This paper describes the Sādhāraṇabhogī social system as practiced in the Asoke communities, what it is and how it contributes to the success of the Asoke communities for self-reliance and self-sufficiency necessary for sustaining a life conducive to successful spiritual practice.
Sadharanabhogi - a Buddhist Social System as Practised in Asoke Communities
1. Sādhāraṇabhogī: A Buddhist Social System as Practiced
in Asoke Communities
oahbgnaT adnihC tamahkkiS dna ,.L.C gnoB ,.S adiwuS
ta detneserp repaP
muroF tsihdduB yaL drihT ehT
-msihdduB degagnE dna msihdduB yaL-
9002 ,62-22 rebotcO
.aeroK htuoS ,luoeS
:noitatic detsegguS
Suwida, S., C. L. Bong, and Sikkhamat Chinda Tangbhoa, :ī g o h b a ṇ a r ā h d ā S t si h d d u B A
in The 3rd Lay Buddhist Forum: Lay
s e iti n u m m o C e k o s A ni d e cit c a r P s a m et s y S l ai c o S
Buddhism and Engaged Buddhism, October 22-26, 2009 (Buddhist Chongji Order,
South Korea, 2009), 27 38 (for English version) (or pages 39-47 for Korean version).
2. Page 27 The 3rd Lay Buddhist Forum. October 22-26, 2009. Seoul, South Korea
residing at Sisa Asoke.
one time she served as a nuclear laboratory scientist in the Thai government service. She is currently
Venerable Sikkhamat Chinda Tangbhao is a ten-precept Sikkhamat nun of Asoke communities. At
3
Thailand. She can be contacted at bongcl@gmail.com
Dr. Bong C. L. is a Malaysian, presently a volunteer lecturer at the International Buddhist College in
2
suwida.ss@gmail.com
She can be contacted at and engaged Buddhism in Thailand and Asian countries.
Dr. Suwida Sangsehanat is a Thai social research scientist active in research on social development
1
e h t e r a Y E N O M g ni v a h d n a g ni k a m s y a d a w o N . e fil g n it a vi tl u c r o f t o n , y e n o m e r o m g ni k a m
r o f si Y E N O M . e fi l g n i h si r u o n r o y ti l a u ti ri p s g n i t a vi tl u c r o f t o n , Y E N O M g ni k a m r o f si E M I T
. e l p o e p t s o m f o e fil f o st c e p s a l l a et a n i m o d d n a et al u g e r ,l o rt n o c t a ht s ei ti d o m m o c ) el b a ul a v
yl n o s e s a c e m o s ni ( r o j a m o wt e ht e r a E MI T d n a Y E N O M , r el l a m s r e v e g ni k ni r h s si e c a p s
d n a t s af y r e v s e v o m g ni ht y r e v e e r e h w n oit a zil a b o l g d n a m si l ai r et a m g ni s a e r c n i f o a r e si ht nI
noitcudortnI
ecitcarp lautirips lufsseccus .
rof efil a gniniatsus rof yrassecen ycneiciffus-fles dna ecnailer-fles rof seitinummoc
ekosA eht fo sseccus eht ot setubirtnoc ti woh dna si ti tahw ,seitinummoc
ekosA eht ni decitcarp sa metsys laicos īgohbaṇarāhdāS eht sebircsed repap sihT
Abstract
oahbgnaT adnihC tamahkkiS3 dna ,.L.C gnoB2 ,.S adiwuS1
in Asoke Communities
Sādhāraṇabhogī: A Buddhist Social System as Practiced
Seminar 1-The Theoretical Basis of Engaged Buddhism
3. Page 28 The 3rd Lay Buddhist Forum. October 22-26, 2009. Seoul, South Korea
system]. Bangkok: Fah Aphai. P.76.
Samana Phothirak. 2007. Sādhāra7abhogī: Setthakit Janit Mai [Sādhāra7abhogī: new economic 4
. e r e ht t u o yt e i c o s r e g r a l e ht f o s r e b m e m r e ht o hti w o sl a t u b s e i ti n u m m o c e h t f o s r e b m e m
g n o m a yl n o t o n d e r a h s e b ot htl a e w o t ni d e n r ut n e ht e r a h ci h w e mit d n a s e c r u o s e r s e v a s
t a h t e ci t c a r p a o sl a t u b ) c t e , d e e r g ( s t n e m el i f e d l a t n e m r o t n e m h c a t t a f f o t u c o t e ci t c a r p a si
yl n o t o n n oit p m u s n o c g ni zi mi ni M . e cit c a r p n i n oi t ati d e m si g ni k r o W . e ut ri v g ni ci t c a r p n o d r a h
k r o w y e h T . y a d ot dl r o w e ht f o h c u m g ni t a ni m o d s e e s e n o t a ht m et s y s y r at e n o m d el l o rt n o c
- n o it a r o p r o c t si l a ti p a c el b a ni a t s u s n u e ht n i n e e s g ni r e et if o r p d n a y e n o m f o e l o r l a rt n e c e ht
hti w yl p r a h s st s a rt n o c si h T . e l o r o n y a l p g ni r e eti f o r p d n a y e n o m h ci h w n i m et s y s ci m o n o c e
g ni r a h s d n a g n i r a c yll a u t u m , d e ni a t s u s yl l a n u m m o c a , ī g o h b a ṇ ar ā h d ā S s a n w o n k m et s y s
a ni hti w e vil d n a et a r e p o y e h t t r o h s nI . st e s s a e h t f o sr e n w o d er a h s r o sr e d l o h er a h s e ht er a
s eit i n u m m o c e h t f o s r e b m e m d n a s e iti n u m m o c e ht y b d e n w o yll a rt n e c e r a st e s s a l l A . s d e e n
yl i a d l a r e n e g d n a sl o ot , s d o of e ht yl p p u s s e iti n u m m o c e h T . s et s a w d n a n oi t p m u s n o c e zi mi ni m
ot d n a , st e s s a l a n o s r e p g n it a l u m u c c a e c u d e r ot y rt o sl a y e ht , y e n o m et a l u m u c c a t o n y e ht
o d yl n o t o N .t s o m t a h t n o m r e p t h a B 0 0 0, 3 d n u o r a si n w a r d y r al a s m u mi x a M . ) st n e r a p yl r e dl e
d n a n e r dli h c g n u o y s a h c u s st n e d n e p e d hti w ( yl i m af ri e ht r o f g ni v il f o e c n a n et n i a m ci s a b r of
e m o c n i r al u g e r d e e n y e ht s s el n u di a p t e g t o n o d s e iti n u m m o c e h t f o s r e b m e M . s ei ti n u m m o c
ri e h t r of 4r a e y r e p t h a B n o il li m f o s d e r d n u h n a ht e r o m ht r o w s d o o g e c u d o r p s ei ti n u m m o c
e h T . efil e v i t c u d o r p d n a l a g u rf a d a e l d n a d r a h k r o w y e h T . efi l ni l a o g d n a yti r o i r p ri e ht
si s g ni r eff u s m o rf m o d e e rf f o t n e m n i att a l a uti ri p s d n a ; s ei c n e r r u c r i e ht e r a sti r e m d n a e ci v r e s
, k r o w , e ul a v f o y c n e r r u c ri e ht t o n si y e n o m , s e iti n u m m o c e s e ht nI . s ei ti n u m m o c e k o s A e ht s a
n w o n k e r a s d a e l t i s ei ti n u m m o c e ht d n a t n e m e v o m e k o s A e ht si t n e m e v o m si h T . s g ni r e ff u S
m o rf m o d e e r F f o t n e m n i at t A l a u ti ri p S f o t a ht ot k c a b L A O G e ht t e s e r ot e fil l a uti ri p s e cit c a r p
ot m o d e e rf e ht ni a g e r o t d n a efi l ri e ht f o l o rt n o c e ht k c a b t s e r w ot m si l a i r et a m r o ’ Y E N O M
