From www.SavingLivesWithHelpfulGuys.com:
This presentation attempts to lay out a more comprehensive argument for safely and sensibly reforming the Gay Blood Ban. It was created using the references listed on the final slides and the links and downloads from the parent website. You may copy, edit, or expand on this original presentation for any advocacy purpose. However, please clearly note that the presentation has been edited, point your audience to this website, and leave an acknowledgement to the author, Kyle Carlson. Be sure to Contact us to report any successful presentations!
This is a frequently asked question, and to understand it, we need to differentiate between dominance and frequency of expression. While many traits may be e.
Association of birth weight and risk factors for renal disease in a rural Can...Kelli Buckreus
This study examined the relationship between birth weight and risk factors for renal disease in 1160 Canadians from rural and Aboriginal communities. The results showed:
1) Low birth weight (LBW) and high birth weight (HBW) were both associated with hypertension in the overall cohort.
2) LBW, but not HBW, was significantly associated with later life diabetes, particularly in the Aboriginal subgroup.
3) As expected, diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome were interrelated and likely confounded the relationships with birth weight, though each may be independently programmed during fetal development.
The results were consistent with prior research linking LBW and HBW to increased risk of cardiovascular and renal diseases later in life.
Understanding American Mortality and Lifestylemercurypradeepu
This document provides a summary of a project analyzing the correlation between living factors and mortality rates in US counties. It includes an introduction to the dataset, which contains over 67,000 records of census and mortality data from 2015-2017. It then describes the team's data understanding process, including creating an ERD and normalizing the data. The document outlines the team's analysis using SQL queries, visualization of results, and recommendations based on insights gained. Key findings include relationships between unemployment, poverty, and mortality. The team learned lessons around complete data wrangling and cleaning for accurate analysis.
If a doctor talks about your blood type, usually he or she is referring to two things: your type in the ABO system and Rhesus (Rh) factor. Human blood type is determined by antigens on the red blood cells. An antigen is a structure on the cell surface that causes a human immune response reacts to if the structure is foreign to the person’s body. Consequently, blood type match is of crucial importance. The donor’s blood type is identified at the Blood Centre, and the patient’s blood type is determined before transfusion. Here is everything you need to know!
Regional Snapshot: Public Health in Metro Atlanta ARCResearch
The document summarizes public health trends in metro Atlanta. While metro Atlanta counties generally have positive health outcomes compared to the rest of Georgia, there are also significant disparities in life expectancy within the region. Premature death rates are highest in less affluent areas and among black residents. While heart disease rates have decreased, hospital discharges for diabetes are rising, indicating an ongoing challenge. The document examines health metrics at both the county and census tract level to illustrate health disparities that track closely with socioeconomic factors.
This document discusses pediatric blood transfusions. It begins with background on pediatric age groups and blood group systems. Key points include:
- Blood transfusions in children under 4 months have different indications than those over 4 months due to physiological differences.
- Common blood components transfused include red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and cryoprecipitate. Dosing recommendations are provided.
- Massive blood transfusions in pediatrics are defined as transfusing one or more blood volumes in 24 hours or half a volume in 12 hours. Component therapy using specific ratios is recommended over whole blood.
- Complications of transfusion like acute hemolytic reactions are generally similar between adults and children but special considerations are
Patrick Van Amburgh donates blood in New York to help his community. Over 30 million blood units are transfused each year, making blood donations crucial for saving lives. There are several eligibility requirements to donate blood, including being at least 17 years old, weighing at least 110 pounds, and being in good health at the time of donation.
Presentation of the lab project for EESTEC Summer School 2012 by group n.2 - Be Positive.
Team members:
Evelyn Suligoi
Ioan Barbu
Isidora Todosic
Svjetlana Djajic
Federico Madotto
This is a frequently asked question, and to understand it, we need to differentiate between dominance and frequency of expression. While many traits may be e.
Association of birth weight and risk factors for renal disease in a rural Can...Kelli Buckreus
This study examined the relationship between birth weight and risk factors for renal disease in 1160 Canadians from rural and Aboriginal communities. The results showed:
1) Low birth weight (LBW) and high birth weight (HBW) were both associated with hypertension in the overall cohort.
2) LBW, but not HBW, was significantly associated with later life diabetes, particularly in the Aboriginal subgroup.
3) As expected, diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome were interrelated and likely confounded the relationships with birth weight, though each may be independently programmed during fetal development.
The results were consistent with prior research linking LBW and HBW to increased risk of cardiovascular and renal diseases later in life.
Understanding American Mortality and Lifestylemercurypradeepu
This document provides a summary of a project analyzing the correlation between living factors and mortality rates in US counties. It includes an introduction to the dataset, which contains over 67,000 records of census and mortality data from 2015-2017. It then describes the team's data understanding process, including creating an ERD and normalizing the data. The document outlines the team's analysis using SQL queries, visualization of results, and recommendations based on insights gained. Key findings include relationships between unemployment, poverty, and mortality. The team learned lessons around complete data wrangling and cleaning for accurate analysis.
If a doctor talks about your blood type, usually he or she is referring to two things: your type in the ABO system and Rhesus (Rh) factor. Human blood type is determined by antigens on the red blood cells. An antigen is a structure on the cell surface that causes a human immune response reacts to if the structure is foreign to the person’s body. Consequently, blood type match is of crucial importance. The donor’s blood type is identified at the Blood Centre, and the patient’s blood type is determined before transfusion. Here is everything you need to know!
