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RUNNING
ASUCCESSFUL
BUSINESSINTHE
LOW-CARBONECONOMY
APRACTICALGUIDE
ifc1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
WrittenbyHeidiStrebelandNeilWalmsley,Tomorrow’sCompany
Withsincerethankstothefollowingorganisationsfortheircontribution:
TheDepartmentforBusiness,InnovationandSkills(BIS),HSBC,theEsméeFairbairnFoundation,OgilvyEarth,
Halcrow,Marks&Spencer,TheCarbonTrust,BusinessLinkKent,theInstituteofDirectors(IoD),andStudio401.
Wewouldalsoliketothankthefollowingpeople:
FumioAdachi(BIS),TracyBarlow(24/7Uptime),IanBehling(Halcrow),SebBeloe(HendersonGlobalInvestors),
CeciliaBromley-Martin(Liftshare),KarenBurn(HuntingHall),IanCawdron(Studio401),AshColeman-Smith
(OgilvyEarth),CatherineConway(Unpackaged),YvetteDear(Pureprint),PaulDracott(BusinessSupportKent),
PaulEdwards(Hammerson),GarethElliot(BritishChamberofCommerce),SimonEvans(WestminsterCouncil),
TomFern(CHPA),KevinFoster(Moorgoods),JoanneFoy(Forster),JonnyGoldstone(GreenTomatoCars),
CharlotteHigh(GlobalActionPlan),RobinHillier(ForeverGreenArchitecture),MarkHolgate(Studio401),
JonathanHolgate(Studio401),KimJardine(GlobalActionPlan),OliverJones(Ogilvy),ChristineMcCarthy
(HSBC),PaulMcKinney(TheCarbonTrust),GarethMitchell(Tree2mydoor),KevinMorris(Abbeysteel),
JaneOllis(BusinessSupportKent),PeterQuinn(ScotAsh),PeterPatterson(InstituteofDirectors),PaulRainger
(ForumfortheFuture),EricaRussell(BusinessSupportKent),DanyalSattar(EsméeFairbairnFoundation),
AlistairSawday,VanessaScott(Stratton’sHotel),JennySmith-Andrews(H+H),JeremySumeray
(EarthshineSolutions),PaulTurner-Smith(BIS),VictoriaWalmsley,PaulWhite(APILaminates),AndyWood
(Adnams),AdrianZambardino(Ogilvy).
WithsincerethankstothefollowingpeoplefromTomorrow’sCompanyfortheircontribution:
DavidAckroyd,MatthewAllen,GrahameBroadbelt,PatCleverly,FederikaColl,GerardO’Donnell,
IvorGibbons,RossaO’Keeffe-O’Donovan,KatjaKoggelman,TonyManwaring,AditiMehta,MartinaMiskufova,
CarolineMuthuri,AnahidPilibossian,VaralaxmiPillai,PhilipSadler,DaphnaSalomon,VintiSharma,
Richardvan‘tErve,DavidVigar,JiaoWu.
FOREWORD
SMEsmakeavitalcontributiontooureconomy–theyarehugesourcesofjobs,innovation,and
areessentialtoourcommunities.Butwhenwetalkaboutthelow-carboneconomyofthefuture,
itisalltoooftenlargebusinessesthatleadtheway.
Inthesedifficulteconomictimes,manysmallandmedium-sizedbusinessesmaywellbemissing
opportunitiestonotonlyreducetheircosts,butalsotoopenuptonewpossibilitiesinthelow-carbon
economy.Webelievethatthiscanlargelybeexplainedbytheconfusingandoftencontradictory
informationthatisoutthere–nottoanyfailingonthepartofSMEs.
Tomorrow’sCompanyworkswithandforthebusinesscommunitytodevelopeffectivesolutions
totheproblemscompaniesface:wehavecreatedthisguideinpartnershipwithcompanies,
governmentdepartmentsandorganisationstoassistleadersofbusinesseslargeandsmall,
tomakethelow-carbontransitioninawaythatmakesgoodbusinesssenseandhelpssecure
futurebusinesssuccess.
TonyManwaring,ChiefExecutive–Tomorrow’sCompany
FOREWORD
Thelanguageofsustainabilityhaschangedradicallyinthelastfewyears.Andthepeopleusingthat
vocabularyhavechangedtoo.Initiativesusedtobethedomainofgovernmentbutincreasinglyitis
businesseswhoaremakingtherunning.ItisalsonoticeablethatNGOs,whowereuntilrecently
waryofpartneringwiththeprivatesector,areincreasinglyworkingintandemwithanewgeneration
ofprogressivebrandowners.