f o n oi t a n i m o d‘ e ht s r e u q n o c yl s u oi r ot c i v d n a yl s s e l r a e f d n a , yti n a s ni si h t f o t h g u al s n o e ht
st si s e r yll uf s s e c c u s d n a yl e vit c a t a ht t n e m e v o m t si h d d u B a si e r e ht , d n al i a h T ni t u B
.t n e r effi d o n si d n al i a h T , e r e h w y r e v e e m a s
e h t si ’ yti n a s ni ‘ si h T .t s a p e h t ni e b ot d e s u ti s a e cit c a r p l a uti ri p s ni d r a h fl e s e n o g ni vi r d
t o n r of ll e h ot n i g ni ll af f o r a ef e ht n a h t r et a e r g si y e n o m ’ h g u o n e‘ g ni v a h t o n f o r a ef si h T
. y e n o m e r o m d n a y e n o m g ni k a m t a efi l ri e ht g ni s s e rt s d n a r e d r a h r e v e k r o w o t el p o e p s e h s u p
t a ht y e n o m o n g ni v a h f o r a ef e ht si ti , s y a d a w o N . e s o p r u p e ht si t n e m n i att a sti r of g ni vi rt s d n a
) a n ā b bi N , s g n i r eff u s m o rf m o d e e rf ( t n e m n i at t a l a u ti ri p s e b o t d e s u efi l f o L A O G e h T . n a e m ot
d e s u r o / d n a d e s o p p u s si ef il t a h w ot d e r a p m o c d n e rt d n a t c af d a s y r e v a , ef il f o s e s o p r u p yl n o
Seminar 1-The Theoretical Basis of Engaged Buddhism
4. Page 29 The 3rd Lay Buddhist Forum. October 22-26, 2009. Seoul, South Korea
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an06/an06.012.than.html.
Bhikkhu. Access to Insight, June 7, 2009,
"Saraniya Sutta: Conducive to Amiability" (AN 6.12), translated from the Pali by Thanissaro 6
235.
P.A. Payutto. 1992. Dictionary of Buddhism. 7. Bangkok: Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya. Pp. 233- 5
. yti n u m m o c e h t ni y n o m r a h d n a e c a e p , l e r r a u q - n o n , yti n u d n a y ht a p m e ,t c u d n o c r e p o r p
6,5
,t c e p s e r g n i r b , s s e nl uf d n i m et a vi tl u c pl e h l li w s n o it c a s u o u t ri v xi s e s e ht g n i cit c a r P
. et a vi r p
ni d n a yl n e p o , s m e l b o r p e vl o s ot d n a s g n i r eff u s d n e ot , n oi t a r e bi l o t ht a p e ht n o s r e h t o hti w
g n o l a e ci t c a r p o t s w e i v t h gi r e ht ht i w d e w o d n e e b o t : āt a ñ ñ a m ā si h ṭṭi D si ht xi s e h T
. et a vi r p
ni d n a yl n e p o , s w ol l ef s’ e n o h ti w g n ol a t c u d n o c f o s el u r e ht h si m e l b t u o h ti w p e e k ot , o d s e n o
s u o u t ri v s a st p e c e r p s’t si h d d u B e cit c a r p ot : āt a ñ ñ a m ā s al ī S si n o it c a s u o ut ri v htfi f e h T
. et a vi r p ni d n a
yl n e p o , s w ol l ef s u o ut ri v hti w s n i a g l u f w al y n a e r a h s ot :ī g o h b a ṇ a r ā h d ā S si ht r u of e h T
. et a vi r p ni d n a yl n e p o , s eli m s h ti w r e h t o n a e n o t e e r g d n a d ni k e b , s r e ht o f o st h g u o ht e vi ti s o p
d n a d o o g k ni ht , s e h si w -ll e w ,t h g u o ht ni el b a i m a e b ot : a m m a k o n a m ātt e M si d ri ht e h T
. et a vi r p n i d n a yl n e p o , r e ht o e n o r of t c e p s e r hti w yl e til o p , n o it n et n i d o o g hti w
e si v d a , s d r o w d ni k k a e p s ot , d r o w n i el b ai m a e b ot : a m m a kī c a v ātt e M si d n o c e s e h T
. e t a vi r p ni d n a yl n e p o , r e ht o e n o r of t c e p s e r h ti w yl eti l o p yti n u m m o c e ht f o s s e ni s u b
f o d ni k y n a ni k r o w ot g nil li w , d e e d n i el b ai m a e b ot : a m m a k a y ā k ā tt e M si t s rif e h T
. r e ht e g o t e cit c a r p d n a e v i l ot ti el b a n e o t yti n u m m o c
r o a h g n a s e ht n i y n o m r a h d n a e c a e p g ni t o m o r p r o f t h g u at a h d d u B e ht t a ht ) g ni vi l l a n r et a rf
r of s n oi ti d n o c ( a m m a h d a yī ṇ a r ā S r o s n o it c a s u o ut ri v xi s e h t f o e n o si ī g o h b a ṇ a r ā h d ā S
. a h g n a s y al e h t g n o m a yl r al u cit r a p , s y a d a w o n l l e w d e cit c a r p s d n if yl e r a r e n o t a ht r e h t o n a
e n o r of g ni r a c d n a g ni r a h s f o m et s y s ci m o n o c e d n a l ai c o s t si h d d u B e ht si si h T .r e h t o n a
e n o r of s att i m a n a yl a k d n a s r ot c et o r p s a g ni t c a ,t r o p p u s r e ht o h c a e g n i vi g r e ht e g o t d e cit c a r p
d na d e vil y ehT . s ei ti n u m m o c ri e ht e di st u o sr e ht o m orf d e vi e c e r ro dah y e ht r e v et a h w
d e r a h s s ei ti n u m m o c e ht f o s r e b m e M . s n oi s s e s s o p r o s g ni g n o l e b l a n o s r e p o n r o w ef e v a h ot
,’ y e n o m‘ t u o h ti w e vil o t t n e t n o c s a w e n o y r e v E . e fil l a uti ri p s g n it a vit l u c ni yti n ut r o p p o l a u q e d a h
e n o yr e v E . yti l a u q e s a w e r e h T . yti n u m m o c t si h d d u B si ht n i oj ot d e w ol l a s a w s el b a h c u ot n u e ht
g ni d ul c ni e n o y r e v E . m et s y s ī g o h b a ṇ a r ā h d ā S e ht s a n w o n k si m et s y s si h T . a h g n a s t si h d d u B
e ht r of m et s y s l a i c o s r e ri af a m r of ot m et s y s t a ht d et c ej e r a h d d u B e h T . y a d si ht o t n e v e , y n a m
ot sgnireffus fo tol a desuac emit s’ahdduB ni detsixe taht metsys etsac tsujnu ehT
metsys laicos tsihdduB eht : gohbaṇarāhdāS
: gohbaṇarāhdāS
:īīīīgohbaṇarāhdāS .1
: gohbaṇarāhdāS
Seminar 1-The Theoretical Basis of Engaged Buddhism
5. Page 30 The 3rd Lay Buddhist Forum. October 22-26, 2009. Seoul, South Korea
Hin-pha Fa-Nam in Chaiyaphum, the northeastern region of Thailand; 8)
Phu-pha Fa-Nam in Chiangmai, the northern region of Thailand, established in 1995; 7)
Rajthani Asoke in Ubon Ratchathanee, the northeastern region of Thailand, established in 1994; 6)
Sima Asoke in Nakorn Ratchasima, the northeastern region of Thailand, established in 1990; 5)
Pathom Asoke in Nakorn Pathom, the northern part of Bangkok, established in 1980; 4)
Santi Asoke in Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, established in 1976; 3)
Sali Asoke in Nakornsawan, in the central region of Thailand, established in 1976; 2)
Sisa Asoke in Srisaket, in the northeastern region of Thailand, established in 1976; 1)
The nine main Asoke communities: 9
Praves Vasee. 1995. Suan Moke, Thammakai, Santi Asoke. Bangkok: Mor Chao Ban. 8
Community: Buddhist Utopia]. Bangkok: Dhamma Santi Foundation.
