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Nonselective antiviral drugs
This document discusses nonselective antiviral drugs, including those used to treat hepatitis B and C. It classifies the main antiviral drugs for hepatitis B as lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, and tenofovir, and describes their mechanisms of action and uses. The main antiviral drugs for hepatitis C are listed as ribavirin and interferon α, and their mechanisms and therapeutic uses are explained in detail, along with the antiviral spectrum and adverse effects of interferon α.
Pharma drugform
This document discusses drug formulations and routes of administration. It begins with general considerations of pharmaceutics and how formulations are designed for easy delivery and desired therapeutic effects. It then describes various oral preparations like tablets, capsules, liquids and sustained release formulations. Topical preparations like creams, ointments and patches are also outlined. The document concludes by explaining different parenteral and specialized routes of administration like intravenous, intramuscular, intrathecal and others.
Loratadine
Loratadine is an antihistamine used to treat seasonal allergies by blocking histamine receptors. It is effective at reducing symptoms like runny nose, itchy eyes, and sneezing. Loratadine has few side effects, though rare ones can include irregular heartbeat, jaundice, seizures, fatigue and drowsiness. It was developed by Schering-Plough and approved by the FDA in 1993, later becoming available over-the-counter. Loratadine is also effective for treating hives which are also caused by histamine release.
Pharmacotherapy in patient with stroke 2555
เภสัชกรรมบำบัดในผู้ป่วยโรคหลอดเลือดสมอง
Pharmacotherapy in patient with stroke
วิระพล ภิมาลย์
Therapeutic drug monitoring
This document discusses therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and provides examples of aminoglycosides (gentamicin and vancomycin), phenytoin, and digoxin. It defines TDM as measuring specific drug concentrations to maintain constant levels. TDM is indicated to monitor compliance, individualize therapy, diagnose under treatment, avoid toxicity, and detect drug interactions. Drugs suitable for TDM have a narrow therapeutic index, pharmacokinetic variability, a relationship between concentrations and effects, and available assays. The document provides dosing and interpretation guidelines for each drug's TDM.
Drugs used in pregnancy and lactation
This document discusses drug use during pregnancy and lactation. It notes that drug use requires special consideration as it affects both the mother and child. Many pregnant or lactating women take drugs for acute or chronic conditions. The document provides details on common drug classes used in pregnancy, considerations for drug safety and effects during each trimester, placental drug transfer, effects of pregnancy on pharmacokinetics, considerations for drug use during lactation, and general principles for minimizing risk when drug use is necessary.
Smoking -Drug interactions
Pharmacokinetic interactions of Smoking with drugs such as Duloxetine (SNRI Antidepressant), Fluvoxamine (SSRI Antidepressant), Tricyclic Antidepressants ( Amitriptyline, Clomipramine, Imipramine, Nortriptyline, etc.), Benzodiazepines (Alprazolam, Chlordiazepoxide, Clonazepam, Diazepam, Loprazolam, Lorazepam, Lormetazepam, Nitrazepam, Oxazepam, Temazepam), Antipsychotics (Olanzapine, Clozapine, Haloperidol, Thioridazine, Chlorpromazine and Fluphenazine), Opioids (Methadone, Dextropropoxyphene, Fentanyl, Hydrocodone, Oxycodone, Morphine, Nalbuphine and Pethidine (Meperidine)), NSAIDs (Diflunisal, Phenazone and Phenylbutazone), Paracetamol (Acetaminophen), Theophylline, Caffeine, Tacrine, Insulin and Warfarin are discussed in this presentation.
Pharmacodynamic interactions of Smoking with drugs like Beta blockers, Benzodiazepines, Oral antidiabetics, Inhaled corticosteroids and Oral contraceptive pills are also dealt in this presentation.
Recommended
Nonselective antiviral drugs
This document discusses nonselective antiviral drugs, including those used to treat hepatitis B and C. It classifies the main antiviral drugs for hepatitis B as lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, and tenofovir, and describes their mechanisms of action and uses. The main antiviral drugs for hepatitis C are listed as ribavirin and interferon α, and their mechanisms and therapeutic uses are explained in detail, along with the antiviral spectrum and adverse effects of interferon α.
Pharma drugform
This document discusses drug formulations and routes of administration. It begins with general considerations of pharmaceutics and how formulations are designed for easy delivery and desired therapeutic effects. It then describes various oral preparations like tablets, capsules, liquids and sustained release formulations. Topical preparations like creams, ointments and patches are also outlined. The document concludes by explaining different parenteral and specialized routes of administration like intravenous, intramuscular, intrathecal and others.
