The document discusses how the American media failed to adequately report on the Rwandan genocide of 1994. It began with hate messages targeting Tutsis on Rwandan radio. After the president's assassination, radio broadcasts incited the Hutu population to systematically kill Tutsis. Over 800,000 Tutsis were killed. The media failed to recognize it as a genocide and provided distorted coverage for several reasons. Coverage of international news focuses on stories that appeal to American audiences. The genocide received less attention than other events like the O.J. Simpson trial. It also did not fit the criteria for how the media typically covers crises or foreign affairs. This led to oversimplified portrayals that obscured the truth and
This document discusses several topics related to news media and public opinion, including:
1. Traditional definitions of fair and neutral news reporting rely on official sources and presenting two sides to stories, which can oversimplify complex issues.
2. News coverage tends to focus on novel, dramatic stories involving conflict and personalities rather than complex policy issues or systemic problems. This shapes public attention.
3. Factors like reporters' demographics, newsroom biases, and a focus on "if it bleeds it leads" can influence disproportionate coverage of certain types of crime stories and racial biases.
4. Given these limitations in news coverage, public opinion formed on this basis may also be fragmented, ahistorical, and
U. S. Constitutional Protections under the 1st Amendments, Differences Betwe...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
1) In the mid-20th century, the mainstream media like newspapers and network news were highly trusted institutions in America, with over 60% of Americans viewing them as fair. However, trust in the media has sharply declined, with only around 10% having a great deal of confidence in the national news media today.
2) As the media landscape has expanded to include more partisan outlets, the mainstream media has faced increasing criticism and now struggles to compete against less conventional news sources. Journalists are also much less trusted by the public than in the past.
3) Many commentators lament the declining role and influence of the mainstream media, arguing that a powerful media establishment free from criticism once served as an important check
PaperHive Conversations_ Greg McLaughlin - PaperHive MagazineManuel Sierra Alonso
Greg McLaughlin is a sociologist and writer who has authored several books on media coverage of significant events. This interview discusses two key changes in war media coverage between editions of his book The War Correspondent: the rise of embedded journalists which allows military control over reporting, and the impact of social media which provides immediate information but also propaganda risks. McLaughlin believes citizens must seek alternative sources of information to get a more complete picture beyond the official narratives presented by corporate media sources.
CNN is owned by Turner Broadcasting System. CNN covers crime and violence daily as it occurs worldwide. On their website, articles about crime and violence can be found under the "U.S." and "World" sections. One article describes an alleged school shooting plot that was foiled in Virginia, presenting details of the incident and arrests. NY Times is owned by The New York Times Company and covers crime and violence routinely as events occur nationally. Articles can be found on the newspaper and website under topics like "Crime" and "Criminal Sentences." Fox News is owned by 21st Century Fox and covers crime, violence and entertainment regularly on their channel and website from credible sources worldwide.
This article analyzes and critiques the relationship between the media and the military during times of war. It argues that embedded reporting in Iraq magnifies biases in journalism and leads to an unprecedented collaboration between the media and military that allows for pro-war propaganda disguised as objective reporting. While embedded reporting aims to provide in-depth coverage of the war, it limits journalists' scope and filters information through military and editorial perspectives, compromising objectivity. This raises questions about whether embedded reporting provides an accurate portrayal of war or instead shapes public opinion and perceptions in a way that distracts from and desensitizes the realities of conflict.
This document discusses how hate propaganda can lead to genocide and crimes against humanity. It defines hate propaganda as the public promotion of hatred against identifiable groups. The document outlines how propaganda dehumanizes and stigmatizes targeted groups, creating a climate where discrimination and violence against them is acceptable. It discusses how propaganda was used in the lead up to both the Holocaust and Rwandan Genocide to promote anti-Semitism and anti-Tutsi sentiment. The document also examines the forms and techniques used by propagandists, such as repetition of key messages across different media and use of stereotypes, to appeal to emotions and make their views seem self-evident.
This summary discusses Stuart Stevens' criticisms of the modern political press corps that covered Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign. Stevens lamented the inexperience of many reporters on the campaign trail. He claimed they lacked an understanding of voters and how to cover campaigns, instead focusing on trivial process stories. Stevens argued this was due to the reporters being young and inexperienced, without mentors who could teach them the skills of interpretive political journalism developed by reporters in the past. The challenges faced by modern campaigns and political journalists in the era of social media and 24-hour news cycles are also discussed.
This document discusses several topics related to news media and public opinion, including:
1. Traditional definitions of fair and neutral news reporting rely on official sources and presenting two sides to stories, which can oversimplify complex issues.
2. News coverage tends to focus on novel, dramatic stories involving conflict and personalities rather than complex policy issues or systemic problems. This shapes public attention.
3. Factors like reporters' demographics, newsroom biases, and a focus on "if it bleeds it leads" can influence disproportionate coverage of certain types of crime stories and racial biases.
4. Given these limitations in news coverage, public opinion formed on this basis may also be fragmented, ahistorical, and
U. S. Constitutional Protections under the 1st Amendments, Differences Betwe...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
1) In the mid-20th century, the mainstream media like newspapers and network news were highly trusted institutions in America, with over 60% of Americans viewing them as fair. However, trust in the media has sharply declined, with only around 10% having a great deal of confidence in the national news media today.
2) As the media landscape has expanded to include more partisan outlets, the mainstream media has faced increasing criticism and now struggles to compete against less conventional news sources. Journalists are also much less trusted by the public than in the past.
3) Many commentators lament the declining role and influence of the mainstream media, arguing that a powerful media establishment free from criticism once served as an important check
PaperHive Conversations_ Greg McLaughlin - PaperHive MagazineManuel Sierra Alonso
Greg McLaughlin is a sociologist and writer who has authored several books on media coverage of significant events. This interview discusses two key changes in war media coverage between editions of his book The War Correspondent: the rise of embedded journalists which allows military control over reporting, and the impact of social media which provides immediate information but also propaganda risks. McLaughlin believes citizens must seek alternative sources of information to get a more complete picture beyond the official narratives presented by corporate media sources.