Sombat Chantarawongsa. 1988. Chumchon Pathom Asoke: Kaan Suksa Phut Utopia [Pathom Asoke 7
l a g u rf a g n i t o m o r p n i e u qi n u e r a s e iti n u m m o c e h T .9dnaliahT ni secnivorp enin revo daerps
) e k o s A n o h c - m u h c( s ei ti n u m m o c e k o s A 9 n a h t e r o m e d ul c n i ot s r a e y e ht r e v o d e d n a p x e
tI . k o k g n a B n i e rt n e C e k o s A it n a S e h t g ni h si l b at s e hti w n a g e b yti n u m m o c e k o s A e h T
.r e tt e b e ht r of
yt e i c o s g ni m r of s n a rt ni e c r o f e vit a n r etl a n a s a n oit n ett a l a n o it a n r e t n i d n a e m o h t a n oi ti n g o c e r
g n i n i a g w o n si m et s y s ci m o n o c e t n ei c i ff u s -fl e s ot e s ol c d n a h c a o r p p a yl d n ei rf - o c e , n oi s e h o c
l ai c o s d n a e fil f o e l yt s d e s a b - a m m a h D stI . d n al i a h T ni e c r o f t si m r of e r l ai c o s d n a t si h d d u B
e vit i s o p a s a d e zi n g o c e r d n a d et p e c c a yl e di w e r o m , d o ot s r e d n u r e tt e b w o n si t n e m e v o m e h T
. yl e vit c e p s e r e e s a V s e v a r P d n a a s g n o w a r at n a h C t a b m o S s a sl a u t c e ll et n i t n e ni m o r p h c u s y b
8 ” yt i n u m m o c l uf e c a e p“ r o 7 ” a i p o t u t si h d d u B “ s a d e bi r c s e d yl s u oi r a v si yti n u m m o c e k o s A e h T
. y c n e i ciff u s -fl e s d n a e c n a il e r -fl e s , e c n e d n e p e d ni , e c a e p , yt il a u q e g ni cit c a r p d n a g n i h c a e r p
ni , e c n at s ni r of ,r ett e b e ht ro f yt ei c o s eh t mr o f s n art od s g ni h c a et s’ k a ri h t o h P a na maS
̣
t a ht n oit a v r e s b o e ht n o yl ni a m s w o r g t n e m e v o m e k o s A e ht r o f t r o p p u S . st si vit c a l ai c o s
d n a sl a ut c e l l e t ni g ni d ul c n i yt e i c o s e ht f o n oit c e s s s o r c a g n o m a t r o p p u s ni s ni a g y d a et s hti w
mr o t s e ht d er e ht a e w t n e m e v o m e k o s A e ht r e v e w o H . s r e d r o m a e rt s ni a m e ht m o rf n o iti s o p p o
g n o r t s hti w t e m t n e m e v o m t si m r o f e r e h t , s ei t h gi e e ht ni y l r al u cit r a p , g n i n ni g e b e ht nI
.t s a el e h t t a st p e c e r P e vi F e h t r o st p e c e r P t h gi E o t e r e h d a ot d et c e p x e e r a s r e b m e m
yaL . s k n o m d e n i a d r o yl l u f d n a s e ci v o n ot n oi ti d d a ni ) t a m a h k ki S ( s n u n t p e c e r P - n e T d e n i a d r o
yl l a m r of s e d ul c n i p u or g ehT . n ai r at e g e v er a sr e b m e M . ) s e n i l p i c si d fo edo c ci t s a n o m (
a y a ni v dna st p e c er p e ht ot ylt ci rt s s pee k p u or g t si h d d u B t si m r of e r e ko sA ehT . sr e dr o
m a e rt s n i a m e ht tf e l e h n e h w s 0 7 9 1 e ht ni s r e w ol l o f si h d n a ) a s k a ri h d o B ( k a ri ht o h P ) a ṇ a m ar Ś(
a na m aS
̣ yb d etr at s t ne me vo m t si h d d u B t si m r of e r a si tne me vo m e ko sA ehT
seitinummoC ekosA .2
Seminar 1-The Theoretical Basis of Engaged Buddhism
6. Page 31 The 3rd Lay Buddhist Forum. October 22-26, 2009. Seoul, South Korea
international newspapers, television news coverage including CNN and BBC.
These events were extensively covered in local and international mass media including the local and
power street protests” that led to the toppling of the ‘Thaksin’ and ‘Thaksin-backed’ administrations.
solidarity and influential role played by the Asoke members in the 2006-2008 “yellow-shirt people’s
Critical mass may have been reached and its reformist efficacy demonstrated in the strength of
11
2
Approaches in Southeast Asia, The National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka, Japan, November 17-18. p.
Province. Paper presented at the International Symposium: Imagining Communities: Ethnographic
Kanoksak Kaewthep. 2003. An ‘Imagining’ Community: A Case of Sisa Asoke Community, Srisaket 10
9) Tale Dhamma (Taksin Asoke) in Trang, the southern region of Thailand.