Wehavenotedamarkedshiftinthewayourclientstalkaboutsustainability.Itusedtobelong
intheboxmarked“expensiveandvisionary”or“thingstheregulatorcompelsmetodo”.But
increasingly,low-carboninitiativesarebeingseenaspositiveopportunities.Therearerealbenefits
tobereapedtoo–hard,businessbenefits,notjustawarmglowandaneasyconscience.Wecan
alreadyseethisintheexperiencesofleadingcompanies–withmeasurableimprovementsin
consumerpreference,employeeengagementandincuttingcosts.
Eitherway,movingswiftlytowardsthelow-carboneconomyisnotanylongerapoliticalstatement
oranactofphilanthropy.Itisanimperativeforbusinesses,bigandsmall.Soapracticaltoolkitis
exactlywhatweneed.Andbangontime,hereitis.Iwouldurgeeveryonerunningasmallor
medium-sizedbusinesstoconsumeitvoraciously,actonitandreaptheadvantagesthatlow-
carbonworkingcanbring.
AdrianZambardino,PlanningPartner–OgilvyEarth
FOREWORD
CONTINUED
Thisguideisahelpfulcalltoactionforsmallbusinesses.Notwithstandingthemoralcase,the
financialcaseisaclearone:savingenergyandcuttingwastesavesmoneyandreducescarbon
pollutionatthesametime.Whatweseeofthefutureindicatesthatthecostsofcarbonpollution
andenergyconsumptionwillriseforusall.ThisguideproducedbyTomorrow’sCompanyshows
howsmallbusinessleadersandmanagerscantakeclearandstraightforwardactiontogetahead
ofthesetrends.
DawnAustwick,ChiefExecutive–EsméeFairbairnFoundation
FOREWORD
CONTINUED
1
Introduction....................................................................................................................................03
Section1:ChallengesandOpportunities....................................................................................05
Section2:ActionsinBrief.............................................................................................................13
Section3:ActionsinDetail...........................................................................................................19
Energy.........................................................................................................................................20
Waste..........................................................................................................................................26
Water...........................................................................................................................................30
Transport.....................................................................................................................................35
Section4:Low-carbonOpportunities..........................................................................................40
Low-carbonOpportunities–General.........................................................................................41
Low-carbonOpportunities–EnergyTechnologies....................................................................48
FurtherResources.........................................................................................................................56
Appendix.........................................................................................................................................60
CONTENTS
2
KEY
Throughouttheguideicons
areusedtoillustratedifferent
points,whichyoucanuseas
aquicksourceofreference.
Brand
Business
Checklist
Costs
Customers
DifficultyLevel
Emissions
Energy
FuelPrices
GreenProducts
Ideas/Opportunities
Investment/Finance
Issues
Low-carbonTechnology
People
Risk
Savings
Temperature
Time
Transport
Waste
Water
3
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
4
Outline
Thefirstsectionpresentsthecaseforactionin
responsetothechallengesandopportunities
forbusinessinthelow-carboneconomy.
Thesecondsectionoutlinesthegeneral
processofbecominglow-carbonthrough
aseriesofkeyactions.
Thethirdsectionisdividedintofourareasof
impact:energy,waste,waterandtransport.
Foreachareaitidentifiesthespecificsteps
intheprocess.
Thefourthsectionhighlightsafewofthemany
opportunitiesforsmallandmedium-sized
businessesintheemerginglow-carbon
economy,newopportunitiesfordiversification
andprofit.
Throughouttheguideandinafulllistatthe
end,FurtherResourcesprovideinformation
andassistanceforthedifferentstepsinthe
processofbecominglow-carbon.They
taketheformofwebsites,books,NGOs,
consultanciesandgovernmentdepartments.
Ausefulfirstsourceofadvicefor
businesseswillbethe‘Environment
andEfficiency’pagesonthefollowing
governmentwebsites:
England:BusinessLink
http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/environment
Scotland:BusinessGateway
http://www.bgateway.com
Wales:FlexibleSupportforBusiness
http://fs4b.wales.gov.uk
NorthernIreland:NIBusinessInfo
http://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk.
Byimprovingenergyefficiencyandusing
alternativelow-carbonfuels,companies
canmakecostsavings,managerisks,and
takeadvantageofnewmarketopportunities
intheUKandinternationally.Manybusi-
nessesacrossawidevarietyofsectors
havediscoveredthattakingalow-carbon
approachisawiseresponseevenintough
economicconditions.