Regional Snapshot: Public Health in Metro Atlanta ARCResearch
The document summarizes public health trends in metro Atlanta. While metro Atlanta counties generally have positive health outcomes compared to the rest of Georgia, there are also significant disparities in life expectancy within the region. Premature death rates are highest in less affluent areas and among black residents. While heart disease rates have decreased, hospital discharges for diabetes are rising, indicating an ongoing challenge. The document examines health metrics at both the county and census tract level to illustrate health disparities that track closely with socioeconomic factors.
This document discusses pediatric blood transfusions. It begins with background on pediatric age groups and blood group systems. Key points include:
- Blood transfusions in children under 4 months have different indications than those over 4 months due to physiological differences.
- Common blood components transfused include red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and cryoprecipitate. Dosing recommendations are provided.
- Massive blood transfusions in pediatrics are defined as transfusing one or more blood volumes in 24 hours or half a volume in 12 hours. Component therapy using specific ratios is recommended over whole blood.
- Complications of transfusion like acute hemolytic reactions are generally similar between adults and children but special considerations are
Patrick Van Amburgh donates blood in New York to help his community. Over 30 million blood units are transfused each year, making blood donations crucial for saving lives. There are several eligibility requirements to donate blood, including being at least 17 years old, weighing at least 110 pounds, and being in good health at the time of donation.
Presentation of the lab project for EESTEC Summer School 2012 by group n.2 - Be Positive.
Team members:
Evelyn Suligoi
Ioan Barbu
Isidora Todosic
Svjetlana Djajic
Federico Madotto
The document discusses the controversial history of blood donation policies in the US, which have at times discriminated against African Americans and gay/bisexual men. During WWII, black and white blood was separated due to a racist military policy, despite evidence that blood does not differ by race. During the AIDS crisis in the 1980s, many doctors were reluctant to investigate the disease because it initially affected gay men. The FDA instituted a lifetime ban on blood donations from gay and bisexual men in 1983 due to homophobia and unfounded fears, even as other countries have since reformed similar discriminatory policies. Critics argue the ban is an ineffective and discriminatory way to screen donors compared to assessing individual risk behaviors.
The document discusses the controversial history of blood donation policies in the US, which have at times discriminated against African Americans and gay/bisexual men. During WWII, black and white blood was separated due to a racist military policy, despite evidence that blood does not differ by race. During the AIDS crisis in the 1980s, many doctors were reluctant to investigate the disease because it initially affected gay men. The FDA instituted a lifetime ban on blood donations from gay and bisexual men in 1983 due to homophobia and unfounded fears, even as other countries have since reformed similar discriminatory policies. Critics argue the ban is an ineffective and discriminatory way to screen donors compared to assessing individual risk behaviors.
The Canadian Blood Services is facing an increasing demand for blood products that is outpacing population growth. Currently, only 4% of eligible Canadians donate blood, compared to over 5% in countries like Sweden, Australia, and England. To meet demand, CBS needs to increase both new donors and donor retention. This marketing plan evaluates alternatives to address the problem, including an advertising campaign promoting the personal health benefits of donating blood, and requiring elective medical procedures to supply their own blood donations. After analyzing the alternatives and market, the plan recommends a combination of the advertising campaign and the latter alternative to boost both first-time and repeat donations.
The PreciseMatch Program aims to ensure all patients have access to precisely matched blood when needed. About 5% of transfusions require precise antigen matching to avoid potentially life-threatening reactions. The program identifies unique antigen combinations in donor blood to match to patients in need through ongoing recruitment, education, testing over 600 donors per week, and filling over 1,800 requests for matched blood annually from hospitals despite being unable to fulfill some needs. More donor recruitment is needed to support the diverse patient population.
Every June 14th, the World Health Organization (WHO) hosts World Blood Donor Day to raise awareness all over the globe for how crucial the need for safe blood is in the healthcare industry. In the US and Canada alone, 43,000 pints of blood are used each day for life-saving procedures and treatments...
4 7 6C A S ECommunity Blood Center of the Caro.docxtamicawaysmith
4 7 6
C A S E
Community Blood
Center of the
Carolinas: Donations,
Donations, Donations
This case was written by Linda E. Swayne, The University of North Carolina at
Charlotte and Thomas Hassett, Group Vice President for Carolinas Healthcare
System. It is intended as a basis for classroom discussion rather than to illustrate
either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Used with
permission from Linda Swayne.
3
Tom Hassett, group vice president for Carolinas Healthcare System,
was responsible for studying the laboratory service line for his hos-
pital system in 2002 (one of 17 service lines with escalating costs).
He recalled, “Our costs were actually going down from vendors
who were working with us in a very tight time for health care in
general and hospitals specifically. But blood costs kept increasing.
In just one year, our cost for blood doubled! Discussions with the
Red Cross – which was the dominant supplier of blood in our
area – went nowhere. I think there were a couple of reasons for
that. Charlotte is headquarters for a blood services region for the
Red Cross and one of eight national blood testing labs is located
both03.indd 476both03.indd 476 11/11/08 11:12:52 AM11/11/08 11:12:52 AM
4 7 7
here, but all business decisions are made in St. Louis and they don’t appreciate
our problems since they have problems of their own. They’re trying to cover the
costs for all the activities required by the consent decree. The St. Louis guys told
us if we didn’t like their prices we should get our blood elsewhere. That’s when
we really got serious about an independent blood center.”