Loratadine
Loratadine is an antihistamine used to treat seasonal allergies by blocking histamine receptors. It is effective at reducing symptoms like runny nose, itchy eyes, and sneezing. Loratadine has few side effects, though rare ones can include irregular heartbeat, jaundice, seizures, fatigue and drowsiness. It was developed by Schering-Plough and approved by the FDA in 1993, later becoming available over-the-counter. Loratadine is also effective for treating hives which are also caused by histamine release.
Pharmacotherapy in patient with stroke 2555
เภสัชกรรมบำบัดในผู้ป่วยโรคหลอดเลือดสมอง
Pharmacotherapy in patient with stroke
วิระพล ภิมาลย์
Therapeutic drug monitoring
This document discusses therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and provides examples of aminoglycosides (gentamicin and vancomycin), phenytoin, and digoxin. It defines TDM as measuring specific drug concentrations to maintain constant levels. TDM is indicated to monitor compliance, individualize therapy, diagnose under treatment, avoid toxicity, and detect drug interactions. Drugs suitable for TDM have a narrow therapeutic index, pharmacokinetic variability, a relationship between concentrations and effects, and available assays. The document provides dosing and interpretation guidelines for each drug's TDM.
Drugs used in pregnancy and lactation
This document discusses drug use during pregnancy and lactation. It notes that drug use requires special consideration as it affects both the mother and child. Many pregnant or lactating women take drugs for acute or chronic conditions. The document provides details on common drug classes used in pregnancy, considerations for drug safety and effects during each trimester, placental drug transfer, effects of pregnancy on pharmacokinetics, considerations for drug use during lactation, and general principles for minimizing risk when drug use is necessary.
Smoking -Drug interactions
Pharmacokinetic interactions of Smoking with drugs such as Duloxetine (SNRI Antidepressant), Fluvoxamine (SSRI Antidepressant), Tricyclic Antidepressants ( Amitriptyline, Clomipramine, Imipramine, Nortriptyline, etc.), Benzodiazepines (Alprazolam, Chlordiazepoxide, Clonazepam, Diazepam, Loprazolam, Lorazepam, Lormetazepam, Nitrazepam, Oxazepam, Temazepam), Antipsychotics (Olanzapine, Clozapine, Haloperidol, Thioridazine, Chlorpromazine and Fluphenazine), Opioids (Methadone, Dextropropoxyphene, Fentanyl, Hydrocodone, Oxycodone, Morphine, Nalbuphine and Pethidine (Meperidine)), NSAIDs (Diflunisal, Phenazone and Phenylbutazone), Paracetamol (Acetaminophen), Theophylline, Caffeine, Tacrine, Insulin and Warfarin are discussed in this presentation.
Pharmacodynamic interactions of Smoking with drugs like Beta blockers, Benzodiazepines, Oral antidiabetics, Inhaled corticosteroids and Oral contraceptive pills are also dealt in this presentation.
Anti protozoal and anti malarial drugs
Metronidazole is the prototype nitroimidazole anti-protozoal drug used to treat amoebiasis and other anaerobic bacterial infections. It is well absorbed orally and widely distributed throughout the body, with an elimination half-life of around 8 hours. Metronidazole's mechanism of action involves reduction of its nitro group by redox proteins in anaerobic organisms, which disrupts their energy metabolism. It is generally well tolerated but can cause adverse effects like nausea, metallic taste, and peripheral neuropathy with prolonged use. Metronidazole interacts with alcohol and some other drugs due to its metabolism.
Dosing in obese patient
The document discusses dosing considerations for obese patients, noting that obesity can impact the pharmacokinetics of drugs through changes in volume of distribution, metabolism, and excretion due to alterations in body composition and organ function. It provides guidelines for calculating loading and maintenance doses based on whether drugs are primarily distributed in lean or fat mass, and recommends estimating glomerular filtration rate and renal clearance using adjusted body weight formulas for obese patients.
cancer
Cancer is caused by genetic changes that cause uncontrolled cell growth. There are over 100 types of cancer. Treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Chemotherapy drugs work by different mechanisms, such as alkylating DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis, or preventing cell division. Understanding how cancer develops and treatments work helps researchers develop new targeted therapies.
Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
This document discusses sulfonamides and trimethoprim, which are synthetic antibacterial drugs. It explains their mechanism of action by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase and blocking the biosynthesis of nucleic acids. Some examples are mentioned, along with their absorption, half-life, uses and adverse effects. Synergism when used together is also noted. Brand names of some common sulfonamide and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole combination drugs are provided at the end.
NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS (NDDS)
NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS (NDDS)Associate Professor, B.Pharmacy College, Rampura, Godhra, Gujarat, India
This document discusses novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) as an advancement over conventional drug delivery systems (CDDS). NDDS aim to improve drug potency, provide sustained release, increase safety, and target delivery to specific tissues. Some key points:
- NDDS can deliver drugs that cannot be administered through non-invasive or invasive CDDS routes due to factors like size, charge, and susceptibility to degradation.
- NDDS provide controlled, modulated, or targeted release through various formulations and medical devices to maintain therapeutic drug levels over long periods with fewer side effects.
- Examples of NDDS include liposomes, nanoparticles, microspheres, and modulated delivery devices like nebulizers and metered dose inQUVIVIQ-.pdf
QUVIVIQ is the first FDA approved dual orexin receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia. It works by blocking the binding of wake-promoting neuropeptides orexin A and B to receptors OX1R and OX2R. The recommended dosage is 25-50mg taken orally within 30 minutes before bedtime. Common side effects include headache, somnolence, fatigue and dizziness. It is contraindicated in patients with narcolepsy and can cause daytime drowsiness and impairment.
Tetracycline
This document discusses tetracycline, a broad-spectrum antibiotic. It describes tetracycline's classification based on duration of action, structure as an amphoteric compound, mechanism of action by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, and mechanisms of resistance including enzymatic inactivation and efflux pumps. The document also outlines tetracycline's uses for bacterial infections and non-antibacterial purposes, potential side effects, drug interactions, and storage requirements.
Chrono pharmacokinetics
This document discusses chrono-pharmacokinetics, which deals with the temporal changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs due to the time of administration. Biological rhythms like circadian rhythms can impact PK parameters. Studying chrono-PK is important because symptoms of diseases and drug toxicity can depend on the time of administration. Several drug delivery technologies have been developed to provide chronotherapeutic drug release tailored to the body's circadian rhythms. Placental transfer of drugs from mother to fetus is also discussed.
Alkylating agents
This document summarizes cancer chemotherapy drugs that act as alkylating agents. It describes how these drugs produce reactive carbonium ions that alkylate and cross-link DNA, inhibiting its replication and causing cell death. The major classes of alkylating agents discussed are nitrogen mustards, ethylenimines, alkyl sulfonates, nitrosoureas, and triazines. Specific drugs from these classes are mentioned along with their mechanisms of action, metabolism, uses, and dosages.
Designing of dosage regimen
This document discusses designing dosage regimens. It begins by defining dosage form as the way a drug is administered and dosage regimen as the schedule of doses over time. It then describes five methods for designing regimens: individualized, based on population averages using fixed or adaptive models, based on partial pharmacokinetic parameters, empirical, and using nomograms. Nomograms use scales to determine dosage based on patient characteristics. The document provides examples of drugs using nomograms and discusses considerations for converting intravenous to oral dosage.
Dosage Regimen
This document discusses approaches to adjusting drug dosages for patients with impaired renal or hepatic function. It outlines three main approaches to adjusting dosage based on total body clearance, elimination rate constant or half-life, and methods used in renal failure. It also discusses dose adjustment considerations for obese, pediatric, elderly, and individual patients based on pharmacokinetic variability between individuals. The document emphasizes monitoring drug therapy through therapeutic drug monitoring to evaluate patient response and adjust dosages accordingly.
Thyme slideshare
Uses of thyme and health benefits. Also includes use of thyme essential oil as headlice deterrent. Note that thyme oil is toxic and should not be used for any other purpose.
Hepatic clearance and elimination
This document discusses hepatic clearance and elimination. It begins by explaining that liver function tests can help estimate hepatic clearance by detecting hepatic dysfunction. It then covers topics like the classification of liver function tests, hepatic clearance definition and calculation, biliary excretion of drugs and enterohepatic recycling, and hepatic elimination. The overall purpose is to explain how the liver clears and eliminates drugs from the body.
Rectal drug delivery systems
This document provides an overview of rectal drug delivery systems. Some key points:
- Rectal drug delivery is an alternative to oral administration when swallowing is not possible. It avoids first pass metabolism in the liver and degradation in the stomach.