Thisguideexplainsthewhyandthehowof
becominglow-carboninachangingworld.
Itisdesignedforsmallandmedium-sized
businessesintheUK.Itprovidespractical
adviceabouthowtorunasuccessfulbusiness
intheemerginglow-carboneconomy.
Wheneconomicissuesarepressing,itisdifficulttoseethenaturalenvironment
asapriority.However,businessescanbenefitfromreducingtheirimpactsonthe
environment,andinparticular,byrespondingtoclimatechange.
5
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
SECTION1CHALLENGESANDOPPORTUNITIES
INTHELOW-CARBONECONOMY
Governments,businessesandcommunities
arerespondingtoclimatechangewithnew
policies,requirementsanddemandsthatcan
constituteeitherrisksoropportunitiesforyour
business.Therearerisksofrisingprices,loss
ofcontractsanddiminishingmarketreturns.
Becominglow-carboncanhelpyoumanage
thoserisks,takeadvantageofopportunitiesto
cutcostsintheshortandlong-term,engage
people,andgaincompetitiveadvantageby
expandingintoemergingmarkets.
WhyAct?–TheChallenges
Risingtemperaturesarecausingprofound
changesintheglobalclimate,whichinturn
arehavingdevastatingphysicalimpacts
worldwide.Scientificconsensuspredicts
theseimpactswillgreatlyintensifyand
increasewithtime.
Themaincontributortoclimatechangeis
carbondioxide,agreenhousegasthatis
releasedwhenfossilfuels–coal,oiland
gas–areburnedtogenerateheat,drive
transportationandproduceelectricitytolight
buildings,townsandcities,andtooperate
machineryandappliances.
Governmentsandbusinessesaroundthe
globeareseekingtoreducethegreenhouse
gasemissionsthatcauseclimatechangeby
increasingenergyefficiencyandbyswitching
toalternativesourcesofenergy,sourcesthat
emitlessornocarbondioxide.Theshorthand
termnowwidelyusedtodescribeamore
efficienteconomypoweredbythose
alternativesourcesis‘low-carbon’.
Ifyoubelieveinthepressingneedtoactto
haltclimatechangebutthinktheimpactsof
yourbusinesswouldbeinsignificant,bear
inmindthatsmallandmediumbusinesses
togethermakeup99%ofallenterprisesin
theUK,andaccountforaround45%oftotal
businessenergyuse.1
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
CHALLENGESANDOPPORTUNITIES
6
Evenifyouarenotconvincedoftheurgency
oftheneedtostopclimatechange,itis
difficulttoignoretheriskstoyourbusiness
posedby:
Newgovernmentpoliciesaimedat
encouragingpublicandprivatesector
organisationsalongwithindividuals
toincreaseenergyefficiency,and
providingincentivesforresearch
institutionsandbusinessestodevelop
anddeploylow-carbonenergy
generatingtechnologies.
Newrequirementsfromlarge
businessesforthesmallandmedium-
sizedbusinessesthroughouttheir
supplychainstoprovidegenerally
moreenvironmentally-friendly,andin
particularlow-carbonmaterials,goods
andservices.
Shiftingconsumerdemandsasaresult
ofgrowingawarenessofclimatechange
andofthewidespreaddegradationof
ecosystems,thedecreaseinnatural
resourcessuchaswater,fishstocks
andforests,andthelossofbiodiversity.
Diminishingfossilfuelreservesthatwill
poseanincreasingthreattoenergy
securityandpushpricesup,which
willresultinhigherenergybills.
Forinformationandfurtherresourceson
thescienceofclimatechange,government
policies,anddiminishingnaturalresources,
seetheAppendix.
Smallandmedium
businessestogether
makeup99%ofall
enterprisesinthe
UK,andaccountfor
around45%oftotal
businessenergyuse.i
7
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
CHALLENGESANDOPPORTUNITIES
WhyAct?–TheOpportunities
Theriskscitedabovecanbemanagedandturnedintoopportunitieswhenyoutakeactionto
becomelow-carbon.Youcancutcostsinboththeshortandlongterms,engagepeopleand
becomemorecompetitivebybranchingoutintoemerginglow-carbonmarkets.
CutCostsintheShort-term
Youcandomorewithlessbyincreasingresourceefficiency.Byreducingwaste,energyand
water-use,youcancutwastedisposalandutilitybills.Commonsourcesofsavingsinthe
short-terminclude:
•Lowerenergybillsfromthecarefulcontroloflights
•Lowerfuelbillsfromtheefficientuseofvehicles
•Lowerwaterbillsfromsimplewater-savingmeasures
•Lowerwastedisposalcostsfromreducing,reusingandrecyclingwastematerials
Thecostsavingsthatcanbemadefromsimplehousekeepingmeasurescanbesubstantial.