CNN is owned by Turner Broadcasting System. CNN covers crime and violence daily as it occurs worldwide. On their website, articles about crime and violence can be found under the "U.S." and "World" sections. One article describes an alleged school shooting plot that was foiled in Virginia, presenting details of the incident and arrests. NY Times is owned by The New York Times Company and covers crime and violence routinely as events occur nationally. Articles can be found on the newspaper and website under topics like "Crime" and "Criminal Sentences." Fox News is owned by 21st Century Fox and covers crime, violence and entertainment regularly on their channel and website from credible sources worldwide.
This article analyzes and critiques the relationship between the media and the military during times of war. It argues that embedded reporting in Iraq magnifies biases in journalism and leads to an unprecedented collaboration between the media and military that allows for pro-war propaganda disguised as objective reporting. While embedded reporting aims to provide in-depth coverage of the war, it limits journalists' scope and filters information through military and editorial perspectives, compromising objectivity. This raises questions about whether embedded reporting provides an accurate portrayal of war or instead shapes public opinion and perceptions in a way that distracts from and desensitizes the realities of conflict.
This document discusses how hate propaganda can lead to genocide and crimes against humanity. It defines hate propaganda as the public promotion of hatred against identifiable groups. The document outlines how propaganda dehumanizes and stigmatizes targeted groups, creating a climate where discrimination and violence against them is acceptable. It discusses how propaganda was used in the lead up to both the Holocaust and Rwandan Genocide to promote anti-Semitism and anti-Tutsi sentiment. The document also examines the forms and techniques used by propagandists, such as repetition of key messages across different media and use of stereotypes, to appeal to emotions and make their views seem self-evident.
This summary discusses Stuart Stevens' criticisms of the modern political press corps that covered Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign. Stevens lamented the inexperience of many reporters on the campaign trail. He claimed they lacked an understanding of voters and how to cover campaigns, instead focusing on trivial process stories. Stevens argued this was due to the reporters being young and inexperienced, without mentors who could teach them the skills of interpretive political journalism developed by reporters in the past. The challenges faced by modern campaigns and political journalists in the era of social media and 24-hour news cycles are also discussed.
1) According to Steven Barnett, there are four phases of the relationship between media and politics in postwar Britain: deference (1940s-early 1960s), equal engagement (1964-1970s), disdain (1970s), and contempt (current).
2) The phases show a shift from deferential media to a more watchdog role as media gained power through technologies like television.
3) However, the current phase of contempt is characterized by distrust between politicians, media, and the public, breeding cynicism.
4) The author argues the relationship can be repaired through open communication and acknowledging past mistakes, in order to rebuild trust.
The document discusses the challenges journalists face in maintaining objectivity while covering wars their home countries are involved in. Embedded reporting is questioned as it could compromise journalists' independence and cause them to adopt the military's perspective. Examples are given of embedded journalists struggling with maintaining objectivity when witnessing events firsthand or developing close relationships with troops. Overall, the document raises concerns that embedding and patriotic ties could unintentionally influence coverage and hinder objective reporting on wars.
By M. Stanton Evans. Forty years ago this month, the mortal remains of Joseph R. McCarthy were laid to rest near Appleton, Wis., not far from the modest farm where he was born. His death apparently closed a raucous, controversial saga, one of the most bitter and brutal in our nation’s history, with McCarthy typecast as the villain. Events of recent years, however, suggest the final chapters of this astounding story have yet to be recorded.
The document discusses how the governments of the US and UK used agenda-setting in the media to gain public support for the Iraq War. Journalists embedded with the military in Iraq reported in a way that portrayed the war favorably. Both governments emphasized links between Iraq and terrorism to make the war a top priority in the media. While the public may not have originally supported the war, agenda-setting influenced people to see invasion as necessary through repetitive headlines.
- Diana Johnstone's book Fools' Crusade provides an essential reading for understanding the Balkan wars, as it dismantles the claims and exposes the bias of prominent journalists and authors like David Rieff, Roy Gutman, and John Burns.
- Where these journalists closely adhered to the NATO party line and were rewarded, Johnstone provides a close inspection of evidence that often disproves the official media narrative. She discusses evidence on both sides of issues in a well-researched, objective manner.
- Examples are given where early massacres of Serbs went ignored while Serb violence was disproportionately reported on, demonizing them in order to justify NATO intervention. Key figures like Nas
News determinants presentation umt 2012 pptMuhammad Ahmad
This document discusses the key elements that determine if something is newsworthy or not. It identifies timeliness, prominence, proximity, human interest, negativity, and consequence as the main news determinants. Timeliness refers to how recent an event is. Prominence means important people are newsworthy. Proximity means local news has more value than distant news. Human interest involves elements like conflict, emotion, and oddity. Negativity refers to bad news being more newsworthy than good news. Consequence relates to how an event directly impacts readers.
A sociologist credited with predicting the fall of the Soviet Union has warned that US global power is in a phase of accelerated decline under the leadership of Donald Trump — and will collapse while the property mogul is the White House.
Norwegian professor Johan Galtung is known as the "founding father" of peace studies as a scientific subject and is recognised for correctly predicting numerous historical events, among them the Tiananmen Square uprising in China and the September 11 attacks.
He attracted controversy in 2000 when he predicted US global power would collapse by 2025.
This document discusses several key concepts related to media literacy and journalism:
1) Agenda setting refers to how the media influences audiences by choosing which stories to cover and how prominently to cover them.
2) Priming occurs when media coverage suggests issues for audiences to use in evaluating leaders and government.
3) Framing is how the media portrays issues by determining what to include or exclude in stories, which can be conscious, instinctive, or culturally influenced.
4) Examples are given of how the Iraq War, Penn State scandal, and KKK rally could be framed differently based on what aspects of the story the media chooses to emphasize.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the unauthorized biography "George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography" by Webster Griffin Tarpley and Anton Chaitkin. It summarizes that the book aims to reveal the true character and essence of George Bush, which other biographies have failed to do accurately. It also warns that a second term of Bush as president would lead to catastrophe and immense destruction.
The document discusses challenges facing journalists covering warfare, including:
1. Journalists were either "embedded" with military units for access, taking a pro-military viewpoint, or "unilateral" and independent but with less access and greater risks.
2. Embedded journalism provided great visuals but less analysis, and limits on access reduced critical reporting. Unilateral journalists faced closed borders and risk of attack.