. g ni m r of e r d n a e r e ht s s a m l a citi r c sti p u g ni dl i u b yll a u d a r g , e g r al
1 1 ti
t a yt ei c o s e h t ot n i e g a ll i v sti m o rf e s u ffi d y h p o s ol i h p d n a s e iti vit c a s ’ e k o s A , y a w si ht nI . yt ei c o s
e ht ot ni yti n u m m o c e k o s A e ht f o y r a d n u o b l a ci s y h p e h t d n et x e yti n u m m o c e ht e d i st u o s e m o h
n w o ri e ht n i e vi l o h w t u b y h p o s ol i h p st i ot e bi r c s b u s o h w d n a s eit i vit c a d n a g ni h c a et s’ p u o r g
ekosA eht troppus ohw srehto dna ,sdneirf dna seilimaf rieht dna setaudarg esehT .ytinummoc
etaidemmi eht edistuo snoitacov nwo rieht no krabme dna evael ot eerf era sloohcs hgih
eseht morf setaudarg ehT .snoitacilppa sti dna egdelwonk lareneg dna ,ecnailer-fles dna gnivil
tnednepedni rof slliks lanoitacov lacitcarp ni meht gnissessa dna gniniart ,gnuoy eht fo ytilarom
eht gnissessa dna gnitavitluc ,gnipoleved ot nevig era serocs dna emit fo segatnecrep hgih
erehw stneduts eht fo tnemssessa dna mulucirruc ro suballys rieht ni detcelfer si sihT .’ecnailer
-fles dna ecnednepedni ,ytilarom reh/sih gnitavitluc ni nosrep elohw a‘ gnipoleved no decalp
era ytiroirp dna sisahpme erehw sloohcs ’ahkkiS ammaS‘ llac yeht hcihw sloohcs evitanretla
snur dna pu stes osla ytinummoc eht ,retteb eht rof yteicos eht gnimrofer ni evitceffe eb oT
.dluow s attimanaylak sa noitavitluc lautirips ni rehtona eno troppus ot srebmem eht rof evicudnoc
era snoitidnoc eht nierehw ytinummoc ro egalliv a mrof yeht rehtegoT .snun dna sknom eht
rof setisiuqer dna troppus eht edivorp ohw dna meht dnuora evil ohw ahgnas yal tpecerp-evif dna
-thgie eht yb detroppus era yehT .ecnadiug lautirips htiw ytinummoc eht edivorp ot stnaicnuner
tpecerp-thgie eht dna ,tamahkkiS ro snun tpecerp-net ,secivon ,)uhskihb( suhkkihb eht fo
srebmem ahgnas deniadro eht eroc sti ta sah ytinummoc eht ,snoitcnuf dna erutcurts nI
.rebmem hcae fo efil detneiro yllautirips a fo evitroppus nrut ni si taht ytinummoc tnailer-fles
eht nehtgnerts dna dliub dna erahs ot sesulprus era ereht ,yaw siht nI 01.secruoser n o s g ni v a s
d n a , n oit a v o n ni d n a yti vi t c u d o r p ni e s a e r c ni ot s d a el o sl a ti ,t n e m ni att a l a uti ri p s d n a d ni m
e ht f o n oit a ci fi r u p s d r a w ot s d a el yl n o t o n e l yt s efil si ht , g n i vil d n a g ni ni a rt o s nI . st n e m el if e d
l at n e m r e ht o d n a ’ e ri s e d‘ r o ’ d e e r g‘ e c u d e r ot n o it p m u s n o c g ni si m i ni m ni , s e iti vit c a k r o w yl i a d
n i n oi t ati d e m g n i cit c a r p s e d ul c ni si ht , e fi l f o t c e p s a y r e v e ni g ni ni a rt l a uti ri p s n o s e s u c of s u ht
el yt s e fi l t si h d d u B e k o s A e h T . r u o v a e d n e si ht f o t r o p p u s ni e r a ef i l yl i a d n i s e iti vi t c a r e h t o ll a
d n a l a o g y r a m i r p e ht s a t n e m n i a tt a l a ut i ri p s s d r a w o t d e r a e g el yt s e fi l t si h d d u B e vit c u d o r p d n a
Seminar 1-The Theoretical Basis of Engaged Buddhism
7. Page 32 The 3rd Lay Buddhist Forum. October 22-26, 2009. Seoul, South Korea
30.
Develop Thai Society. Doctoral dissertation. Integrated Sciences Program, Thammasat University. P.
Suwida Sangsehanat. 2006. Integrated Wisdom on Buddhist Philosophy: An Alternative Strategy to 13
by Kuan Kor-eng. Bangkok: Fah Apai. P.88.
Patibat Khong Santi Asoke [Buddhism with Open Eyes: Belief and Practice of Santi Asoke], translated
Heikkila-Horn, Marja-Leena. 1998. Mong Puttha Sasana Duay Song Ta Pued: Kyam Sher Lae Kaan 12
ot d et n u o m a yl b a b o r p yti n u m m o c e k o s A e h t f o htl a e w d e r a h s n o m m o c e ht si t c e ff e n i t a h w
r o ti u rf si h T . e cit c a r p f o ti u rf e ht s a ī g o h b a ṇ ar ā h d ā S d e bi r c s e d k a ri ht o h P a n a m a S
̣
.” m s a cr a s e r u d n e
ot , e r et s u a r o r o o p yl l a i r et a m e b ot e r a d , e vit a iti ni e v a h ot ,t n e gi li d e b ot “ ott o m e ht e cit c a r p
d n a e vil y e h T . s eit i n u t r o p p o l a uti ri p s ni h ci r e b ot ’ s n oi s s e s s o p l ai r et a m n i r o o p ‘ e b ot e r a d
s u ht el p o e p e k o s A e h T .l a o g e ht s a t n e m ni att a l a ut i ri p s r of efil yli a d ni n oi t a vi tl u c l a uti ri p s
r of a m mah D hti w d e t ar e p o d na d et a vi t o m m et s y s n a i r at il a g e yl u rt a si si h T . d e zi mi ni m
er a d et u bi rt s i d si h tl a e w e ht woh dna t ah w e vah dl u o h s oh w no s e t u p si d dna st ci lf n o c
r of s e s u a c , y a w si h t ni yti n u m m o c e h t ni l l a r o f g ni r a h s d n a ytil a u q e g n i cit c a r p nI
. n o it a vi tl u c l a uti ri p s r of efi l n i a t ni a m o t yti n u m m o C e k o s A e h t ni e n o y r e v e
ot ī g o h b a ṇ a r ā h d ā S m o rf d e t a c ol l a e r a s d e e n ci s a b r u o F . a n a d , g ni vi g n o si s a h p m e h ti w fl e s
- n o n n o d e s a b si e cit c a r p si h T . ī g o h b a ṇ a r ā h d ā S s a n w o n k st e s s a yt i n u m m o c ri e ht p u s dl i u b
yti n u m m o C t si h d d u B e k o s A e ht , yti n u m m o c e ht ot s e s u l p r u s g nit a n o d d n a el tti l g ni s u f o y a w