Discussions Begin
“We began to talk with hospitals in our immediate area about their experiences
and found them to be similar to our experience. As informal word got around,
more hospitals called to express their interest in looking at an alternative. Then
we discovered America’s Blood Centers – a national group serving as the umbrella
organization for some 75 independent community blood centers spread around
the country. When we approached them, ABC suggested that we contact two
or three members about their centers and their willingness to help our group
look at how we might set up an independent community blood center,” Hassett
explained.
He continued, “We then found out some interesting things. The Red Cross
had a blood center in Springfield, Missouri that the hospitals there were not
very happy with. When discussion began about a community blood center in
Springfield, the Community Blood Center of Greater Kansas City was contacted
for assistance. Don Thomson, CEO of the Red Cross center was hired to become
the executive director of the Springfield area center, named the Community
Blood Center of the Ozarks. Not long afterward, almost the entire staff of the
Red Cross resigned and moved to the Community Blood Center of the Ozarks.
This caused such a wrangle that the Red Cross fil ...
The document provides information about blood and blood donation. It discusses that blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. It explains blood types and Rh factors. The document encourages blood donation by noting that donated blood can save multiple lives and is always needed for accident victims, cancer patients, and others. It describes the blood donation process, including donor screening, eligibility criteria, the donation procedure, and post-donation advice. The document emphasizes that regular blood donation is safe and benefits both donors and recipients.
India faces a shortage of 3 million blood units per year due to common fears and misconceptions about blood donation. The document discusses that only 9 million units are collected annually against a need of 12 million units. It analyzes the key reasons why people don't donate blood through a fishbone diagram, which include fear of needles, catching diseases, and lack of awareness. Surveys show the strongest reasons for not donating are fear of needles and the belief that others are donating enough. The document provides solutions to address myths and problems around blood donation to encourage more people to donate and fulfill the critical shortage.
More than 38,000 blood donations are needed every day in India to meet demand. Blood is needed for car accident victims, cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, and those with sickle cell disease. Type O blood is most often requested by hospitals. While anyone can donate if they are healthy, regular donations are especially important to ensure a safe blood supply. Donating blood is safe and helps save lives.
The document discusses how areas with high poverty rates suffered the most from the Zika virus outbreak globally and in Brazil, as these areas lacked resources for vector control, contraception, and adequate healthcare. Northeastern Brazil, one of the more impoverished regions in the country, was particularly impacted. A lack of resources for preventing mosquito breeding and access to family planning services led to increased virus transmission and more cases of Zika-related complications in low-income communities.
1) The document discusses the history and importance of blood drives, which originated in France in 1667 and help save thousands of lives each day by providing blood donations for transfusions.
2) It describes the blood donation process, including screening donors, drawing blood, and processing donations into components like red blood cells, platelets, and plasma that can be stored for various periods of time.
3) The document emphasizes that blood donations are critically important as they help ensure hospitals have adequate blood supplies on hand for emergency situations like car accidents, in which one in thirteen victims require blood transfusions.
This document discusses the importance of blood donation and provides information to encourage donation. It notes that blood is needed for accident victims, cancer patients, and others. While only 3% of eligible people donate annually, the need for blood increases 5% each year. Donating blood can help save multiple lives, is safe, and provides health benefits to the donor such as lowering cholesterol. The document outlines the blood donation process and emphasizes that no one should die without blood or blood donation.
India faces a shortage of 3 million blood units annually despite its large population of 1.2 billion people. Only 9 million units are collected each year to meet an estimated need of 12 million units. This shortage impacts over 234 million medical procedures annually that require blood transfusions. While safety screening of donors is important, increasing donations through incentives and addressing misconceptions about donating blood could help reduce the shortage. An action plan is needed to motivate more regular donations especially from areas outside major cities.
The document encourages readers to join the Be The Match bone marrow registry by taking the first step of registering. It explains that registering is easy to do and by joining over 12 million people on the registry, one has the power to save a life by potentially being a match for a leukemia or cancer patient in need of a bone marrow transplant. The document provides information on the registration process, health guidelines for joining, the need for diversity on the registry, what to expect if identified as a match, and ways to donate bone marrow to help save a patient's life.
- A national program has significantly increased the publicly available cord blood inventory but demand has been declining, which threatens the sustainability of public cord blood banks.
- Cord blood transplantation provides lifesaving treatment and is especially important for populations that have difficulty finding matches through other sources. However, it has disadvantages like a longer recovery time.
- While the inventory has grown, the number of high-quality cord blood units is still relatively small. Future investment in the system could help address this issue and ensure continued access to cord blood transplantation.
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
The document discusses the controversial history of blood donation policies in the US, which have at times discriminated against African Americans and gay/bisexual men. During WWII, black and white blood was separated due to a racist military policy, despite evidence that blood does not differ by race. During the AIDS crisis in the 1980s, many doctors were reluctant to investigate the disease because it initially affected gay men. The FDA instituted a lifetime ban on blood donations from gay and bisexual men in 1983 due to homophobia and unfounded fears, even as other countries have since reformed similar discriminatory policies. Critics argue the ban is an ineffective and discriminatory way to screen donors compared to assessing individual risk behaviors.
The document discusses the controversial history of blood donation policies in the US, which have at times discriminated against African Americans and gay/bisexual men. During WWII, black and white blood was separated due to a racist military policy, despite evidence that blood does not differ by race. During the AIDS crisis in the 1980s, many doctors were reluctant to investigate the disease because it initially affected gay men. The FDA instituted a lifetime ban on blood donations from gay and bisexual men in 1983 due to homophobia and unfounded fears, even as other countries have since reformed similar discriminatory policies. Critics argue the ban is an ineffective and discriminatory way to screen donors compared to assessing individual risk behaviors.