3. The demands of 24-hour news coverage and limits on access resulted in more speculation than factual reporting, complicating efforts to separate facts from propaganda.
The document discusses the history of media bias in the United States from the McCarthy era to present day. It describes how coverage of events like the Vietnam War and civil rights movement were seen as liberal biased and led conservatives to establish their own media. Today, mainstream media outlets are accused of bias by President Trump and amplified by conservative media like Breitbart and Hannity, while these same outlets promote falsehoods. Coverage is also characterized by "asymmetrical polarization" with conservative media attacking mainstream outlets.
Foreign Correspondents & International ReportingCubReporters.org
Foreign correspondence refers to news coverage of international events and locations by journalists sent abroad from their home country. Over time, as technology advanced, more foreign correspondents were sent overseas but costs have led most print and television outlets to reduce their international presence. Now, foreign news coverage relies more on wire services, citizen journalists, and occasional deployments of reporters to cover major stories.
This thesis examines how John Brown, a radical abolitionist, became viewed as the avatar of Southern fears after his failed raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859. Despite the raid ending quickly and Brown's execution, he became a symbol to the South of Northern aggression against slavery. The thesis analyzes how Brown was portrayed in the Southern press, political speeches, and diaries to understand why such a spectacular failure resonated so strongly. Previous historians have described Brown and the raid, but none have fully explored how Brown took on this outsized role in the Southern psyche leading up to the Civil War.
Temple Law School/ICAS Joint Lecture:
#vivalarevolucíon: New Millennium Political Protests
Slides for John Russell
Speakers:
David H. Slater, Professor of Cultural Anthropology and Japanese Studies and Director of the Institute of Comparative Culture, Sophia University
John Russell, Professor of Anthropology, Gifu University
William Andrews, writer and translator.
Sarajean Rossitto, Nonprofit NGO Consultant
Moderator:
Tina Saunders, Director and Associate Professor of Instruction in Law, Temple University School of Law, Japan Campus
ICAS public lecture series videos are posted on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAA67B040B82B8AEF
This document discusses how political cynicism is related to mass media coverage. It argues that the mainstream media's focus on drama and negativity contributes to a "spiral of cynicism" where politicians feel they must provide cynical stories to get coverage and the public becomes more cynical about the political system as a result of constant negative news. Additionally, the use of "news frames" and sensationalism by media can influence perceptions of politics. Sources of political humor are also examined in terms of their potential effects on cynicism levels. Statistics on current public opinions about politicians are provided.
Media bias has been an ongoing issue that Accuracy in Media (AIM) was founded in 1969 to expose. AIM gives examples of media bias such as NBC editing 911 calls in the George Zimmerman case and ignoring poor unemployment numbers under President Obama. While the National News Council intended to address bias, it was ineffective and dissolved in 1983. Throughout the 1970s-1980s, newspapers and broadcast news leaned liberal but have since lost influence to the rise of cable news like Fox News, which addresses the bias that other networks ignore. Studies show most journalists are liberal and supported Democratic candidates. AIM continues working to combat bias and hold media accountable by fact checking coverage of issues like the Trayvon Martin case. Social media now
The document discusses different examples of when nonviolent protest has been effective and ineffective at creating change. It analyzes cases like Aung San Suu Kyi in Burma and Martin Luther King Jr. in the U.S. civil rights movement, where nonviolence successfully led to reforms. However, it also examines instances like John Brown's abolitionist actions and the Tiananmen Square protests, where nonviolent methods failed and more forceful measures were necessary to achieve goals or prevent movements from collapsing. The document concludes that while nonviolence can be a powerful tool, protestors must be willing to consider other approaches depending on the circumstances to fully overcome injustice.
DuBow Digest Germany Edition January 2015dubowdigest
This document provides a summary of several news articles on current events related to Israel, Palestine, and the Jewish community. It discusses the terrorist attacks in Paris and rising anti-Semitism in Europe. It also summarizes polls showing a decrease in Democratic identification among American Jews and analyses the failed Palestinian resolution at the UN Security Council seeking statehood. The document argues that true responsibility needs to be placed on Palestinian leadership to make substantive concessions for peace rather than symbolic actions.
Webinar: Prototipando - Descubre si tu idea de negocio tiene potencial IEBSchool
Este documento habla sobre la importancia de prototipar ideas de negocio para determinar su viabilidad antes de invertir tiempo y dinero. Explica diferentes técnicas de prototipado como puerta falsa, A/B testing, MVP y product hacking. También menciona herramientas útiles para prototipar como Unbounce, Amazon Mechanical Turk y métodos como Protoplay. Finalmente enfatiza la mentalidad de prototipar para construir lo correcto antes de construirlo bien.
1) According to Steven Barnett, there are four phases of the relationship between media and politics in postwar Britain: deference (1940s-early 1960s), equal engagement (1964-1970s), disdain (1970s), and contempt (current).
2) The phases show a shift from deferential media to a more watchdog role as media gained power through technologies like television.
3) However, the current phase of contempt is characterized by distrust between politicians, media, and the public, breeding cynicism.
4) The author argues the relationship can be repaired through open communication and acknowledging past mistakes, in order to rebuild trust.
The document discusses the challenges journalists face in maintaining objectivity while covering wars their home countries are involved in. Embedded reporting is questioned as it could compromise journalists' independence and cause them to adopt the military's perspective. Examples are given of embedded journalists struggling with maintaining objectivity when witnessing events firsthand or developing close relationships with troops. Overall, the document raises concerns that embedding and patriotic ties could unintentionally influence coverage and hinder objective reporting on wars.
By M. Stanton Evans. Forty years ago this month, the mortal remains of Joseph R. McCarthy were laid to rest near Appleton, Wis., not far from the modest farm where he was born. His death apparently closed a raucous, controversial saga, one of the most bitter and brutal in our nation’s history, with McCarthy typecast as the villain. Events of recent years, however, suggest the final chapters of this astounding story have yet to be recorded.
The document discusses how the governments of the US and UK used agenda-setting in the media to gain public support for the Iraq War. Journalists embedded with the military in Iraq reported in a way that portrayed the war favorably. Both governments emphasized links between Iraq and terrorism to make the war a top priority in the media. While the public may not have originally supported the war, agenda-setting influenced people to see invasion as necessary through repetitive headlines.