Forexample,ifyouturnthethermostatdownbyonly1ºC,youcanpotentiallycutyourbillsby
8%.2
Switchingoffofficeequipmentoutsideofofficehours–includingprinters,computersand
photocopiers–cansaveupto70%ofofficeenergyuse.3
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
CHALLENGESANDOPPORTUNITIES
8
CaseStudy–StrattonsHotel
Anumberoflow-costenergysavingand
wastereductionmeasuresimplemented
atStrattonsHotelinSwaffham,Norfolk
haveresultedintangiblesavings.Leaving
theespressomachineonalldaycost
around£1,000ayear,sothecompany
switchedtokettlesandcoffeepots.
Asingleoccupancylinenpolicyavoids
launderingover800pillowcasesand600
towels,whichsaves£600ayear.Theuse
ofoaktableswithouttableclothscuts
laundrycostsbyafurther£1,944.4
CutCostsintheLong-term
Furthersavingscanbemadethroughstrategic
investmentsoftime,effortandmoney.The
sourcesoflonger-termsavingswillvary
accordingtoyoursector.Examplesofactions
thatcanproducesignificantbenefitsinclude:
•Replacingoldmachinerywithmoreenergy
andwaterefficientmachinery
•Rethinkingproductorservicedesignto
maximiseenergyandresourceefficiency
•Optimisingproductionprocessestominimise
rawmaterialuseandminimisewaste
Thiswillnotnecessarilybeeasy,quickor
cheaptodo,butitcouldpotentiallyyield
significantrewards,putyourcompanyahead
ofyourcompetitors,andseeyouthrough
futureroughpatchesintheeconomy.
FurtherResources
Forfreeadviceonresourceefficiency,waste
managementandtransportmanagement,
seethegovernmentwebsitesBusiness
Gatewayhttp://www.bgateway.comfor
Scotland,FlexibleSupportforBusiness
http://fs4b.wales.gov.ukforWales,andNI
BusinessInfohttp://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk
forNorthernIreland.Pleasenote,inEngland
businesssupporthasbeenrationalisedinto
the‘SolutionsforBusiness’portfolioof
publicly-fundedbusinesssupportproducts.
Someoftheresourceshighlightedinthis
guidearepartofthe‘Improveyourresource
efficiency’product,whichcanhelpyour
businesssavemoneybyusingwater,
energyandwastemoreefficientlyandby
reducingwaste:
http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/
solutionsforbusiness/iyre.
9
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
CHALLENGESANDOPPORTUNITIES
CaseStudy–Adnams
Adnams,abreweryinSouthwoldon
theSuffolkcoast,hasmadeanumberof
strategicinvestmentsaspartofalarger
processofbecominglow-carbonand
environmentallyefficient.Forexample,
thecompanyworkedwiththeglobal
glasspackagingcompanyOIandthe
UniversityofEastAngliatodevelopa
beerbottlethatis34%lighterthan
thetraditionalbottle,whichhasledto
areductioningreenhousegasesfrom
bottlemanufacturingof415tonnesof
CO2peryear.Thebusinessnowbenefits
fromlowerfuelcostsduetolighter
transportation,andfromanenhanced
reputationasaleaderonenvironmental
issuesinthebreweryindustryandinthe
widercateringsector.5
EngagePeople
Acompany’sworkforceisitsmostimportant
asset,andemployeesaremorelikelytobe
motivatedtoworkforacompanytheybelieve
in.6
Youcanboostmorale,andattractand
retainnewtalentbyengagingemployeesin
theprocessofbecominglow-carbon.With
theirsupportyourprocessescanbemade
morecollaborative,efficientandeffective.
Bycommunicatingyouractionstoreduce
carbonemissionstocustomersandsuppliers,
andmarketingyourgoodsandservices,
youcanimproveyourreputationandgaina
competitiveedge.Awardsfororganisations
thattakeactiontobecomelow-carbonand
improveenvironmentalperformanceare
multiplyingacrossarangeofcategoriessuch
asenergy,thebuiltenvironment,andtourism.
Evenifthereisnofinancialcomponent,the
positivepublicitycanonlyprovebeneficialto
yourreputation.