The Canadian Blood Services is facing an increasing demand for blood products that is outpacing population growth. Currently, only 4% of eligible Canadians donate blood, compared to over 5% in countries like Sweden, Australia, and England. To meet demand, CBS needs to increase both new donors and donor retention. This marketing plan evaluates alternatives to address the problem, including an advertising campaign promoting the personal health benefits of donating blood, and requiring elective medical procedures to supply their own blood donations. After analyzing the alternatives and market, the plan recommends a combination of the advertising campaign and the latter alternative to boost both first-time and repeat donations.
The PreciseMatch Program aims to ensure all patients have access to precisely matched blood when needed. About 5% of transfusions require precise antigen matching to avoid potentially life-threatening reactions. The program identifies unique antigen combinations in donor blood to match to patients in need through ongoing recruitment, education, testing over 600 donors per week, and filling over 1,800 requests for matched blood annually from hospitals despite being unable to fulfill some needs. More donor recruitment is needed to support the diverse patient population.
Every June 14th, the World Health Organization (WHO) hosts World Blood Donor Day to raise awareness all over the globe for how crucial the need for safe blood is in the healthcare industry. In the US and Canada alone, 43,000 pints of blood are used each day for life-saving procedures and treatments...
4 7 6C A S ECommunity Blood Center of the Caro.docxtamicawaysmith
4 7 6
C A S E
Community Blood
Center of the
Carolinas: Donations,
Donations, Donations
This case was written by Linda E. Swayne, The University of North Carolina at
Charlotte and Thomas Hassett, Group Vice President for Carolinas Healthcare
System. It is intended as a basis for classroom discussion rather than to illustrate
either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Used with
permission from Linda Swayne.
3
Tom Hassett, group vice president for Carolinas Healthcare System,
was responsible for studying the laboratory service line for his hos-
pital system in 2002 (one of 17 service lines with escalating costs).
He recalled, “Our costs were actually going down from vendors
who were working with us in a very tight time for health care in
general and hospitals specifically. But blood costs kept increasing.
In just one year, our cost for blood doubled! Discussions with the
Red Cross – which was the dominant supplier of blood in our
area – went nowhere. I think there were a couple of reasons for
that. Charlotte is headquarters for a blood services region for the
Red Cross and one of eight national blood testing labs is located
both03.indd 476both03.indd 476 11/11/08 11:12:52 AM11/11/08 11:12:52 AM
4 7 7
here, but all business decisions are made in St. Louis and they don’t appreciate
our problems since they have problems of their own. They’re trying to cover the
costs for all the activities required by the consent decree. The St. Louis guys told
us if we didn’t like their prices we should get our blood elsewhere. That’s when
we really got serious about an independent blood center.”
Discussions Begin
“We began to talk with hospitals in our immediate area about their experiences
and found them to be similar to our experience. As informal word got around,
more hospitals called to express their interest in looking at an alternative. Then
we discovered America’s Blood Centers – a national group serving as the umbrella
organization for some 75 independent community blood centers spread around
the country. When we approached them, ABC suggested that we contact two
or three members about their centers and their willingness to help our group
look at how we might set up an independent community blood center,” Hassett
explained.
He continued, “We then found out some interesting things. The Red Cross
had a blood center in Springfield, Missouri that the hospitals there were not
very happy with. When discussion began about a community blood center in
Springfield, the Community Blood Center of Greater Kansas City was contacted
for assistance. Don Thomson, CEO of the Red Cross center was hired to become
the executive director of the Springfield area center, named the Community
Blood Center of the Ozarks. Not long afterward, almost the entire staff of the
Red Cross resigned and moved to the Community Blood Center of the Ozarks.
This caused such a wrangle that the Red Cross fil ...
The document provides information about blood and blood donation. It discusses that blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. It explains blood types and Rh factors. The document encourages blood donation by noting that donated blood can save multiple lives and is always needed for accident victims, cancer patients, and others. It describes the blood donation process, including donor screening, eligibility criteria, the donation procedure, and post-donation advice. The document emphasizes that regular blood donation is safe and benefits both donors and recipients.
India faces a shortage of 3 million blood units per year due to common fears and misconceptions about blood donation. The document discusses that only 9 million units are collected annually against a need of 12 million units. It analyzes the key reasons why people don't donate blood through a fishbone diagram, which include fear of needles, catching diseases, and lack of awareness. Surveys show the strongest reasons for not donating are fear of needles and the belief that others are donating enough. The document provides solutions to address myths and problems around blood donation to encourage more people to donate and fulfill the critical shortage.
More than 38,000 blood donations are needed every day in India to meet demand. Blood is needed for car accident victims, cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, and those with sickle cell disease. Type O blood is most often requested by hospitals. While anyone can donate if they are healthy, regular donations are especially important to ensure a safe blood supply. Donating blood is safe and helps save lives.
The document discusses how areas with high poverty rates suffered the most from the Zika virus outbreak globally and in Brazil, as these areas lacked resources for vector control, contraception, and adequate healthcare. Northeastern Brazil, one of the more impoverished regions in the country, was particularly impacted. A lack of resources for preventing mosquito breeding and access to family planning services led to increased virus transmission and more cases of Zika-related complications in low-income communities.
1) The document discusses the history and importance of blood drives, which originated in France in 1667 and help save thousands of lives each day by providing blood donations for transfusions.
2) It describes the blood donation process, including screening donors, drawing blood, and processing donations into components like red blood cells, platelets, and plasma that can be stored for various periods of time.