- Diana Johnstone's book Fools' Crusade provides an essential reading for understanding the Balkan wars, as it dismantles the claims and exposes the bias of prominent journalists and authors like David Rieff, Roy Gutman, and John Burns.
- Where these journalists closely adhered to the NATO party line and were rewarded, Johnstone provides a close inspection of evidence that often disproves the official media narrative. She discusses evidence on both sides of issues in a well-researched, objective manner.
- Examples are given where early massacres of Serbs went ignored while Serb violence was disproportionately reported on, demonizing them in order to justify NATO intervention. Key figures like Nas
News determinants presentation umt 2012 pptMuhammad Ahmad
This document discusses the key elements that determine if something is newsworthy or not. It identifies timeliness, prominence, proximity, human interest, negativity, and consequence as the main news determinants. Timeliness refers to how recent an event is. Prominence means important people are newsworthy. Proximity means local news has more value than distant news. Human interest involves elements like conflict, emotion, and oddity. Negativity refers to bad news being more newsworthy than good news. Consequence relates to how an event directly impacts readers.
A sociologist credited with predicting the fall of the Soviet Union has warned that US global power is in a phase of accelerated decline under the leadership of Donald Trump — and will collapse while the property mogul is the White House.
Norwegian professor Johan Galtung is known as the "founding father" of peace studies as a scientific subject and is recognised for correctly predicting numerous historical events, among them the Tiananmen Square uprising in China and the September 11 attacks.
He attracted controversy in 2000 when he predicted US global power would collapse by 2025.
This document discusses several key concepts related to media literacy and journalism:
1) Agenda setting refers to how the media influences audiences by choosing which stories to cover and how prominently to cover them.
2) Priming occurs when media coverage suggests issues for audiences to use in evaluating leaders and government.
3) Framing is how the media portrays issues by determining what to include or exclude in stories, which can be conscious, instinctive, or culturally influenced.
4) Examples are given of how the Iraq War, Penn State scandal, and KKK rally could be framed differently based on what aspects of the story the media chooses to emphasize.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the unauthorized biography "George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography" by Webster Griffin Tarpley and Anton Chaitkin. It summarizes that the book aims to reveal the true character and essence of George Bush, which other biographies have failed to do accurately. It also warns that a second term of Bush as president would lead to catastrophe and immense destruction.
The document discusses challenges facing journalists covering warfare, including:
1. Journalists were either "embedded" with military units for access, taking a pro-military viewpoint, or "unilateral" and independent but with less access and greater risks.
2. Embedded journalism provided great visuals but less analysis, and limits on access reduced critical reporting. Unilateral journalists faced closed borders and risk of attack.
3. The demands of 24-hour news coverage and limits on access resulted in more speculation than factual reporting, complicating efforts to separate facts from propaganda.
The document discusses the history of media bias in the United States from the McCarthy era to present day. It describes how coverage of events like the Vietnam War and civil rights movement were seen as liberal biased and led conservatives to establish their own media. Today, mainstream media outlets are accused of bias by President Trump and amplified by conservative media like Breitbart and Hannity, while these same outlets promote falsehoods. Coverage is also characterized by "asymmetrical polarization" with conservative media attacking mainstream outlets.
Foreign Correspondents & International ReportingCubReporters.org
Foreign correspondence refers to news coverage of international events and locations by journalists sent abroad from their home country. Over time, as technology advanced, more foreign correspondents were sent overseas but costs have led most print and television outlets to reduce their international presence. Now, foreign news coverage relies more on wire services, citizen journalists, and occasional deployments of reporters to cover major stories.
This thesis examines how John Brown, a radical abolitionist, became viewed as the avatar of Southern fears after his failed raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859. Despite the raid ending quickly and Brown's execution, he became a symbol to the South of Northern aggression against slavery. The thesis analyzes how Brown was portrayed in the Southern press, political speeches, and diaries to understand why such a spectacular failure resonated so strongly. Previous historians have described Brown and the raid, but none have fully explored how Brown took on this outsized role in the Southern psyche leading up to the Civil War.
Temple Law School/ICAS Joint Lecture:
#vivalarevolucíon: New Millennium Political Protests
Slides for John Russell
Speakers:
David H. Slater, Professor of Cultural Anthropology and Japanese Studies and Director of the Institute of Comparative Culture, Sophia University
John Russell, Professor of Anthropology, Gifu University
William Andrews, writer and translator.
Sarajean Rossitto, Nonprofit NGO Consultant
Moderator:
Tina Saunders, Director and Associate Professor of Instruction in Law, Temple University School of Law, Japan Campus
ICAS public lecture series videos are posted on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAA67B040B82B8AEF
This document discusses how political cynicism is related to mass media coverage. It argues that the mainstream media's focus on drama and negativity contributes to a "spiral of cynicism" where politicians feel they must provide cynical stories to get coverage and the public becomes more cynical about the political system as a result of constant negative news. Additionally, the use of "news frames" and sensationalism by media can influence perceptions of politics. Sources of political humor are also examined in terms of their potential effects on cynicism levels. Statistics on current public opinions about politicians are provided.
Media bias has been an ongoing issue that Accuracy in Media (AIM) was founded in 1969 to expose. AIM gives examples of media bias such as NBC editing 911 calls in the George Zimmerman case and ignoring poor unemployment numbers under President Obama. While the National News Council intended to address bias, it was ineffective and dissolved in 1983. Throughout the 1970s-1980s, newspapers and broadcast news leaned liberal but have since lost influence to the rise of cable news like Fox News, which addresses the bias that other networks ignore. Studies show most journalists are liberal and supported Democratic candidates. AIM continues working to combat bias and hold media accountable by fact checking coverage of issues like the Trayvon Martin case. Social media now
The document discusses different examples of when nonviolent protest has been effective and ineffective at creating change. It analyzes cases like Aung San Suu Kyi in Burma and Martin Luther King Jr. in the U.S. civil rights movement, where nonviolence successfully led to reforms. However, it also examines instances like John Brown's abolitionist actions and the Tiananmen Square protests, where nonviolent methods failed and more forceful measures were necessary to achieve goals or prevent movements from collapsing. The document concludes that while nonviolence can be a powerful tool, protestors must be willing to consider other approaches depending on the circumstances to fully overcome injustice.
