2. 2
1
30
300
1000s
MAJOR FATAL
MINOR INJURY
ONLY PROPERTY DAMAGE
NEAR MISSES
Safety management begins with incident management.
• Measure organization’s OHSMS performance including
safety indices.
HEINRICH’S TRIANGLE
3. HAZARD
Source or situation with a potential for harm in terms of injury or
health, damage to property, damage to the workplace environment or a
combination of these
RISK
Combination of the likelihood and consequence of a specified
hazardous event occurring
INCIDENT
Event that gave rise to an accident or have the potential to lead to an
accident. The term incident includes “near misses”
ACCIDENT
Undesired event giving rise to death, ill health, injury, damage or other
loss
KEY OHSMS DEFINITIONS
4. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
Conditions and factors that affect the well being of employees, temporary
workers, contractor personnel, visitors and any other person in the work
place
SAFETY
Freedom from unacceptable risk of harm [ISO / IEC Guide 2]
KEY OHSMS DEFINITIONS
6. 6
OHS HAZARDS
Accidental Slips and Falls, blows and contusions, falls into pits or tanks, hazards related to entry into
confined space, burns by steam or hot vapors, electrical shocks, cuts and pricks by sharp
tools or edges, injury by flying particles, chemical burns, fire / explosion (excavations,
working at height structures / floors / crane operations / HEMM operations / Engineering
activities / Electrical Maintenance / working close to overhead high voltage lines / oil storage
areas / gas cylinder storage area / gas cutting activities / handling of gas cylinders /
underground gas pipings)
Physical Exposure to excessive noise, exposure to UV radiation, Exposure to adverse weather
conditions (Piling, hammering, HEMM operation, welding and gas cutting, working in extreme
heat / cold)
Chemical Chronic effects by chemical (inhalation / ingestion / dermal), other toxic wastes and dust
(Acid / Oxygen / dissolved acetylene / paints and varnishes)
Biological Diseases caused by toxins, insects, microbes etc.(sanitary / canteen activities / Air
conditioning / coolers)
Ergonomic Physiological and psychological (Loading / unloading / repetitive operations / working
overtime / spread over / rest pause)
8. CHEMICAL HAZARDS CONSEQUENCE
DUSTS Pneumoconiosis
INORGANIC DUSTS
COAL DUST Anthracosis
SILICA Silicosis
ASTBESTOS Asbestosis
ORGANIC DUSTS
CANE FIBER Bagassosis
SILICA Silicosis
COTTON DUST Byssinosis
TOBACCO Tobaccosis, Lung Cancer
GRAIN DUST Farmer’s Lungs
LINKAGE OF HAZARDS - CONSEQUENCE OF RISK
9. CHEMICAL HAZARDS CONSEQUENCE
GASES POISONING Carbon Monoxide, Ammonia, Sulphur
Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulphide, Carbon
Disulphide, Hydrogen Cyanide, etc.
METAL TOXICITY Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Chromium,
Manganese, Beryllium, etc.
OTHERS Acids, Alkalies, Pesticides
SOLVENTS Carbon Disulfide, Benzene, Tri-
Chloroethylene, Carbon Tetrachloride,
etc.
LINKAGE OF HAZARDS - CONSEQUENCE OF RISK
10. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS CONSEQUENCE
BACTERIA Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Anthrax,
Brucellosis, Gonorrhea
VIRUS Hepatitis, AIDS
PROTOZOAL & PARASITIC Malaria, Hydatid, Hookworms,
Tapeworms, etc.
FUNGI Tinea Infections, Coccidiomycosis,
Pssittacosis, Ornithosis, etc.
LINKAGE OF HAZARDS - CONSEQUENCE OF RISK
11. MECHANICAL HAZARDS CONSEQUENCE
INJURIES Falls, Cuts, Abrasions, Concussions,
Contusions, etc.
ERGONOMIC DISORDERS Musculo-skeletal disorders (MSDs),
Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs) etc.
LINKAGE OF HAZARDS - CONSEQUENCE OF RISK
12. ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
• Lack of job satisfaction, insecurity, poor interpersonal
relations, work pressure, ambiguity, etc.
• Psychological & Behavioural changes - hostility,
aggressiveness, anxiety, depression, alcoholism, drug
addiction, sickness, absenteeism
• Psychosomatic disorders - Hypertension, headache,
bodyache, peptic ulcers, asthma, diabetes, heart disorders,
etc.