3) The document emphasizes that blood donations are critically important as they help ensure hospitals have adequate blood supplies on hand for emergency situations like car accidents, in which one in thirteen victims require blood transfusions.
This document discusses the importance of blood donation and provides information to encourage donation. It notes that blood is needed for accident victims, cancer patients, and others. While only 3% of eligible people donate annually, the need for blood increases 5% each year. Donating blood can help save multiple lives, is safe, and provides health benefits to the donor such as lowering cholesterol. The document outlines the blood donation process and emphasizes that no one should die without blood or blood donation.
India faces a shortage of 3 million blood units annually despite its large population of 1.2 billion people. Only 9 million units are collected each year to meet an estimated need of 12 million units. This shortage impacts over 234 million medical procedures annually that require blood transfusions. While safety screening of donors is important, increasing donations through incentives and addressing misconceptions about donating blood could help reduce the shortage. An action plan is needed to motivate more regular donations especially from areas outside major cities.
The document encourages readers to join the Be The Match bone marrow registry by taking the first step of registering. It explains that registering is easy to do and by joining over 12 million people on the registry, one has the power to save a life by potentially being a match for a leukemia or cancer patient in need of a bone marrow transplant. The document provides information on the registration process, health guidelines for joining, the need for diversity on the registry, what to expect if identified as a match, and ways to donate bone marrow to help save a patient's life.
- A national program has significantly increased the publicly available cord blood inventory but demand has been declining, which threatens the sustainability of public cord blood banks.
- Cord blood transplantation provides lifesaving treatment and is especially important for populations that have difficulty finding matches through other sources. However, it has disadvantages like a longer recovery time.
- While the inventory has grown, the number of high-quality cord blood units is still relatively small. Future investment in the system could help address this issue and ensure continued access to cord blood transplantation.
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
1. Saving Lives with Helpful Guys:
Moving Past the Gay Blood Ban
SAFELY AND SENSIBLY REFORMING THE
FDA’S
“PERMANENT DEFERRAL” POLICY
http://savingliveswithhelpfulguys.com
KYLE CARLSON
CHICAGO-KENT COLLEGE OF LAW
MARCH 2011
2. FDA
Blood Donation
Regulation Sub-Agency within Health and
Human Services
FDA’s Center for Biologics
The Agency Evaluation and Research (CBER)
Regulates U.S. collection of blood
U.S. Food
and Drug and blood products
Administration Responsible for ensuring the
(FDA)
safety of the blood supply
Regulates blood donation, storage
Technical standards, inspections,
enforcement, recordkeeping
2
3. The Role of the FDA
“While a blood supply with zero risk of transmitting infectious
disease may not be possible, the blood supply is safer than it has
ever been. [B]iological products, blood and blood products are
likely always to carry an inherent risk of infectious agents.
Therefore, zero risk may be unattainable. The role of FDA is to drive
that risk to the lowest level reasonably achievable without unduly
decreasing the availability of this life saving resource.”
– FDA Website March 2011
3
4. Shelf Life –
Red Cells at 6ºC for up to 42 days
Blood Facts
Platelets at room temperature in up
to five days
Plasma stored in freezers for up to
Need for Donation one year
Need –
Blood Banks and
the Public Welfare Needed every two seconds in U.S.
About 1 in 7 people entering a
hospital needs blood
Blood is always needed for treatment
of accident victims, cancer patients,
hemophiliacs and surgery patients
Blood cannot be manufactured or
harvested
4
5. Blood Recommended: 3-Day Supply
Shortages Shortages –
Shortages of all blood types
happen during the summer and
Need for Donation winter holidays
Reoccurring Drops Large Percentage of Donations
Below 2-Day, Even
1-Day Supplies from Schools
If only one more percent of all
Americans would give blood,
blood shortages would disappear
for the foreseeable future.
5
6. Major Hospitals Forced to
Blood
Shortages Postpone All Elective Surgeries
Certain Blood Types Restricted to
Emergency Use Only
Coping with Disasters and Terrorism – Blood
Shortages Must Be Already “On-Shelf”
Emergency Pandemic Fears Reduce Donors –
Preparedness, Mad Cow, West Nile, Swine Flu
Fiscal Costs, and
Public Welfare
Import Blood from Other States
Aging Population More Demand:
Changing Youth Behavior and
Donor-Drive Marketing Costs
6
9. Some Recent Blood Supply Shortages
•July 2000 – The majority of American Red Cross (ARC) blood service regions
are operating with less than one day's supply of blood. "A blood shortage is a
disaster, and we need the same level of public support for this disaster as we do for
a hurricane, tornado, flood, or fire"
•September 2000 – “This is a critical shortage ... one of the most serious we
have ever seen” ARC
•August 2001 – “For the first time, the federal government is starting a day-to-
day tracking system to monitor the nation's blood supply and sound an alarm
when shortages loom. It comes none too soon.”
•September 2002 – The nation's hospitals have insufficient blood reserves to
respond to a major national disaster, the country's largest blood suppliers warned
•January 2003 – Hospitals and community blood banks across the nation are
experiencing a blood shortage so severe that some are postponing non-emergency
surgeries and thawing frozen blood, a measure that makes it more perishable.
''Some hospitals have only a one-day supply. About 50 percent have less than two
days,'' American Blood Centers (ABC)
9
10. Some Recent Blood Supply Shortages
•January 2004 – The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is calling
for blood donations claiming the nation is facing a critical blood shortage. Health
and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson says 'If blood supplies do not
immediately increase, patients, accident victims and those whose lives depend on
regular transfusions are at risk for not getting the blood they need.'