DuBow Digest Germany Edition January 2015dubowdigest
This document provides a summary of several news articles on current events related to Israel, Palestine, and the Jewish community. It discusses the terrorist attacks in Paris and rising anti-Semitism in Europe. It also summarizes polls showing a decrease in Democratic identification among American Jews and analyses the failed Palestinian resolution at the UN Security Council seeking statehood. The document argues that true responsibility needs to be placed on Palestinian leadership to make substantive concessions for peace rather than symbolic actions.
Webinar: Prototipando - Descubre si tu idea de negocio tiene potencial IEBSchool
Este documento habla sobre la importancia de prototipar ideas de negocio para determinar su viabilidad antes de invertir tiempo y dinero. Explica diferentes técnicas de prototipado como puerta falsa, A/B testing, MVP y product hacking. También menciona herramientas útiles para prototipar como Unbounce, Amazon Mechanical Turk y métodos como Protoplay. Finalmente enfatiza la mentalidad de prototipar para construir lo correcto antes de construirlo bien.
This lesson plan teaches students how to self-direct their learning using the online leveled book library Raz-Kids and an Excel spreadsheet to track progress. Students will choose books, read independently, take quizzes, and document their progress. The goal is for students to improve reading skills while learning self-monitoring and assessment to develop life skills. Students will work independently on classroom computers with teacher monitoring and peer mentors providing support as needed.
Diageo offered $1.9 billion to acquire an additional 26% stake in United Spirits Ltd. China passed a new law giving more power to shut polluting factories and punish officials. Conciliation talks between Toyota Kirloskar Motor and employees failed to reach an agreement. The Companies Act 2013 requires directors to disclose their interests in any companies or firms in Form MBP-1 at the first board meeting each year and changes must be filed in Form MGT-14 within 30 days. Failure to disclose is punishable by up to 1 year in prison and a fine up to 1 lakh rupees.
Las culturas mesoamericanas y andinas se desarrollaron entre el 1500 a.C. y el siglo XVI d.C., logrando establecer gobiernos, ciudades, calendarios, idiomas, conocimientos científicos y expresiones artísticas propias. En Mesoamérica, se basaron en el cultivo del maíz, frijol y chile, y construyeron ciudades con basamentos piramidales. En Sudamérica, su economía se centró en la papa y el maíz, y practicaron la ganadería, cer
Este documento describe la comunidad de eada de Directores de Proyectos. La comunidad ofrece talleres mensuales impartidos por profesionales sobre temas relacionados con la gestión de proyectos. Los talleres cubren estrategias, metodologías y habilidades prácticas. La comunidad está dirigida a alumnos y exalumnos de eada así como profesionales externos. El objetivo es fomentar el intercambio de conocimientos y experiencias entre la comunidad.
James Samuel has achieved an ITIL® Foundation Certificate in IT Service Management effective from May 2, 2016 with certificate number 5684738.20534218 and candidate number 5684738 as certified by the CEOs of AXELOS and EXIN, though the certificate remains the property of the issuing Examination Institute.
1) SCnet International is a multi-level marketing company operating in 10 countries that connects consumers and business partners to provide discounts and additional income opportunities.
2) The company uses a binary compensation plan where members can earn cash bonuses and profit positions from their own sales and the sales of those in their referral network up to multiple levels deep.
3) Over time, profit positions accumulate and can generate significant cash payouts along with vouchers for purchases from business partners.
The document provides instructions on how to search and view public documents filed with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) in India. It explains that public documents include incorporation documents, charge documents, annual returns, changes in directors and other filings. It outlines the process to search for a company using its registration number or name to find the Corporate Identity Number (CIN). It then describes how to view available public documents by selecting a company, making a payment and downloading documents within the 3 hour viewing period over 7 days.
Este documento habla sobre varios temas diferentes sin mucho detalle o contexto. Menciona algunos puntos sobre política, economía, tecnología y sociedad, pero sin una conexión clara entre los diferentes tópicos.
Foment treball columbusit-mic-productivity-pmbestpractices-recommendations-20...Ramon Costa i Pujol
The document discusses 10 ways to improve the success of projects. It begins by emphasizing the importance of having a global vision of projects that extends beyond just project management. It also stresses the significance of portfolio and program management processes, developing a strong business case, using a standardized methodology, and taking an integrated approach to project management. Other key factors include effective risk management, strong project manager skills, managing stakeholders, implementing change management, and utilizing information systems beyond just scheduling software.
Isidro gomez caceres calculo de estanques norma apiGastón Gatusso
Este documento presenta un estudio comparativo de los cálculos de estanques de almacenamiento de agua según las normas API 650 y AWWA D-100. La norma API 650 es más estricta que la AWWA D-100. Ambas permiten calcular estanques de acero soldado, pero API 650 se enfoca en combustibles mientras que AWWA D-100 en agua. La comparación económica encontró que AWWA D-100 tiene un costo de acero bruto total un 6,3% menor. Asimismo, se analizaron diferencias en el
This document discusses the global implementation of the International Standards of Supreme Audit Institutions (ISSAIs). It outlines the importance of ISSAI implementation for improving SAIs' quality, credibility, and professionalism. It also notes challenges SAIs face in implementation due to resource constraints. The IDI ISSAI Implementation Initiative (3i Programme) aims to facilitate ISSAI implementation in developing country SAIs through e-learning courses, guidance materials, cooperative audits, and regional support workshops from 2012-2014. The long term strategy may include leadership development, strategic planning, performance accountability, and support for regional SAI bodies and strategic partnerships.