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
CHALLENGESANDOPPORTUNITIES
10
CaseStudy–Forster
AtForster,aLondon-basedmarketing
andcommunicationsagency,94%of
the51employeesbelieveenvironmental
commitmentslieattheheartofthe
company’sbusinessoperations.25%
havebecomeengagedinthelow-carbon
transportationinitiativeinstigatedby
thecompanythatawardsanemployee
5minutesholidayforeverycommuteon
footorbybike.Thiscanadduptoan
extra2.5daysholidayayear.7
FurtherResources
Foralistingofenvironmentalawards
classifiedaccordingtocategory,see
thewebsiteEnvironmentAwards:
http://www.environmentawards.net.
Acompany’s
workforceisitsmost
importantasset,and
employeesaremore
likelytobemotivated
toworkforacompany
theybelievein.ii
11
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
CHALLENGESANDOPPORTUNITIES
CaseStudy–HuntingHall
Between2005and2009,withthehelp
ofalocalyouthgroup,theownersof
HuntingHallinNorthNorthumberland
restoredtwocottagesontheirproperty
tocreateenvironmentally-friendlyholiday
homes.Theyreceivedanumberofgrants
(totalling£40,500)toinstallground
sourceandair-sourceheatpumps,solar
panels,andmakethecottagesaslow-
carbonaspossible.Sincethen,theyhave
wonmanyeco-tourismawardsandhave
benefitedfromahigh-levelofoccupancy,
farsurpassingtheirexpectations.8
ProfitfromEmergingLow-carbonMarkets
Mountingconsumerandcorporateawarenessofthenegativeenvironmentalimpactsofgoodsand
servicesisleadingtochangesindemand.Youcanincreaseprofitsbyrespondingtothese,either
bymakingrelativelysimplealterationstoyourexistingproductorservice,orbyinvestinginnew
areasofgrowth.
Themarketsforlow-carbonenergygenerationandfortheassociatedtechnologiesareexpanding
andtheyrepresentaripeopportunity,evenforsmallandmedium-sizedbusinesses.Youcaninvest
inoneoftheseenergytechnologies,forexamplebybuildingawindturbineonyourpremises,and
benefitfromanewandprofitablerevenuesteambysellingexcessenergybacktothenationalgrid.
Ifyouareintheconstructionormanufacturingsectors,thereareopportunitiestodiversifyby
supplyingcomponentstothelargermanufacturersoflow-carbonenergytechnologies.
Section4describesafewoutofthemanypossibilitiesinemerginglow-carbonmarkets,witha
separatesectiononlow-carbonenergygenerationandtherelevanttechnologies.
TheUKGovernment
estimatesthatthe
UKmarketforlow-
carbongoodsand
serviceswasworth
£106billionbetween
2007and2008.iii
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
CHALLENGESANDOPPORTUNITIES
12
13
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
SECTION2HOWTOBECOMELOW-CARBON–
ACTIONSINBRIEF
Section1outlinedwhyitmakessenseto
becomelow-carbon.Thissectionfocuseson
howyoucanbecomelow-carbonbyreducing
yourgreenhousegasemissions.Whetheryou
areconcentratingonenergy,waste,wateror
transport,thisguiderecommendsaseriesof
keyactions:measure,plan,communicate,
implementandevaluate.
14
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
ACTIONSINBRIEF
Measure
Plan
Communicate
Evaluate
Implement
Measure
Thefirststepistoidentifyandunderstandthe
sourcesofcarbonemissionsandwastein
yourbusiness.Impactscanbemeasuredby
checkingelectricity,gas,waterandfuelbills,
andbyconductinga‘walkround’.
Electricity,waterandfuelbillswillprovidean
overviewofyourresourceconsumptionand
byextensionyourgreenhousegasemissions.
Awalkroundwillgiveanideaabouthow
overallresourceandenergyconsumptionis
dividedbetweendifferentuseswithinyour
organisation,forlighting,heating,computers,
machineryandappliances.
Thisassessmentofyourbaselineisalso
referredtoas‘carbonfootprinting’.Acarbon
footprintistheamountofcarbondioxide
releasedbyaperson,household,business
orcountryoveragiventimeperiod–orto
produceaparticularproduct.Dataonenergy
consumption,aslistedinyourutilitybills,can
beusedtocalculateyourcarbonfootprint.
FurtherResources
Forcomprehensiveadviceonhowtomeasure
youremissionsandsettargetstoreduce
them,see‘SmallBusinessUserGuide:
Guidanceonhowtomeasureandreport
yourgreenhousegasemissions’,published
bytheDepartmentforEnvironment,Foodand
RuralAffairs(Defra)andtheDepartmentof
EnergyandClimateChange(DECC):
http://www.defra.gov.uk.