si h t nI . yti n u m m o c e l o h w e ht f o d o o g e ht r of yt r e p o r p l a n u m m o c s a d e g a n a m e b ot e rt n e c
yti n u m m o c e h t ot s e s u l p r u s e ht e t a n o d d n a , e r o m e c u d o r p ot d r a h k r o w , ) sl ai r e t a m , e mit (
s et s a w el c y c e r d n a t u o t u c r o e c u d e r , n o i t p m u s n o c e zi m i n i m s r e b m e m , yti n u m m o c e k o s A e ht
ni yl r al i m i S . y t r e p o r p l a n u m m o c s a yl l a r t n e c d e g a n a m e b o t y ti n u m m o c e h t o t d e t a n o d e r a
s e s ul p r u s y n a , a m m a h D f o e ci t c a r p e h t r o f efi l ni a t s u s ot s et i si u q e r ci s a b r u of e ht d e di v o r p
er a s k n o m e h T . a h g n a S d e n i a d r o e ht f o t a ht n o d el l e d o m si yti n u m m o c e k o s A e h T
seitinummoC ekosA eht ni decitcarp sa gohbaṇarāhdāS
īīgohbaṇarāhdāS .3
.) 9 0 0 2 , 6 3 1. o N( l a nr u o j e k o s A
na , a y ko D n i n e vi g s d r o c e r e ht n o d e s a b e r e w s et a m it s e e s e h T . 0 0 0 , 0 2 d n u o r a r e b m u n
y a m s e m o h n w o ri e ht ni y a t s o h w s e vi t a l e r a m m a h D r o ” a m m a h d i tt a Y“ e h T . er o m r o 0 0 8, 1
d n u o r a d e r e b m u n s e g a ll i v e k o s A e ht ni g n i vil el p o e p y al e ht d n a , s e e n i a rt r o st n a i c n u n e r
dna , snun , s e ci v o n , s kno m e ht g ni d ul c n i ahg na s d e n i a dr o e ko sA e ht ,) 6 0 0 2( 31adiwuS
y b s et a mit s e d n a ) 8 9 9 1 ( 21nroH-alikkieH a n e e L - aj r a M y b g ni p u o r g e h t ot g ni d r o c c A
Seminar 1-The Theoretical Basis of Engaged Buddhism
8. Page 33 The 3rd Lay Buddhist Forum. October 22-26, 2009. Seoul, South Korea
Samana Phothirak. 2007. ibid. p. 77.
15
Samana Phothirak. 2007. ibid. p. 117.
14
y r a t n ul o v a n o t u o d ei r r a c e r a s ei ti vit c a l l A . ” s r e ht o ot s ul p r u s e ht et u b i rt si d ; e c u d o r p /t n al p e w
t a h t g ni ht y r e v e e s u /t a e d n a ; e s u /t a e e w t a h t g n i ht y r e v e e c u d o r p/t n a l p “ , n a g o l s e h t n o d e s a b
ll a , s ei ti vi t c a 0 3 n a ht e r o m y b d e ni at s u s si yti n u m m o c h c a e f o y c n ei ci ff u s -fl e s e h T
. s ei r e n i h c a m l a r utl u ci r g a g n i d li u b s a h c u s s e si r p r et n e r e ht o
d n a g n i m r af ci n a g r o n o k r a b m e ot e kil dl u o w o h w e l p o e p ot y g ol o n h c et r ef s n a rt ot s d n a m e d
n o ro yl r al u g e r s e s r u o c g ni n i a rt s n u r yti n u m m o c e ht ,t c af nI .ti e ri u q c a r o n r a el ot e kil
d l u o w o h w e n o y n a ot y m o n o c e t n ei ciff u s -f l e s d n a t n ai l e r -fl e s a g n i n i at s u s n o y g o l o n h c et d n a
e sit r e p x e sti e r a h s d n a d n e t x e dl u o w d n a n e p o si r e v e w o h yti n u m m o c e h T . yti r e p s o r p d n a
l a vi v r u s sti r of s r e h t o n o d n e p e d t o n s e o d d n a g ni ni at s u s -fl e s d n a t n a il e r -f l e s si yti n u m m o c
e ko sA ehT . s n oi t a n o d e ht m orf tif e n e b sr e ht o dna st n e i pi c e r e ht dna sr o n o d e ht ht o b
t a ht o s dl o fi n a m d ei l p itl u m e b ot stif e n e b e ht ,l l e w d e zi li t u e b ot e r a s n oi t a n o d , yti n u m m o c
e ko sA e ht oT . y h p o s ol i h p e ko sA eht d n at sr e d n u oh w sr o n o d m orf s e s o pr u p cifi c e p s
r of d et p e c c a yl n o e r a s n oi t a n o D . s r o n o d n w o n k n u m o rf n oi t a n o d t p e c c a t o n s e o d yti n u m m o c
e k o s A e h T . s ml a n o e vil ot d l r o w e ht g n i c n u o n e r t o n , s g n i g n ol e b l a n o s r e p r o s n oi s s e s s o p el ttil
hti w efi l e r et s u a ,l a g u rf a e vi l ot s ei ti n u m m o c e k o s A e ht n i oj el p o e p e k o s A . a r e a h d d u B e ht ni
sa ) s i n u h s ki h b ( si n u h k ki h b d n a s u h k ki h b e ht g n o m a t s u j t o n , s r e b m e m y al d n a s n u n , s k n o m
e ht g n o m a yl l a u q e d e r a h s e r a st e s s a yti n u m m o c , s ei ti n u m m o c e k o s A nI . a r e a h d d u B e ht
f o t a ht d n a s e iti n u m m o c e k o s A f o ī g o h b a ṇ a r ā h d ā S n e e wt e b s e c n e r effi d e m o s e r a e r e h T
ycneiciffuS-fleS dna īgohbaṇarāhdāS .4
. h c e e p s d n a st h g u o ht , s eit i vit c a yl i a d
ni d e t a r g et n i e b ot e ci t c a r p a d n a e fil n i yti r o i r p p o t a , e ci t c a r p l a uti ri p s ni t n e m ni att a t n at r o p mi
na sa d ni m d e ifi r u p st e gr a t t a ht yti n u m m o c a si yti n u m m o c e ko sA ehT . d ni m d ei fi r u p
a m o rf m o o l b t a h t s m o s s ol b e h t m o rf e m o c st i u rf e s e ht f o l l A . s r e ht o r of st h g u o ht e vi ti s o p
d n a ll i w d o o g g nit a r e n e g f o e cit c a r p e ht f o r e d ni m e r d n a s s e nl uf d n i m t n at s n o c el bi s s o p e k a m
t a h t g ni r a h s d n a k r o w yti n u m m o c d n a g n i vil l a n u m m o c s u oi n o m r a h et o m o r p n r ut n i h ci h w
) n oi s s a p m o c ( ā ur a k
7 d n a ) s s e n d ni k - g n i v ol ( ī rt i a m ro ā tt e m f o n o i t a vi tl u c e ht r of e vi c u d n o c