•August 2005 – "If the gasoline supply dropped to one and a half days as people
headed out to enjoy the Labor Day weekend America would consider that a crisis -
we want people to be just as concerned about the blood supply” ARC
•Summer and Fall 2007 – the extreme seasonal drought that is leading some
experts to question the growing list of safety criteria for blood donors. Sixty six
million Americans are excluded from donating blood based on a list that some
doctors call overly restrictive. The figure, recently calculated by researchers at the
University of Minnesota, represents more than a third of adult Americans who
would otherwise be eligible.
• January and February 2011 – Snowstorms: The Red Cross reported at the
end of January that blood levels for this time of year were the lowest in ten years.
10
11. Current Blood Present Ban: 1983, Final V: 1985
Donation Response to HIV/AIDS Crisis
Guidelines
Emergency Measure
Transfusion Risks Discovered
The Motivation
Devastated Sub-Populations:
Pandemic Panic
MSM and Hemophiliacs
MSM = Men Who Have Sex with
Men (behaviorally defined)
FDA: MSM “Permanent Deferral”
Blood Collection Agencies Must
Adhere to FDA Guidelines
11
12. “Self-Deferral” Process
Current Blood
Donation Inform donors about the risk of
Guidelines transmitting infectious diseases.
Ask potential donors questions
about their health and certain
Donation Process behaviors and other factors (like
Intake travel and past transfusions) that
Questionnaires increase their risk of infection.
Help people, even those who feel
well, to identify themselves as
potentially at higher risk for
transmitting infectious diseases.
Reduce unknowing donation of
possibly infected blood.
12
13. The Intake Question
Question 35: (Male Donors) From 1977 to the present, have
you had sexual contact with another male, even once?
Response:
No Next Question.
Yes Defer Donor Indefinitely.
13
14. Can the patient choose?
PROBLEMS No. Patients not informed of
viable gay blood donors lack
opportunity to decide if they are
Self-Deferral willing to accept the donation
Gay Blood Ban Ineffective –
Actually Filtering
out MSM?
MSM Lie: outing, personal affront
Definitions: “sexual contact”
Blood Banks National “Deferral
Registry” – No Reason Codes or
Statistical Analysis
14
15. Better Testing: Antibody + Virus,
PROBLEMS Nucleic Acid Amplification
HIV “Window Period” Reduced
from Months to Weeks or Less
Scientific Progress
Donor Knowledge: “Rapid” and
“At-Home” HIV Testing Available
Gay Blood Ban
Failing to Add Automated Quarantine Areas for
Safety Value New Blood – Prevent Mix-Ups
Increased FDA Blood Bank
Inspections (2 yrs or less)
FDA’s Increased Quality Stds. –
Similar to Pharma Mfg.
15
16. HRC’s 2000 Est. U.S. 18+ Gay &
PROBLEMS Lesbian Pop.: 10.5 million of 210
million (limited data)
Williams Inst. – Est. 7.17 Million;
Lifting Ban +219,200 Pints/Yr
Gay Blood Ban ARC Donations – 80% Mobile Blood
Costs
Drives (community orgs, companies,
MSM Blood schools, colleges, places of worship
Unavailable – or military installations)
Shortages ARC Donations – 20% Schools and
Colleges
Trend: College Anti-Discrimination
Policies + Student LGBT Solidarity
vs. Donation Drives
16
17. Some Other Permanent Deferrals:
PROBLEMS 1) IV Drug Users,
2) Animal Tissue Transplants,
3) Geographic Risk of Malaria or
Social Stigma
vCJD/Mad Cow, and
Does FDA Think
4) Sold Sex for Drugs/Money
Gay Blood = Dirty
Blood? MSM Ban Not Focused on Unsafe
Behavior
E.g. Hetero, unsafe sex with sex
worker not permanently deferred
Vs. Monogamous/Widowed MSM
17
18. March 2006 – FDA Workshop
FDA Official
Response Wide Array of Views Solicited
FDA Disagreed with Medical
Majority
Review of Policy Used 1 Risk Study to Justify
No Change AABB: “Much of the [FDA’s
MSM] data comes from STD
clinics, so they come from people
who have the most promiscuous
MSM behavior”
FDA Risk Model Based on
Inaccurate 1990s Data Before
Blood Bank Safety Reforms
18
19. Obama Era
HHS Official
Response June 2010 HHS Committee Upheld
Ban Voting 9-6
Acknowledge Ban “Suboptimal” –
Ban Allows “some potentially high
Review of Policy risk donations while preventing
No Change, some potentially low risk donations”
Acknowledge
Weaknesses Supported Ban: Hemophiliacs,
American Plasma Users Coalition,
Family Research Council, etc…
14-0 Vote to Move Towards
Behavior-Based Q/A
But Recommend Further Study and
Set No Timeline
19
20. Obama Lifted HIV+ Travel and
Shifting
Constitutional Immigration Bans
Law Obama Believes DOMA
Unconstitutional
Obama and DOMA
US DOJ to Stop Defending
DOMA in Court, Though Still
LGBT Protected
Class Status Likely
Enforced
Argued for Heightened Scrutiny –
Something Like Intermediate i.e.
Similar to Gender Classifications
Several 2nd Circuit Cases – No
Precedent on Level of
Constitutional Scrutiny for Sexual
Orientation, Likely to Raise Std.