¿Cómo adquirir competencias profesionales para ser un administrador de proyec...rafoma
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1. RWANDAN (GENOCIDE): HOW THE AMERICAN MEDIA FAILED
DR. TRACY MUNSIL
POLTICS, MEDIA, AND TECHNOLOGY
FALL SEMESTER 2012
RACHEL E. BLACK
NOVEMBER 19, 2012
2. 1
It started over the radio. Simple messages of hate towards the Tutsi people on “Radio
Rwanda” and RTLM, rested in the ears of the Hutu’s. It was like a trail of gasoline, innocent at
first, waiting for a spark so it could burn a path of destruction. Years of resentment and bitterness
between these two tribes have passed the line of healthy patriotism into something far more
deadly. The messages on the radio were no longer simple racial joke; they were facts of the
Tutsi’s inferiority. Every day these broadcasts were heard, but no one could have expected how
fatal it would become. The spark that would cause the fire to burn ignited on April 6, 1994 with
the assassination of Rwandan President, Juvénal Habyarimana. The messages broadcasted on the
radio were now lethal commands to murder and wipe out the Tutsi population. The fire was now
at its peak; its weapon of choice machetes in the hands of the Hutu’s whose only purpose now is
to kill. There is no longer husband and wife, parent and child no one is spared from the fire as
husbands kill their wives and brothers kill their sisters. Bloody bodies with missing limbs are
piled everywhere in Rwanda’s capital Kigali. The stench of death has replaced the smell of
Africa’s once beautiful hillside. There is no escape from this deadly fire that would end up
killing eight hundred thousand people. It started with the radio.
A simple form of media with the purpose of bringing news throughout Rwanda had
become a weapon. With media it began and with media it could have ended, but that is where the
media failed. The western media failed to report the genocide in Rwanda in a way that could
bring salvation to the Tutsis. Instead the media “obscured, distorted, and denied current events
and thus undermined the public’s ability to understand the context, causes and consequences of
3. 2
the genocide.”1 There are a variety of reasons why the American media failed in accurately
reporting the genocide in Rwanda many of them structural and institutional. Putting motives and
emotions aside the media, the violence in Rwanda simply did not fit the business side of news
making.
Before specifically addressing the role of the American media in covering the Rwandan
genocide, it is first important to understand the structure and shortcomings of the American
media coverage of international news more generally. The situation in Rwanda was ignored and
neglected by the media, simply because it was not “news worthy” enough. News is a business. If
it is not going to sell then it is not going to be published. Many publishers did not believe that
America cared about what was happening in Rwanda. Why should they? With sensational stories
like the O.J. Simpson case and the situation in Bosnia, why would Americans care about another
“tribal war” in Africa? Why would Americans even care about anything happening in a foreign
country? There are many reasons why the media neglected the genocide in Rwanda including the
gatekeeping process, foreign news coverage, and the way media covers a crisis.
News making
First, there is an order to how publishers pick what stories are printed. Publishers usually
have five criteria they use to pick stories. These are strong impact, violence, familiarity,
proximity, and timely and novel.2 People tend to read the new stories that “picture conditions
1 Noam Schimmel (2011): An Invisible genocide: how the Western media failed to report the 1994
Rwandan genocide of the Tutsi and why, The International Journal of Human Rights, 15:7, 1125
2 Doris A. Graber, Mass Media and American Politics, CQ Press; 8th edition, August 3, 2009.
4. 3
that could have a strong impact on readers or listeners.”3 Americans typically only like to read
stories that will strongly impact the community they live in. Stories that also contain, “breezy
crime and sex”4 are known to excite the audience. This tends to give a false reality about how the
world is. It makes it seem that violence runs rampant through certain communities when the
crime rate may not be as high as it appears. The American people also only like to read stories
that are about familiar people and events. This is a problem because many politicians are people
with important information are ignored because they are not familiar enough. Local news also
seems to be more popular than news that is far away. For news to be really appealing, “it must be
something that has just occurred and is out of the ordinary.”5 Doris A. Graber from Mass Media
and American Politics say out of these five “conflict, proximity, and timeliness are most
important, judging from analyses of actual news choices.”6 In the case of Rwanda it fell in the
criteria of violence and conflict, but since it was not local and did not have an impact directly on
America it was not published as much as it should have been. That is not to say that Rwanda was
not published at all. In the New York Times there were a total of 401 articles about the Rwanda
genocide from April 6, 1994- July 26, 1994.7 However, compared to other events happening
around the same time this is far less.
Around the same time thousands of Tutsis were dying in Rwanda, the famous O.J. Simpson
was on trial for the murder of his wife, Nicole Brown. Since the O.J. Simpson trial was local,
3 Doris A. Graber, Mass Media and American Politics,
4 Ibid.,
5 Ibid.,
6 Ibid.,
7 New York Times Archive Search-Rwanda
5. 4
timely, and familiar it took center stage. In fact, the O.J Simpson trial outshined many other
important events around the same time with a total of 1,364 articles in The New York Times and
seventy minutes of Television coverage at its peak.8 While O.J. Simpson was busy stealing the
spot light Genocide was happening along-side Rwanda. The genocide in Bosnia was receiving
twice the number of coverage in newspapers like The New York Times, Washington Post and
Chicago Tribune according to a 1996 study by Garth Myers.9 The Bosnian genocide was mainly
covered more because it lasted longer and became more familiar with the American people. If
the Rwandan genocide lasted longer it may have been covered more. The media spent more of its
limited space on these two situations and not enough on Rwanda. However, this was not solely
because of the news making criteria.
Foreign Affairs Coverage
According to Graber, “Americans profess a modest interest in foreign news, but when
given a choice, they do not seek it out.”10 In a 2008 survey 56 percent of people claimed to watch
foreign new selectively when asked what types of news they watched routinely.11 With this lack
of interest foreign news is barely covered in the mainstream media. “Compared with attention to
domestic affairs, foreign news is a neglected stepchild in terms of space, time, and prominence of
display,” says Graber.12 Thus, the criteria for picking foreign news stories are more precise and
demanding. For foreign news to make the mainstream media it must have a, “more profound
8 New York Times Archive Search-O.J Simpson
9 Anne Chaon, Who Failed in Rwanda, Journalists or the Media?; The Media and the Rwanda Genocide;
Editor, Allan Thompson, Pluto Press 2002; 162.