- Advantages include avoidance of GI irritation, enhanced absorption of some drugs, avoidance of hepatic first pass, and usefulness in pediatric/geriatric patients.
- Applications include rectal administration of anti-epileptics, analgesics like morphine, and peptides.
- Common dosage forms are suppositories, creams, gels, and solutions/suspensions. Suppository bases include fatty bases and water-soluble bases.
- Fact
Generic Duloxetine (Duzela Capsules)
Generic Duloxetine (Duzela Capsules) is a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) antidepressants used to treat Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain (DPNP), Fibromyalgia (FM) and Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain.
CONCEPT OF LOADING AND MAINTAINANCE DOSE.pptx
This document discusses the concepts of loading and maintenance doses for drugs. It defines a loading dose as a larger initial dose used to quickly attain the steady-state drug concentration in plasma. The size of the loading dose depends on the maintenance dose, elimination rate constant, and dosing interval. It also discusses how to calculate loading doses based on either the maximum or minimum steady-state plasma concentration. After the loading dose, maintenance doses are given to maintain the steady-state concentration over the dosing interval. Factors like therapeutic index and drug half-life also impact maintaining concentrations within the therapeutic window.
Pharmacotherapy of malaria
Malaria is a protozoal disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It is a major global health issue, with an estimated 300-500 million cases and over 1 million deaths per year. The document discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, indications, adverse effects and combinations of various antimalarial drugs. It also covers treatment guidelines for uncomplicated and severe malaria, chemoprophylaxis, emerging vaccines and drug resistance in malaria parasites.
Loading dose plus iv infusion
A loading dose is an initial higher dose of a drug given at the beginning of treatment to more rapidly reach steady state plasma concentrations. Drugs with long half-lives benefit from a loading dose to quickly achieve therapeutic drug levels. The loading dose should approximate the amount of drug in the body at steady state. The main importance of a loading dose is to attain the average plasma concentration at steady state as quickly as possible to provide quick therapeutic effects in some cases.
Anti-Helminthic Drugs 27 11 2022.pptx
This document discusses anti-helminthic drugs used to treat parasitic worm infections. It defines anti-helminthics as drugs that expel or kill parasitic worms without significantly damaging the host. The document describes common helminth infections, classifies anti-helminthic drugs by mode of action and type of infection treated, and provides details on commonly used drugs including Albendazole, Mebendazole, Levamisole, and Pyrantel pamoate. It explains the mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, dosages, and adverse effects of these anti-helminthic drugs.
Antiviral drugs
1. Antiviral Drugs- introduction, Viral replication
2. Anti-Viral drugs, Classification of Antiviral Drugs
3. Anti-Herpes virus, Acyclovir (Zovirax), MAO, Metabolism, synthesis
4. Other antiviral drugs
5. Anti HIV drugs
6. The Life Cycle of HIV
7. Classification of Anti-HIV drugs
8. Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: NRTIs
9. MAO, Synthesis of Zidovudine
10. Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: NNRTIs
11. Protease Inhibitors (PIs)
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Anti protozoal and anti malarial drugs
Metronidazole is the prototype nitroimidazole anti-protozoal drug used to treat amoebiasis and other anaerobic bacterial infections. It is well absorbed orally and widely distributed throughout the body, with an elimination half-life of around 8 hours. Metronidazole's mechanism of action involves reduction of its nitro group by redox proteins in anaerobic organisms, which disrupts their energy metabolism. It is generally well tolerated but can cause adverse effects like nausea, metallic taste, and peripheral neuropathy with prolonged use. Metronidazole interacts with alcohol and some other drugs due to its metabolism.
Dosing in obese patient
The document discusses dosing considerations for obese patients, noting that obesity can impact the pharmacokinetics of drugs through changes in volume of distribution, metabolism, and excretion due to alterations in body composition and organ function. It provides guidelines for calculating loading and maintenance doses based on whether drugs are primarily distributed in lean or fat mass, and recommends estimating glomerular filtration rate and renal clearance using adjusted body weight formulas for obese patients.
cancer
Cancer is caused by genetic changes that cause uncontrolled cell growth. There are over 100 types of cancer. Treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Chemotherapy drugs work by different mechanisms, such as alkylating DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis, or preventing cell division. Understanding how cancer develops and treatments work helps researchers develop new targeted therapies.
Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
This document discusses sulfonamides and trimethoprim, which are synthetic antibacterial drugs. It explains their mechanism of action by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase and blocking the biosynthesis of nucleic acids. Some examples are mentioned, along with their absorption, half-life, uses and adverse effects. Synergism when used together is also noted. Brand names of some common sulfonamide and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole combination drugs are provided at the end.
NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS (NDDS)
NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS (NDDS)Associate Professor, B.Pharmacy College, Rampura, Godhra, Gujarat, India
This document discusses novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) as an advancement over conventional drug delivery systems (CDDS). NDDS aim to improve drug potency, provide sustained release, increase safety, and target delivery to specific tissues. Some key points:
- NDDS can deliver drugs that cannot be administered through non-invasive or invasive CDDS routes due to factors like size, charge, and susceptibility to degradation.
- NDDS provide controlled, modulated, or targeted release through various formulations and medical devices to maintain therapeutic drug levels over long periods with fewer side effects.
- Examples of NDDS include liposomes, nanoparticles, microspheres, and modulated delivery devices like nebulizers and metered dose inQUVIVIQ-.pdf
QUVIVIQ is the first FDA approved dual orexin receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia. It works by blocking the binding of wake-promoting neuropeptides orexin A and B to receptors OX1R and OX2R. The recommended dosage is 25-50mg taken orally within 30 minutes before bedtime. Common side effects include headache, somnolence, fatigue and dizziness. It is contraindicated in patients with narcolepsy and can cause daytime drowsiness and impairment.
Tetracycline
This document discusses tetracycline, a broad-spectrum antibiotic. It describes tetracycline's classification based on duration of action, structure as an amphoteric compound, mechanism of action by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, and mechanisms of resistance including enzymatic inactivation and efflux pumps. The document also outlines tetracycline's uses for bacterial infections and non-antibacterial purposes, potential side effects, drug interactions, and storage requirements.
Chrono pharmacokinetics
This document discusses chrono-pharmacokinetics, which deals with the temporal changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs due to the time of administration. Biological rhythms like circadian rhythms can impact PK parameters. Studying chrono-PK is important because symptoms of diseases and drug toxicity can depend on the time of administration. Several drug delivery technologies have been developed to provide chronotherapeutic drug release tailored to the body's circadian rhythms. Placental transfer of drugs from mother to fetus is also discussed.
Alkylating agents
This document summarizes cancer chemotherapy drugs that act as alkylating agents. It describes how these drugs produce reactive carbonium ions that alkylate and cross-link DNA, inhibiting its replication and causing cell death. The major classes of alkylating agents discussed are nitrogen mustards, ethylenimines, alkyl sulfonates, nitrosoureas, and triazines. Specific drugs from these classes are mentioned along with their mechanisms of action, metabolism, uses, and dosages.
Designing of dosage regimen
This document discusses designing dosage regimens. It begins by defining dosage form as the way a drug is administered and dosage regimen as the schedule of doses over time. It then describes five methods for designing regimens: individualized, based on population averages using fixed or adaptive models, based on partial pharmacokinetic parameters, empirical, and using nomograms. Nomograms use scales to determine dosage based on patient characteristics. The document provides examples of drugs using nomograms and discusses considerations for converting intravenous to oral dosage.
Dosage Regimen
This document discusses approaches to adjusting drug dosages for patients with impaired renal or hepatic function. It outlines three main approaches to adjusting dosage based on total body clearance, elimination rate constant or half-life, and methods used in renal failure. It also discusses dose adjustment considerations for obese, pediatric, elderly, and individual patients based on pharmacokinetic variability between individuals. The document emphasizes monitoring drug therapy through therapeutic drug monitoring to evaluate patient response and adjust dosages accordingly.
Thyme slideshare
Uses of thyme and health benefits. Also includes use of thyme essential oil as headlice deterrent. Note that thyme oil is toxic and should not be used for any other purpose.
Hepatic clearance and elimination
This document discusses hepatic clearance and elimination. It begins by explaining that liver function tests can help estimate hepatic clearance by detecting hepatic dysfunction. It then covers topics like the classification of liver function tests, hepatic clearance definition and calculation, biliary excretion of drugs and enterohepatic recycling, and hepatic elimination. The overall purpose is to explain how the liver clears and eliminates drugs from the body.
Rectal drug delivery systems
This document provides an overview of rectal drug delivery systems. Some key points:
- Rectal drug delivery is an alternative to oral administration when swallowing is not possible. It avoids first pass metabolism in the liver and degradation in the stomach.