e r of er e ht e ra yti n u m m o c e ht ni s n o i ti d n o C . t h g u o ht d oog dn a dr o w d oog , dee d doog
et a vi tl u c ot s e iti n ut r o p p o e r o m e r a e r e h t d n a t n e m h c att a s s el s i e r e h t , st n e m e li f e d l a t n e m
g ni c u d e r n I . el p o e p e k o s A e h t f o ) s t n e m eli f e d l a t n e m ( a ś el k r o a s eli k f o n oi t a ci d a r e e ht m o rf
stiurf eht era stessa esehT 51.retneC e k o s A it n a S ni s g ni dli u b w e n o wt g n i d d a ni d n a , r et n e C
e k o s A m o h t a P ni l ati p s o h a g n i dl i u b n i , k o k g n a B r a e n t c ej o r p g n i m r af ci n a g r o w e n ni t s e v ni
ot elba era yehT 41.seitinummoC e k o s A ll a f o st e s s a d e n i b m o c f o ht r o w s’ t h a B f o s n o il li b
Seminar 1-The Theoretical Basis of Engaged Buddhism
9. Page 34 The 3rd Lay Buddhist Forum. October 22-26, 2009. Seoul, South Korea
. yti n u m m o c e k o s A e ht ni d e cit c a r p s a m et s y s ī g o h b a ṇ ar ā h d ā S
fo s se c cu s e ht ot s et u bi rt n o c ti ri p s dna ya w t h g ir eh t ni m si h d d u B g ni ci t c a r p e fil a
g ni vi L .’ sti r e m‘ f o p u g ni d li u b d n a s e c r u o s e r f o n oi t a v r e s n o c d n a , t n e m h c at t a - n o n n o e cit c a r p
a si el yt s ef il l a g u rf d n a e r et s u a e ht ; e c it c a r p l a uti ri p s n o tl i u b si d n a , n ai r at il a g e si yti n u m m o c
e k o s A e h T .’ s s al c et il e g n il u r‘ a t n e s e r p si s y a wl a e r e ht r of yti l a u q e l a ut c a o n si e r e ht el i h w
yt r e v o p g ni r a h s ot ni d e c r e o c e r a el p o e p ;t r e s e d l a uti ri p s si e r e ht , m si n u m m o c d n a m si l ai c o s
nI . m si n u m m o c r o m sil ai c o s f o t a h t ot m et s y s yti n u m m o c e k o s A e ht n e kil y a m e m o S
.ti si v y e ht n e h w e m o h ll a c n a c y e ht
h ci h w s r et n e c s u oi r a v ni g ni s u o h d n a s r a c g ni d ul c n i s eit r e p o r p yt i n u m m o c e s u ot d e t n et n o c
e r a o h w s r e b m e m e k o s A hti w e s a c e h t t o n si h c u S . s n oi s s e s s o p l a n o s r e p ot d e v al s n e
e m o c e b y e h t d n a el ci h e v l a n o s r e p a n w o o t e v a r c ll i w sl a u di vi d ni , d l r o w e di st u o e ht n I . e l di
t f el t o n e r a s g ni ht d n a m e ht d e e n y e ht n e h w s e it r e p o r p l a n u m m o c ot s s e c c a e v a h y e ht t a ht
n i ’ r e h ci r e m o c e b s r e b m e m yti n u m m o c e ht , g ni r a h s n i‘ t a ht el pi c ni r p e ht s e t a rt s ull i yti n u m m o c
e ko sA ehT . sr a c l a n o sr e p r o f d e e n o n e v a h sr e b m e M . d n al d n a s e l ci h e v e d ul c ni t a ht st e s s a
l a n u m m o c ll a f o e r a h s l a u q e e v a h s r e b m e M . st e s s a l a n u m m o c e r a s e it r e p o r p ll A . st e s s a
d n a htl a e w s’ yti n u m m o c e ht f o ht w o r g e ht l e uf st c u d o r p d n a e c u d o r p f o s e s u l p r u s d n a e mit
, s e c r u o s e r n o s g ni v a S . s et s a w g nil c y c e r d n a s et s a w d n a n o it p m u s n o c g ni zi mi ni m , n o it c u d o r p
g n i s a e r c ni t a k r o w y e h T . st n e m e lif e d l at n e m f o g ni si r a e ht r of s ei ti n ut r o p p o e ht g ni c u d e r
ni d n a s d e e d e m o s el o h w n i t n e p s r ett e b ef il a d a el y e ht , y a w si ht nI . st h g u o h t d n a h c e e p s
, s eit i vit c a el di r of t f el e mit o n r o e lttil si e r e ht t a ht o s k r o w e vit c u d o r p ni e m it ri e ht ll a d n e p s ot
e vi rt s s r e b m e m e k o s A e ht e r of e r e h T . yl s s e l m i a e mit y a w a el i h w o t t o n d n a yti vit c a k r o w yl i a d
ni e c n e gi li d h g u o r ht a m m a h D g ni ci t c a r p n i e v ei l e b yti n u m m o c e k o s A e ht f o s r e b m e M
ytinummoC ekosA eht ni decitcarp yllufsseccus si īgohbaṇarāhdāS woH .5
. s ei ti n u m m o c e k o s A e ht y b d e t a r e p o m et s y s g ni d a rt
m siti r e m r o m o y -i n - n u b e h t ni d e cit c a r p n et f o si si h T . d e t a r e n e g e r a ’ sti r e m‘ ,t s o c w o l e b
r o e e r f d e t u bi r t si d e r a s t c u d o r p n e h W . y ti n u m m o c e k o s A e h t e di s t u o el p o e p o t s ti f o r p t u o h ti w
r o hti w ,t s o c w ol e b r o t a s e ci r p el bi s s o p t s e w o l e ht t a dl o s r o d e r a h s e r a st c u d o r p ci n a g r o
r o s b r e h d n a s el b a t e g e v f o s e s ul p r u S . n oit p m u s n o c r of d e d e e n n a h t d e c u d o r p si e r o m , el yt s
ef il ni l a g u rf d n a g ni k r o w d r a h g ni e B .l a r e n e g ni yt e i c o s i a h T e ht d n a e k o s A e h t r of e c n ail e r
-fl e s fo n oit a d n u of e ht sa e c it c a r p e r utl u ci r g a ci n a g r o s dr a g er p u or g e ko sA ehT
.t n e m n o ri v n e e ht d n a s r e m u s n o c e ht , s r e m r af e ht f o r e h t e g ot g ni k r o w s u oi n o m r a h
a , s r e ht o r o fl e s e n o g ni m r a h t o n f o t p e c e r p t si h d d u B t s ri f e ht hti w d r o c c a ni e t a r e p o s r e b m e m
e ht , g ni m r af e r ut l u ci r g a ci n a g r o nI . s t c ej o r p ” e r u t l u ci r g A ci n a g r O “ ri e h t h ti w s s e c c u s ri e h t