10 Doris A. Graber, Mass Media and American Politics; 8th, 2009. 287
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid., 289
6. 5
impact on the political economic, or cultural concerns of the United States than domestic news. It
must involve people of more exalted status and entail more violence or disaster.”13 Similar to
domestic news foreign new is largely selected for, “audience appeal,” rather than political
reasons.14 Unfortunately, this means that stories that have an angle that interests Americans is
published more, while news that does not include an angle is ignored. The reality is “black-on-
black violence in Africa seems to hold little interests to the Western world, but throw in a
Caucasian angle and international limelight is likely.”15 According to Sociologist Herbert Gans
there are seven subjects the media favors that he discovered through foreign affairs news in
television newscasts and in newsmagazines.16 The first subject is American involvement in the
foreign country whether it is war or just prominent figures visiting.17 Second, if the event or
events affect Americans directly like oil embargos then they are undoubtedly covered.18 The
third and fourth subjects are “relations with the United States with potentially hostile states” and
“upheavals and leadership changes in friendly states.”19 Stories about dramatic political conflicts
such as wars are the fifth subject.20 Disasters that involve a great loss of life are the sixth
subject.21 There is even an equation to calculate the severity of the conflict in different countries:
13 Doris A. Graber, Mass Media and American Politics; 8th, 2009. 289
14 Ibid., 300
15 Harvey, Nick. "Why Do Some Conflicts Get More Media Coverage than Others?" New Internationalist
(2012): 40-43. Print.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid.
7. 6
“10,000 deaths in Nepal equals 100 deaths in Wales equals 10 deaths in West Virginia equals
one death next door.”22 The seventh subject deals with foreign dictators who use brute force
against political dissidents.23 However, even if with all these subjects there are still restrictions
that limit the amount of foreign news stories. Such examples are space and time limitations and
the lack of journalists. The limitations on space and time are “particularly troubling for reporting
foreign events, which are often unintelligible without adequate background information or
interpretation.”24 This causes many of the foreign news stories to be oversimplified and lacking
of important knowledge. This is also a result of the “extinct breed” of elite specially trained
journalists that supplied most of the foreign news coverage in the past.25 As a result there are so
many other untrained foreign correspondents that provide a plethora of oversimplified and
sometimes inaccurate news. Consequently, because of the way foreign affairs are covered many
stories, such as the violence in Rwanda, are ignored or distorted.
Crisis Coverage
There are three stages on which the media covers a crisis, according to Graber. Stage one is
where the disaster is “announced as impending or has already struck.”26 During stage one regular
television shows are interrupted to bring news of the crisis to the people. Regrettably, the
genocide in Rwanda did not interrupt the regular programs like this, but the majority of the print
coverage does fit into stage one. The majority of The New York Times articles during this time
22 Doris A. Graber, Mass Media and American Politics; 8th, 2009.300
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid., 301
25 Ibid., 290
26 Ibid., 116
8. 7
were the factual news about what was happening. However, they were mostly short paragraphs
under the title, “News Summary.”27 Stage two is when corrections are made and the media
attempt to “put the situation into a proper perspective.”28 There were a few examples of this in
the New York Times: “An article on Tuesday about violence in Rwanda misstated the tribe of its
Prime Minister, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, who was one of those killed. She was a member of the
Hutu tribe, not the rival Tutsis.”29 Though some corrections like this were made during the
genocide, many others were not made until a lot later. Stage three is when the media try to “place
the crisis into a larger, long-range perspective and to prepare people to cope with the
aftermath.”30 This is the stage that America’s media failed to do in this crisis. Once the violence
had stopped after a hundred days, so did the news coverage.
The Truth
To really understand how the media distorted the truth about the Rwandan Genocide it is
important to know the truth? First, “the Rwandan genocide did not appear out of nowhere, it has
historical, political and cultural precursors which the media failed to examine and report.”31
Contrary to popular belief “Tutsis superiority over Hutus had been in place before the Europeans
arrived, but was crystallized under the Belgian colonizers who fixed once fluid labels into rigid,
27 News Summary .New York Times, 4/9/1994, p2, 0p
28 Doris A. Graber, Mass Media and American Politics; 8th, 2009. 117
29 News Summary .New York Times, 4/9/1994, p2, 0p
30 Ibid., 118
31 Noam Schimmel (2011): An Invisible genocide: how the Western media failed to report the 1994
Rwandan 1126
9. 8
ethnic categories and established a system of discrimination against Hutu as a whole.”32
Eventually this system was reversed in the Hutus favor once the Hutus began to become fed up
with their position. Even before the assassination began and the killings started, there was
widespread segregation and discrimination towards the Tutsis. After the assassination, the Hutu’s
were the ones killing thousands of innocent people. The Tutsis rebel group, Rwandan Patriotic
Front (RPF), was trying to gain their power back, but they were not the initial igniters of the
conflict. The Majority of Newspaper articles portrayed the idea that it was the Tutsis killing the
Hutus in articles that focused on the RPF killings and the Hutu refugees (French in Rwanda
Discover Thousands of Hutu Refugees)33. Journalists went to refugee camps where Hutu
murderers sought hiding from the RPF and reported them as the victims.34 After the hundred
days of genocide the Tutsis finally regained their power with help from France. However,
throughout the whole conflict Americans were given distorted information about actually was
happening. Though some Journalists have since apologized, the consequences of their failure are
seen in the bloodstained Rwandan roads.
Oversimplified News
The stereotypical and simple views that the American media portrayed about the Rwanda
Genocide played a huge role in its failure to adequately report the Rwandan Genocide. Because
of the way international news is framed and oversimplified many of the frames that were used
32 Lee Ann Fujii, (2001): Origins of Power and Identity in Rwanda, San Francisco State University,
http://isanet.ccit.arizona.edu/archive/fujii.html, accessed November 2, 2012
33 Raymond Bonner, French in Rwanda Discover Thousands ofHutu Refugees New York Times,
6/28/1994, p3, 0p
34 Tendai Chari (2010): Representation or misrepresentation? The New York Times’s framing of the 1994
Rwanda genocide, African Identities, Vol. 8 Issue 4, p333-349
10. 9
incessantly was that the whole situation was another African tribal rivalry, when in fact it was a
full-blown genocide. They blamed the tragedy on a “long-running tribal hatred between the Hutu
and Tutsi.”35 Most newspapers used words like “tribal issues” and “tribal warfare” and headlines
like “Tribal fighting flares again around Rwandan capital” were common.36 Every characteristic
of the conflict was tribalised in the media and the very first articles published all contained some
sort of tribal spin. Even the Hutus were classified as people that lived in the “forested hills,”
people of nature and not developing people. They were even once compared to gorillas in an
article in the New York Times titled ‘Gorillas still in Rwanda’s mist.37 This spin on things gave
the world the idea that Rwanda was “not worthy of world attention.”38 They were too
undeveloped and clannish, while the rest of the world is far too developed to even worry about
something like another tribal battle. This stereotype projected the idea that nothing could be done
to stop it. They implied that it was too uncontrollable and not even worth trying to control.