20
21. Cause of Action Under 14th
Shifting
Constitutional Amend, Equal Protection Clause
Law Disparate Impact Gov’t Action +
Discriminatory Intent
Lack of Change
Intent may be inferred from, e.g.,
Will Cost FDA “irrationality” of classification
Costly Studies vs. Mere Rationality: Legitimate End
Costly Litigation + Rational Means
Intermediate : Important Interest
+ Substantially Related Means
Strict: Compelling Interest +
Narrowly Tailored Means (i.e. No
Less Restrictive Options)
21
22. Costs, Win or Lose EP Suit:
Staying Out of Resources Wasted in Defense
Court
P.R. Problems, esp. with younger,
target donor demographic
Results of EP Suit
Grows Divide Between Regulator
Nobody Wins and Regulated (blood banks,
hospitals, medical professionals)
Additional Cost – FDA Loses:
Judicial Control of Reform
Additional Costs – FDA Wins:
Fails to Address Blood Shortages
22
24. Options: Williams Inst. –
5-Yr Deferral 5 Yr Deferral = 89,700 Pints/Yr
1-Yr Deferral 1 Yr Deferral = 71,200 Pints/Yr
FDA Data –
Proposed 5 Yr Deferral = Zero Window Period
Alternatives
and Up to 1.7 Accidental Releases
Arbitrary Period, 1 Yr Deferral = 3 Window Period and
But Safe
3 Accidental Releases
Similar Risk Scenarios –
MSM Tissue Donation = 5 Yr
Hepatitis B and C “Window Period”
Result in Temporary, 1 Yr Deferrals
24
25. More Effective Behavioral Risk Assessment –
Intake Monogamy vs. Unprotected Sex,
Questions Numerous Partners
Apply Equally to Heterosexuals
Risk-Based and Homosexuals
Deferral
HIV/AIDS No Longer the “Gay
Dropping Arbitrary
Deferral Periods,
Disease” – esp. African Americans
Increasing Overall Ask Time of Last HIV/AIDS Test
Safety
– Window Period of Weeks
Wouldn’t Violate Schools’ Anti-
Discrimination Language
(significant blood source)
25
26. Lifted Ban – Russia
International
Experience
Intake Questions Target Unsafe
Behavior – Spain, Italy, Thai Red
Proven Success Cross
Spain’s HIV Transfusions Drop!
Decrease Stigma,
Increase Safety
6 Month Deferral – South Africa
1 Year Deferral – Sweden, Brazil,
Argentina, Australia, Japan, and
Hungary
5 Yr Deferral – New Zealand
26
27. Building 2006 ARC, AABB, and ABC –
Support for “scientifically and medically
Reform unwarranted”
2010 ARC: “We strongly support the
Jump on the use of rational, scientifically-based
Bandwagon deferral periods that are applied
fairly and consistently among donors
The Blood Banks
and the Medical who engage in similar risk
Community activities.”
2010 AABB: “You wonder, if this
wasn’t about gay men, would the
rules be applied in the same way?”
2010 AMA – 5 Yr Deferral Policy
27
28. Building August 2009
Support for CA Assembly Judiciary
Reform
Committee Resolution
Jump on the
2010
Bandwagon
New York City Council
Local and State
Resolutions Washington D.C. City Council
Chicago City Council
San Francisco
28
29. FDA and HHS Letters – Partial Listing
Building
2010 Senate: John Kerry, Kirstin
Support for
Reform Gillibrand, Dick Durbin, Daniel Akaka,
Sheldon Whitehouse, Sherrod Brown,
Frank Lautenberg, Bob Casey, Bernie
Jump on the
Sanders, Russ Feingold, Mark Udall, Al
Bandwagon
Franken, Maria Cantwell, Carl Levin,
Tom Harkin, Mark Begich, Rolland
National Elected Burris, Michael Bennet
Officials 2010 House: Mike Quigley, Diane
Watson, Tammy Baldwin, Jared
Polis, Barney Frank, Anthony Weiner,
Jerrold Nadler, Sam Farr, Michael
Honda, Debbie Wasserman Schultz,
Raul M. Grijalva
29
30. Building Gay Men’s Health Crisis – Major
Support for Study
Reform National Gay and Lesbian Task
Force
Jump on the Human Rights Campaign
Bandwagon
Lambda Legal
LGBT Civil Rights
Supporters The Advocate Magazine
State and Local Human Rights
Commission Complaints and
Settlements
www.SaveALifeMovie.com
30
31. Some College and University Boycotts
Building and Significant Protests
Support for
Reform 2007 Iowa State University
2008 Sonoma State University
2008 San Jose State University
Jump on the
2010 Keene State College
Bandwagon
LGBT Civil Rights Ohio LGBT-Affirming Churches
Supporters
http://www.gaypeopleschronicle.com/s
tories05/august/0826053.htm
Lost Donations = LGBT + Allies
PR Disaster, Young Demographic
Target Donors
31
32. Petitions: www.Change.org - ID
Building Medical Community Signatories and
Support for Public Officials
Reform Targets: HHS, FDA, HHS/FDA
Congressional Oversight Committees,
Previous Elected Signatories,
Public Education Links to Advocacy Websites/LGBT
Campaign Group Studies,
Ask Eric Holder/DOJ to Clarify Position
What You Can Do on FDA’s Guidelines
http://savingliveswithhelpfulguys.com
Model Petition for School Blood Drives
– Do NOT Refuse to Donate!