LINKAGE OF HAZARDS - CONSEQUENCE OF RISK
13. Substandard Purchasing
Design/ Commissioning Inadequacies
Inadequate Guards or barriers/ enclosures/ isolations
Operating at improper speed
Making safety device inoperative
Removing Safety Device
Using Defective Equipment/ Wrong marking/ Improper work zone
demarcation
Failing to use PPE property
No use of PPE
Contd…
UNSAFE CONDITIONS
(IMMEDIATE CAUSES)
14. Defective tools, equipment or materials
Radiation Exposure without protective sheets
Temperature Extremes
Inadequate or Excess Illumination
Inadequate Ventilation
Inadequate Warning System
Malfunctioning of pressure gauges
Overcrowded work place
Congestion or Restricted Action
Poor Housekeeping
Incompatible chemical storage
UNSAFE CONDITIONS
(IMMEDIATE CAUSES)
15. Operating equipment without authority
Failure to secure
Operating at improper speed
Operating without safety device guards / PPE
Improper loading / placement / positioning
Improper tools operation
Abuse / Misuse
Under influence of alcohol and/or other drugs
Improper usage of PPE
No / Inadequate workplace OHS monitoring
No/ Inadequate inspections
UNSAFE ACT
16. Is management of OHS risks based on:
• Elimination / Termination of OHS Hazards at the first place
• Reduction of the hazards
• Control of the hazards
Is effected through management programmes and operational controls
Must answer 5 Ws and 1 H for effective results
What - The Task Statement;
Who - The Task Holder;
Why - The Task Purpose;
When - The Task Frequency / Period;
Where - The Task Location;
How - The Task Means
OHS MANAGEMENT
17. • ACCIDENT RATE
(No. of accidents x 1000) / No. of employees
• FATALITY RATE
No. of deaths / No. of employees
• FREQUENCY RATE
(No. of accidents x 10 6 ) / Total man-hours of exposure
• SEVERITY RATE
(Total no. of days lost x 106 )/ Total man-hours of exposure
• AVERAGE SERVERITY RATE
Total days lost / Total no. of accidents
• ACCIDENT FREE PERIOD
Gap between two consecutive reportable accidents measured in man-hours.
SAFETY INDICES
18. 18
WHAT IS
AN ACCIDENT ?
An ACCIDENT is an
unintended, unexpected or
unforeseen occurrence,
which has a probability of
causing personal injury or
property damage.
19. 19
Why to Prevent Accidents?
1) Needless destruction of life and health
is a MORAL EVIL.
2) They produce far reacting SOCIAL
HARM.
3) They severely affect EFFICIENCY and
PRODUCTIVITY.
4) Prevention of accidents is a LEGAL
RESPONSIBILITY.
5) The SAFETY MOVEMENT has already
demonstrated that its TECHNIQUES are
effective in reducing accident rates, and
promoting efficiency.
20. 20
Unsafe Mechanical & Physical Conditions
IMPROPERLY GUARDED AGENCIES
(UNGUARDED OR INADEQUATELY
GUARDED)
DEFECTIVE AGENCIES
(ROUGH, SHARP, SLIPPERY,
INFERIOR IN COMPOSITION)
HAZARDOUS ARRANGEMENTS OR PROCEDURES IN
ON OR AROUND THE AGENCY
(UNSAFE STORAGE, CONGESTION,
OVERLOADING)
IMPROPER ILLUMINATION
(INSUFFICIENT LIGHT, GLARE)
IMPROPER VENTILATION
(INSUFFICIENT AIR CHANGE, IMPURE
AIR SOURCE, TEMPERATURE)
UNSAFE DRESS OR APPAREL
(LACK OF OR DEFECTIVE GLOVES,
APRONS, GOGGLES, SHOES,
RESPIRATORS, LOOSE CLOTHING)
21. 21
Unsafe Act
Operating without authority.
Failure to secure or warn.
Operating or working at unsafe speeds.
Making safety devices inoperative.
Using unsafe equipment.
Using hands instead of equipment or using
equipment unsafely.
Taking unsafe positions or posture.
Working on moving or dangerous equipment.
Distracting, teasing, abusing, horseplay.
Failure to use personal protective equipment.
22. 22
Human Factor - Common Characteristics
People make mistakes
People forget
People take shortcuts
People do not always do what they are told
People do not always do what they know they
should do
Some people feel that they are immune to
accidents
Safety hazards are not obvious to all people
People are subject to mental preoccupation
23. 23
Unsafe Personal Factor
IMPROPER ATTITUDE
Disregard of instructions.
Failure to understand instructions.
Nervousness.
Excitability.
LACK OF KNOWLEDGE OR SKILL
Unaware of safe practices, unskilled.
BODILY DEFECTS
Defective eye sight or hearing.
Fatigue.
Intoxication.