However, there might have been an ulterior motive with the tribal frame-“Tribalism of
the conflict relieves the New York Times of the burden of explaining to its western audience the
multilayered causes of the conflict.”39 These over-used stereotypes made it possible for the
media to avoid reporting the real reasons for the genocide and not depicting it “as an organized
project of extermination.”40 Instead, the media propelled the conflict as mysterious
circumstances. Even the plane crash that killed President Juvénal Habyarimana was described as
35 Tendai Chari (2010): Representation or misrepresentation?, 333
36 Ibid., 341
37 Ibid., 339
38 Ibid., 333
39 Ibid., 341
40 Ibid.
11. 10
“mysterious” in a May 1994 New York Times Story.41 Only one article in the New York Times
titled, “The World; Once Chosen, Tribal Elites Now Suffer Consequences,” by William E.
Schmidt, got the story right42. He accurately classified the Hutu’s and Tutsis with mention of the
historical precursors. Not only that, he was able to explain the multilayer causes without
oversimplifying the conflict. Sadly, this is only one article out of four hundred that correctly
portrayed the violence in Rwanda. The majority of news stories focused on the Hutu refugee
camps and continued to use words like “rival tribal groups.”43 “With this “smokescreen of
confusion” the Hutus were able to “proceed with their diabolical plans.”44 With the medias
audience thinking that the massacres in Rwanda was just another uncontrollable tribal war, they
could sleep peacefully at night knowing nothing could be done as others slept in mass graves.
The reason that Rwandan Massacres were describes as tribalism was because the West had little
to none accurate knowledge of Africa and its politics and affairs. The view that has always been
portrayed about Africa is, “Africa is a far-away place where good people go hungry, bad people
run government and chaos and anarchy or the norm.”45 To assume the massacres were caused by
other factors including colonization by the Belgians did not fit this western view. Thus, in the
New York Times, Rwanda is portrayed as “another hopeless country” in articles titled similar to,
“Anarchy rules Rwanda’s capital and drunken soldiers roam city.”46 Rwanda was just another
41 Ibid.
42 William E. Schmidt , “The World; Once Chosen,Tribal Elites Now Suffer Consequences,” New York
Times, 4/17/1994, p3, 0p
43 News Summary .New York Times, 4/9/1994, p2, 0p
44 Hammond, Peter, “Holocaust in Rwanda-The Roles of Gun Control, Media Manipulation, Liberal
Church Leaders, and the United Nations” (Frontline Fellowship, 1996) pge. 43-47
45 Tendai Chari (2010): The New York Times’s framing Vol. 8 Issue 4, p333-349
46 Ibid,. 334
12. 11
example of how “violent, irrational, and immoral” the continent of Africa is.47 This was yet
another “smokescreen of confusion” that led the American people to believe that this was just
normal behavior of the African people and not a deadly plan to wipe out a whole ethnic group.
Avoidance of the Term Genocide
Evidence suggests that the American media may have been directed to shape its coverage
to avoid use of the term genocide. Since the beginning of the massacre in Rwanda, the media
was told not to use the word genocide to describe the situation. Instead the New York Times
used words like “massacre,” and “mass killings.”48 David Rawson, a United States Ambassador
to Rwanda said: “As a responsible government, you don’t just go around hollering ‘genocide.”
You say that acts of genocide may have occurred and they need to be investigated.”49 Even if the
government chose not to follow with their obligation there would still be an outcry from the
American people to act that would be hard to ignore. Sadly, that was never even an option. A
New York Times spokesperson was advised not to refer to the killings in Rwanda as Genocide so
that it would not, “inflame public calls for action administration was unwilling to take.”50 This
may have been because the media had no idea that genocide was actually taking place. On the
other hand American officials might have been refrained from describing the massacre as
genocide so that they would not be responsible to act. When the United States signed 1948
Genocide Convention, they agreed to “respond to genocide by investigating and punishing those
47 Ibid
48 Tendai Chari (2010): The New York Times’s framing, 334.
49 Douglas Jehl, Officials told to Avoid Calling Rwanda Killings ‘Genocide’, The New York Times. June
10, 1994
50 Ibid.
13. 12
who are responsible.”51 By avoiding using the word genocide America would not be obligated to
respond and thus endanger the lives of American soldiers and get involved with a conflict that
did not concern them. Genocide is defined by international law as “the systematic killing of any
ethnic group, with intent to destroy it in whole or in part.”52 Another reason why the media
evaded using the word genocide was because they did not a repeat of Somalia where 18
American soldiers died when America decided to send troops. Even so, the media’s audience
was not given the right representation of what was happening in Rwanda so they found no need
to take action. As a result “another Holocaust may just have slipped by hardly noticed.”53 The
western media is expected to report the news in its entirety and when they decide not to,
American citizens are not the only ones that suffer.
Conclusion
The media failed on doing their job by not correctly reporting on the Rwandan genocide. They
misrepresented what was taking place and fed the American people distorted truth. If the Media
would have spent the time to find out what really was going on instead of relying on their old
stereotypes, then maybe some action could have been taken. Maybe the mass graves would not
have gone so deep. The fire that burned for one hundred days killing eight hundred thousand
people could have been contained by the chorus of disapproval of the American people. But the
American people were not given the truth to disapprove and so the genocide continued. The
media holds a great deal of responsibility and in this case they failed with the power they have
51 Douglas Jehl, Officials told to Avoid Calling Rwanda Killings ‘Genocide’, The New York Times. June
10, 1994
52 Linda Melvern, Missing the Story; The Media and the Rwanda Genocide, Editor, Allan Thompson, Pluto
Press 2007;
53 Ibid.
14. 13
been given. However, the blame does not rest on the media alone but on the American people as
well. If the American people could change their ethnocentric, apathetic ways and began to learn
about the world around them, then conflicts like that of Rwanda will not be repeated.
.
15. 14
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bonner, Raymond, French in Rwanda Discover Thousands of Hutu Refugees New York Times,
6/28/1994, p3, 0p
Chaon, Anne, Who Failed in Rwanda, Journalists or the Media?; The Media and the Rwanda
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