Model Op-Ed Letter
EMAIL MY SITE TO REPORT
SUCCESSES! – Emphasize Blood Bank
Worker Support
32
33. Marketing and Messaging – Tactics
Growing shortage crises due to demographics
Reduced donations outside of directly affected MSM
Disaster/Terrorism preparedness: “on-the-shelf”
Emphasize safety advances, science, oversight and
operating practices
Blood Bank & Medical Community Consensus
Behavioral Risk Assessment Questionnaire –
Internationally Proven Strategy
Ban Costs: PR (esp. w/ target donor demographic),
Discrimination Settlements, Future Litigation w/
Protected Class Status = Judicial Control of Reform
33
34. Marketing and Messaging – Slogans/Themes
Saving Lives with Helpful Guys
It’s Time: Ending the Gay Blood Ban
Not Dirty: Gay Blood and the National Blood Shortage
Dirty Stigma, Clean Blood: Reforming the Gay Blood Ban
Ready to Serve: Reforming Gay Blood Donations
Moving Forward to Save Lives – Reforming the Gay
Blood Ban
Who’s Afraid of Saving Lives? Challenging the FDA’s Gay
Blood Ban
Inertia and Misconceptions
Addressing the Wrong Emergency: AIDS Fears vs.
Medical Realities (need for blood)
34
35. References
1. The Role of the FDA –
http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/BloodBloodProducts/default.htm
2. Blood Product Shelf Life - http://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-
blood/what-happens-donated-blood
3. Blood Need – http://www.americasblood.org/go.cfm?do=Page.View&pid=5
4. ABC Supply Charts –
http://stoplight.americasblood.org/plsql/ecat/supply_monitor_pkg.web_repo
rt (accessed Feb. 24, 2011).
5. Intake Questionnaire Procedure – “What is Self-Deferral?”
http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/BloodBloodProducts/Questionsa
boutBlood/ucm108186.htm
6. Intake Question #35, Version.1.3, May 2008 –
http://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/bloodbloodproducts/approvedpro
ducts/licensedproductsblas/blooddonorscreening/ucm164185.htm
7. History of Gay Blood Ban – Gay Mens Health Crisis Report, A Drive for
Change: Reforming U.S. Blood Donation Policies (2010)
8. 80% ARC Collection - http://www.givelife2.org/sponsor/quickfacts.asp
9. Deferred Donor Registry - http://www.pptaglobal.org/program/deferral.aspx
36. References
1. FDA Blood Safety –
http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/BloodBloodProducts/default.htm
2. Advocate – FDA’s MSM Data Wrong + Spain’s Transmission Reduction After
Reform: http://www.advocate.com/printArticle.aspx?id=98974
3. FDA Risk Models Faulty – June 9, 2010 Representative Quigley Letter to FDA;
See Anderson et al. in Transfusion (2009; 49: 1102-1114)
37. References – Blood Supply Shortages
1. Shortages – http://www.americasblood.org/go.cfm?do=page.view&pid=12
2. Shortages – news articles list of the various years elective surgery has been
postponed
3. Shortages – Terrorism/Major Disaster
http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/171352671.html?
dids=171352671:171352671&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=S
ep+11%2C+2002&author=EDDY+RAMIREZ&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc
=A+YEAR+AFTER%3B+Blood+Shortage+Seen+for+National+Disaster
%3B+Health%3A+Red+Cross
%2C+other+suppliers+urge+Congress+to+help+build+up+reserves.&pqatl=go
ogle
4. Shortages – Aging Demographics Change Behavior and Marketing Costs
http://www.pbs.org/nbr/site/onair/transcripts/070927c/ AND
http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2004-09-23-blood-usat_x.htm
5. Amount of Gay Blood Available – Naomi Goldberg and Gary Gates, Effects of
Lifting Blood Donation Bans on Men Who Have Sex with Men, The Williams
Institute UCLA School of Law (June 2010)
6. Schools Rebuffing Discriminatory Blood Drives:
http://www.sgn.org/sgnnews38_20/page1.cfm;
39. References – List of Blood Shortages Slide
•January 2003 – http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?
p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action
=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-
0=0F899F7A01352EA3&p_field_direct-
0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM
•January 2004 – http://www.life.com/image/2873838
•August 2005 –
http://www.naturalnews.com/011315_blood_Red_Cross_college.html
•Summer and Fall 2007 –
http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/09/10/idUSN06426222
• January and February 2011 – Nationwide Bad Weather
http://www.accuweather.com/blogs/news/story/45539/winter-weather-leads-to-
nation.asp?partner=accuweather AND
http://www.redcrossblood.org/news/missouri-illinois/winter-storm-causes-
blood-supply-shortages-many-states
40. References – Constitutionality & Legal Views
1. D.C. Human Rights Commission Settlement:
http://www.thebody.com/content/art13321.html?ts=pf
2. Law Review Articles – John Culhane, Bad Science, Worse Policy: The
Exclusion of Gay Males from Donor Pools, 24 St. Louis U. Pub. L. Rev. 129
(2005).
3. Adam Pulver, Gay Blood Revisionism: A Critical Analysis of Advocacy and
The “Gay Blood Ban”, 17 Law & Sexuality 107 (2008).
4. Jay Zitter, Liability for Donee's Contraction of Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS) from Blood Transfusion, 64 A.L.R.5th 333 (Originally
published in 1998).
5. Michael Belli, The Constitutionality of the “Men Who Have Sex with Men”
Blood Donor Exclusion Policy, 4 J. L. Society 315 (2003).
6. Daniel J. Penofsky, Transfusion-Associated AIDS Litigation, 58 Am. Jur.
Trials 1 (Originally published in 1996; Updated April 2010)