n o d e d n u of t s rif s a w y m o n o c e g ni ni at s u s -fl e s s’ yti n u m m o c e k o s A e ht f o s s e c c u s e h T . si s a b
Seminar 1-The Theoretical Basis of Engaged Buddhism
10. Page 35 The 3rd Lay Buddhist Forum. October 22-26, 2009. Seoul, South Korea
ni d e di v o r p yti r u c e s si e r e ht s a e l at a k at a J a k a n aj a h a M e ht ni n r o d n a s s e V e c n i r P e ki l anad
s a g ni ht y r e v e y a w a e vi g n a c y e h T .’ y e n o m‘ r of d e e n r o f o e c n e ulf n i e h t t u o ht i w t s e u q l a uti ri p s
ri e h t n i yl s u oi n o m r a h r e h t o n a e n o t r o p p u s d n a e vil e l p o e p y al d n a s n u n , s k n o m , ht l a e w
nommoc derahs fo metsys siht nI .metsys ī g o h b a ṇ ar ā h d ā S d e ri p s ni - a m m a h D e ht g ni cit c a r p
yb y c ar c ot ar o pr o c d na n o it a zi l a b ol g e vi t ati ol p x e dna m si l ai r et a m fo t h g u al s n o e vit a g e n
e h t t si s e r yll uf s s e c c u s s e it i n u m m o c e k o s A . n oi t a vit l u c l a u ti ri p s e t o m o r p d n a ot e vi c u d n o c
s n oi ti d n o c et a e r c t a ht ) e si w r e h t o d n a ci m o n o c e ( s e iti vit c a n o s r e t n e c efi l yli a d n i e sl e ll a
d n a l a o g e ht s a ā n a b bi N f o t n e m ni att a h t i w e fil a g ni d a e l n o s g ni h c a e t s’ a h d d u B n o n oit ci v n o c
g n o r t s h g u o r h t d e ni a t s u s d n a p u t li u b si m et s y s e h t , yti n u m m o c e ko sA e ht ni d e cit c a r p
sA .t s uj d n a ri af si t a ht m et s y s ci m o n o c e d n a l ai c o s t si h d d u B a si ī g o h b a ṇ ar ā h d ā S
noisulcnoC .7
. s e ci v o n r o s t a m a h k ki s n e ht , st n ai c n u n e r n e ht , s e e ni a rt s a yl l a m r of d etti m d a
e b dl u o c y e ht e r of e b a h g n a S e k o s A e ht y b e l b a ti u s d e m e e d d n a g n i n i a rt et a u q e d a o g r e d n u
o t e vah ne m o w d na ne M . ht l a e w l a c i s y h p r o r e d n e g f o s s el d r a g e r , yt i n u m m o c e k o s A e ht
n i e c n e t e p m o c d n a e cit c a r p l a uti ri p s r o f d r a g e r h gi h si e r e h T . d e ni a d r o e b o t s el a m e f e ht ot
n e vi g yt i n ut r o p p o s s el si e r e h T . 0 0 1 s d e e c x e s k n o m f o r e b m u n e ht n e h w 3 ot 1 o t d e v o r p mi
d n a 4 ot 1 t a t p e k si s k n o m ot s n u n f o o it a r e h T . a h g n a S e k o s A e ht n i s i n u h k ki h b on te y
s a er a er e h T . s ei ti vit c a s u oi r a v ni s r e d a el f o s el o r e ht e m u s s a d n a st n e d ut s h c a et , a m m a h D
h c a et s t a m a h k ki S e ht , s k n o m e ht e ki L . yti n u m m o c e k o s A e ht n i a h g n a S e ht f o s r e b m e m
d e ni a d r o s a d et c e p s e r d n a yl h gi h d e d r a g e r e r a , t a m a h k ki S , s n u n t p e c er p- n et e h T
. el a m ef
r o e l a m , s r e b m e m y a l d n a s e e ni a r t , s t n ai c n u n e r , s n u n , s k n o m , s r e b m e m s ti ll a g n o m a yll a u q e
d e r a h s e r a s e iti n u m m o c e k o s A e ht f o s e it r e p o r p e ht r o s eit r e p o r p l a n u m m o C . n oi t p e c ni
sti e c ni s n a m o w a y b d el si ) h t r a E d n a n e v a e H r o F ( E A H F , y t r a p l a ci ti l o p s’ e k o s A ,t c af
n I . s ei ti vit c a r o s p u o r g r al u cit r a p f o s r e d a el d e t c el e e r a r o e m o c e b o h w n e m o w el b a p a c e r a
e r e h T . e g a r o r e d n e g f o e vit c e p s e r ri yt i vit c a r a l u ci t r a p t a h t ni pi h s r e d a e l e m u s s a n a c yti vit c a
n a n i lli k s d n a yt il i b a y r a s s e c e n e ht s a h o h w e n o y n A . s r e nt r a p l a u q e s a l li fl u f y e h t h ci h w
s ei t u d l ai c e p s e v a h n e r dl i h c d n a n e m , n e m o W . n e r dl i h c e ht r et f a s k o ol yti n u m m o c e l o h w
e h t s a s ei r r o w t u o hti w k r o w st n e r a P . r a e f t u o h ti w e s u o h y n a ot d a o r e ht n o yl e e rf n u r n e r dl i h C
. s e vit al e r s a r e ht o h c a e d r a g e r d n a t c e p s e r s r e b m e M . yli m af g i b a e ki l e r a s ei ti n u m m o c
e ko sA e hT . e r utl u c l a n oi ti d a r t ia hT hti w el b it a p m o c si m et s y s ī g o h b a ṇ ar ā h d ā S
metsyS
metsyS
metsyS
metsyS gohbaṇarāhdāS n nemoW fo e oR .6
īīīīgohbaṇarāhdāS niiii nemoW fo elllloR .6
gohbaṇarāhdāS n nemoW fo e oR .6
gohbaṇarāhdāS n nemoW fo e oR .6
Seminar 1-The Theoretical Basis of Engaged Buddhism
11. Page 36 The 3rd Lay Buddhist Forum. October 22-26, 2009. Seoul, South Korea
. ylt c e r r o c d e ci t c a r p d n a d e c a r b m e si a m m a h d a yī ṇ a r ā S
no g n i h c a et e ht n eh w yti n u m m o c eh t d na l a u di vi d ni e ht r of l a uti ri p s eb na c e fil yl i a D
. d o o g n o m m o c r of s e vi r ht t a ht d n a d o o g n o m m o c r of d e d n u o f yti n u m m o c l u f e c a e p
d n a e m o s el o h w , g n i n i at s u s -fl e s yl l a ci m o n o c e n a f o g n i h si r u olf d n a t n e m h sil b at s e e ht ot d a el
n a c ylt c e r r o c d ei l p p a n e h w s g ni h c a et s’ a h d d u B t a ht f o o r p g ni vil a si yt i n u m m o c e k o s A e h T