- Advantages include avoidance of GI irritation, enhanced absorption of some drugs, avoidance of hepatic first pass, and usefulness in pediatric/geriatric patients.
- Applications include rectal administration of anti-epileptics, analgesics like morphine, and peptides.
- Common dosage forms are suppositories, creams, gels, and solutions/suspensions. Suppository bases include fatty bases and water-soluble bases.
- Fact
Generic Duloxetine (Duzela Capsules)
Generic Duloxetine (Duzela Capsules) is a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) antidepressants used to treat Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain (DPNP), Fibromyalgia (FM) and Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain.
CONCEPT OF LOADING AND MAINTAINANCE DOSE.pptx
This document discusses the concepts of loading and maintenance doses for drugs. It defines a loading dose as a larger initial dose used to quickly attain the steady-state drug concentration in plasma. The size of the loading dose depends on the maintenance dose, elimination rate constant, and dosing interval. It also discusses how to calculate loading doses based on either the maximum or minimum steady-state plasma concentration. After the loading dose, maintenance doses are given to maintain the steady-state concentration over the dosing interval. Factors like therapeutic index and drug half-life also impact maintaining concentrations within the therapeutic window.
Pharmacotherapy of malaria
Malaria is a protozoal disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It is a major global health issue, with an estimated 300-500 million cases and over 1 million deaths per year. The document discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, indications, adverse effects and combinations of various antimalarial drugs. It also covers treatment guidelines for uncomplicated and severe malaria, chemoprophylaxis, emerging vaccines and drug resistance in malaria parasites.
Loading dose plus iv infusion
A loading dose is an initial higher dose of a drug given at the beginning of treatment to more rapidly reach steady state plasma concentrations. Drugs with long half-lives benefit from a loading dose to quickly achieve therapeutic drug levels. The loading dose should approximate the amount of drug in the body at steady state. The main importance of a loading dose is to attain the average plasma concentration at steady state as quickly as possible to provide quick therapeutic effects in some cases.
Anti-Helminthic Drugs 27 11 2022.pptx
This document discusses anti-helminthic drugs used to treat parasitic worm infections. It defines anti-helminthics as drugs that expel or kill parasitic worms without significantly damaging the host. The document describes common helminth infections, classifies anti-helminthic drugs by mode of action and type of infection treated, and provides details on commonly used drugs including Albendazole, Mebendazole, Levamisole, and Pyrantel pamoate. It explains the mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, dosages, and adverse effects of these anti-helminthic drugs.
Antiviral drugs
1. Antiviral Drugs- introduction, Viral replication
2. Anti-Viral drugs, Classification of Antiviral Drugs
3. Anti-Herpes virus, Acyclovir (Zovirax), MAO, Metabolism, synthesis
4. Other antiviral drugs
5. Anti HIV drugs
6. The Life Cycle of HIV
7. Classification of Anti-HIV drugs
8. Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: NRTIs
9. MAO, Synthesis of Zidovudine
10. Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: NNRTIs
11. Protease Inhibitors (PIs)
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Sammensatte tekster med langbein
- 1. Tegneserie som sammensatte tekster ©Disney
- 2. Hva er en sammensatt tekst egentlig? ©Disney
- 3. Dagens mål: • Vite hva en sammensatt tekst er • Kunne tre forskjellige ting som er i en tegneserie. ©Disney
- 4. En dag dro Donald, Ole, Dole og Doffen ut på fisketur. De tok med seg hver sin fiskestang og de gledet seg veldig til å prøve fiskelykken. Den ene etter den andre av guttene dro opp store flotte fisker fra havet, mens Donald bare fikk en bitte liten fisk. Donald var kjempe sur da de dro hjem, siden han var den eneste som ikke hadde fått noen stor fisk.
- 5. ©Disney
- 6. Aha… Da tror jeg at jeg vet hva en sammensatt tekst er… ©Disney
- 7. En dag dro Donald, Ole, Dole og Doffen ut på fisketur. De tok med seg hver sin fiskestang og de gledet seg veldig til å prøve fiskelykken. Den ene etter den andre av guttene dro opp store flotte fisker fra havet, mens Donald bare fikk en bitte liten fisk. Donald var kjempe sur da de dro hjem, siden han var den eneste som ikke hadde fått noen stor fisk. + = Sammensatt tekst ©Disney