knowledge Graphs - A Reflecting Survey and Case Study
2

11. Label
Organizational
Unit
Formal
Organization
hasUnit
hasUnit
literalForm
synonym
hyponoym
abbrv
Product
Concept
label
usedBy
_blank
labelInContext
prefLabel
altLabel
hiddenLabel
forbiddenLabel
LabelStatus
valueReference
• Requested
• Planned
• Live
• Deprecated
isRelatedTo
Release
Physical
Medium
• DVD
• USB
• Online
Product
medium
Feature
hasPart
ProductLine
ProductGroup
◼Datev Schema
◼ SKOSXL
◼ ORG
◼ DCTerms
◼ RDFS
↳ subPropertyOf or subClassOf
successorOf
isVariantOf
predecessorOf
isSimilarTo
hasPart
isPartOf
isVersionOf
_blank
labelRelation
InContext
usedBy
labelRelation

12. Technische Hochschule Brandenburg · University of Applied Sciences 12
Schema Engineering - Implementation
05.12.2017
Definition of queries
Reuse of standard
vocabularies
Transfer to
representation language
Schema Engineering for Enterprise Knowledge Graphs - A Reflecting Survey and Case Study
3

13. Technische Hochschule Brandenburg · University of Applied Sciences 13
Enterprise Knowledge Graphs must embed
business processes and roles.
Requirements to Knowledge Engineers in enterprise
environments differ from those to Business Analysts.
A Comprehensive framework for Enterprise Knowledge
Engineering is missing, including lack of tools.
Role and impact of Enterprise Knowledge Graphs in
the context of digital transformation is underrated.
Summary
05.12.2017Schema Engineering for Enterprise Knowledge Graphs - A Reflecting Survey and Case Study

14. Enterprise
Knowledge
Graph