. yti n u m m o c sti d n a t n e m e v o m e k o s A e ht f o h t w o r g y h tl a e h e ht sl e u f m et s y s ī g o h b a ṇ ar ā h d ā S
. st c e j or p tn e m po le ved dna s e si r p r e t n e e s e ht r of sr et n e c g n i n i art d na yti n u m m o c
st c u d o r p ci n a g r o , yti n u m m o c t n ai l e r -fl e s , y m o n o c e y c n ei ci ff u s -fl e s , yti n u m m o c l a r o m g n o rt s
a g ni dl i u b r o f d n ali a h T ni sl e d o m t s e b e ht f o e m o s e m o c e b e v a h s y a d a w o n s ei ti n u m m o c
e k o s A . r e ht o n a e n o t r o p p u s d n a y n o m r a h d n a e c a e p ni k r o w y e h T .t n ail e r -fl e s e r a y e h T
. ) s d n e i rf l a u ti ri p s ( atti m a n a yl a k r o yti n u m m o c e ht f o t r o p p u s e ht h ti w n oi t a r e b il f o l a o g e ht
g ni ni a t t a n o k r o w o t e f il l a u t i ri p s ri e h t e t a vi tl u c n a c y e h t , s e s ul p r u s g ni r a h s d n a g ni t a e r c , d e e r g
e c u d e r ot n o it p m u s n o c g ni zi m i ni m e kil , s ei ti vit c a r o k r o w r o ef il yli a d ni a m m a h D g nit a r o p r o c ni
r o g ni cit c a r p ni e c n e gi li d hti w t a ht w o h s o sl a y e h T . ) yti a l el a m e f ( ā ki s ā p u d n a , ) yt i al el a m (
a k a s ā p u , ) e k o s A n i s n u n t a m a h k ki S r o ( i n u h k ki h b , u h k ki h b , s ei l b m e s s a r u o f e ht e v a h d l u o h s
yti n u m m o c t s i h d d u B l uf s s e c c u s a t a ht w o h s s eit i n u m m o c e k o s A . m et s y s ī g o h b a ṇ ar ā h d ā S e ht
Seminar 1-The Theoretical Basis of Engaged Buddhism
12. Page 37 The 3rd Lay Buddhist Forum. October 22-26, 2009. Seoul, South Korea
. n o it a d n u o F
i t n a S a m m a h D : k o k g n a B .] ai p o t U t si h d d u B : yt i n u m m o C e k o s A m o h t a P[
a i p ot U t u h P a s k u S n a a K : e k o s A m o h t a P n o h c m u h C . 8 8 9 1 . a s g n o w ar at n a h C t a b m o S
. 6 7. P .i a h p A h a F : k o k g n a B . ] m et s y s ci m o n o c e
wen :īgohbaṇarāhdāS[ iaM tinaJ tikahtteS :īgohbaṇarāhdāS .7002 .karihtohP ạnamaS
.naB
oah C ro M : ko kg naB . e k o s A it n a S , i a k a m m a h T , e k o M n a u S . 5 9 9 1 . e e s a V s e v ar P
. a y al a y di v aj a r n r o k g n o l a l u h c a h a M
: ko k g naB .7 . m si h d d u B fo y r a n oit ci D .
.
. 299 1
. . ott u y a P . A. P
.i a p A
h a F : k o k g n a B . g n e - r o K n a u K y b d et al s n a rt ,] e k o s A i t n a S f o e cit c a r P d n a
f ei l e B : s e y E n e p O h ti w m si h d u B [ e k o s A i t n a S g n o h K t a bi t a P n a a K e a L r e h S
m a y K : d e u P a T g n o S y a u D a n a s a S a htt u P g n o M . 8 9 9 1 . a n e e L - a j r a M , n r o H - a li k ki e H
: iahT
:secnerefeR iahT
.) 1( III L X d n a ) 4( II L X . w ei v e R B F W
, ” n oi t a sil a b o l G ni st n e m e v o M l ai c o S ia hT : yti n u m m o C t si h d d u B “ .6002 . __ _ __ _ _ _
.f d p. 4 0 0 2 A A S A - A - a di w u S / 4 0 0 2 / e c n e r ef n o c
-l ai n n e i b/ A A S A /j o r Pl ai c e p S/ u a. u d e. u n a. s b m o o c//: ptt h
ni el b a li a v A .] e n il n O[ . a il a rt s u A , a rr e b n a C ,AA S A e ht
f o e c n e r ef n o C l ai n n ei B h t 5 1 e ht f o s g ni d e e c o r P : d e n i m a x E a i s A . yti n u m m o C
t si h d d u B e k o s A e h T : d n al i a h T ni t n e m p ol e v e D l a i c o S e vit a n r etl A n A . 4 0 0 2 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
.f d p. y ti n u m m o C 0 2 % e k o s A 0 2 % e
h T 0 2 % d n a 0 2 % s ci m o n o c E 0 2 %t si h d d u B / S B J C/ ht. c a . al u h c. st r a. ct s. w w w //: ptt h
: n i e l b a li a v A .] e n il n O[
. 5 8 2- 1 7 2 :) 2( 3 . s ei d ut S t si h d d u B f o l a n r u o J n r o k g n ol al u h C e h T , ” yti n u m m o C
t si h d d u B e ko sA e ht dna s c i m on o cE t si h d d u B “ .400 2 .t a n a h e s g n a S a di w u S
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an06/an06.012.than.html.
, 9 0 0 2 , 7 e n u J ,t h g i s nI ot s s e c c A . u h k ki h B o r a s si n a h T
yb i l aP e ht m orf d e t al s n a rt ,) 2 1. 6 N A( . yti li b a i m A ot e vi c u d n o C : a tt u S a yi n a r a S
. 8 1 - 7 1 r e b m e v o N , n a p a J , a k a s O , y g ol o n ht E f o m u e s u M l a n o it a N e h T , ai s A
t s a e h t u o S ni s e h c a o r p p A ci h p a r g o n ht E : s ei ti n u m m o C g ni n i g a mI : m ui s o p m y S
l a n oit a n r et nI e ht ta d et n e s er p re pa P . e c ni v o r P t e k a si r S , yti n u m m o C
e k o s A a si S f o e s a C A : yti n u m m o C ’ g n i ni g a mI‘ n A . 3 0 0 2 . p e ht w e a K k a s k o n a K
:secnerefeR hsilgnE
:secnerefeR hsilgnE
:secnerefeR hsilgnE
:secnerefeR hsilgnE
Seminar 1-The Theoretical Basis of Engaged Buddhism
13. Page 38 The 3rd Lay Buddhist Forum. October 22-26, 2009. Seoul, South Korea
of n i. e k o s a . w w w //: ptt h
:etisbeW
. yti s r e vi n U t a s a m m a h T , m a r g o r P s e c n ei c S
d e t a r g et nI . n o it at r e s si d l a r ot c o D . yt ei c o S i a h T p ol e v e D ot y g e t a rt S e vi t a n r e tl A
n A : y h p o s ol i h P t si h d d u B n o m o d si W d et a r g et n I . 6 0 0 2 .t a n a h e s g n a S a di w u S
Seminar 1-The Theoretical Basis of Engaged Buddhism