Tomeasurethecarbonfootprintofyour
business,insertdatafrombillsintothefree
‘carbonfootprintcalculator’accessibleon
TheCarbonTrustwebsite.Youwillbeasked
forrelevantdatafromon-sitefossilfuel,
vehicleandelectricityuse,andemployee
travel.http://www.carbontrust.co.uk.
15
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
ACTIONSINBRIEF
Plan
Measuringyourenergyuseandtheresultingcarbonemissionswillallowyoutoidentifyandthen
prioritiseyouractionsintermsofimpactandfeasibility,andthensettargetstoreduce,reuseand
recycleresourcesandtoincreaseenergyefficiency.Theactionswiththegreatestimpactsinterms
ofreducingemissionswillnotalwaysbetheeasiesttoimplement.However,aseriesofsmaller
actionstoreducewaste,wateruseandenergyusecanquicklyadduptosubstantialcutsinboth
emissionsandoperatingcostsforyourbusiness.
Youmightbeginwithaninitialplanofnocostandlow-costactions,withtheaimoftakingon
strategicinvestmentsatalaterstagewhentheycanbefundedbythesavingsyoumakeduring
earlierstagesofbecominglow-carbon.
Nocostactionsincludereducingtheuseofrawmaterials,packagingandfuel.Low-costactions
includerepairingappliancesandmachinery.Investmentscanrangefrominstallingnewmachinery
torethinkingproductorservicedesign.Theaimistooptimiseproductionprocessestominimise
rawmaterialuseandminimisewaste.Toachievethat,youcanemploythetoolsof‘lifecycle
management’,whichcallsfortheconsiderationofenvironmentalimpactsateverystagefrom
designthroughmanufacturetomarketing,distributionanddisposal.
FurtherResources
BusinessLinkhasdevelopedanonlinetoolto
provideguidanceonplanningtheprocessto
becominglow-carbon.Thetoolconsistsofa
briefquestionnairecalled‘Identifywhereyou
cansavemoneybygoinggreen’.See:
http://www.businesslink.gov.uk.
TheNGOGlobalActionPlanprovidesfree
tailoredconsultingservicesforsmalland
mediumbusinessesinLondononplanning
theprocesstobecomelow-carbon.See:
http://www.globalactionplan.org.uk.
16
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
ACTIONSINBRIEF
Communicate
Theinternalcommunicationofyourplanof
actionintheearlystagescanprovehighly
beneficial.Youcangaininspiringandpractical
supportfortheprocessofbecominglow-
carbonbyencouragingyouremployeesto
contributewithsuggestionsofspecificactions.
Employeesinturnwillfeelempoweredtomake
adifference.
Whenactionshavebeentakenandtargets
havebeenmet,youcanbenefitfroman
improvedreputationbycommunicating
yourprogresstostakeholdersandtothe
widercommunity.
Implement
Youmaydecidetoarrangeforan‘eco
champion’or‘eco-team’,asingleindividualor
agroupwithinyourorganisation,tocarryout
theactionsdefinedinyourplan.Ifyoursisa
medium-sizedbusinessinthemanufacturing
orconstructionsector,youcouldassigna
differentindividualwithinthe‘eco-team’to
beresponsibleforenergy,waste,waterand
transportrespectively.Inasmalleroffice-
basedorganisation,onepersoncanbe
responsibleforallareas.
Theintroductionofhealthycompetition
amongstemployeescanhelpgenerate
ideasandstimulaterapidprogresstowards
achievingtargetsintheprocesstobecoming
low-carbon.Equally,asenseofownership
overspecifictasksandofinvolvementinthe
largerprocesswillmotivateemployeesto
implementtheactionsinyourplan.
17
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
ACTIONSINBRIEF
Evaluate
Theevaluationofprogresstowardsmeeting
targetsisessential.Afteraperiodof
implementation,whichwillvarydepending
onthetypesofactionyouundertake,you
canmonitoryourelectricity,gas,waterand
fuelbills,andconductasecondwalkround.
Anevaluationwillgiveyouasenseof
accomplishmentwhileprovidingtangible
evidenceofthefinancialbenefitsthatstem
fromcostcutsandnewopportunities.
Becominglow-carbonisbothadestinationand
anongoingprocess.Youcanusethemomen-
tumbuiltduringthefirstroundofactionsto
planandimplementfurtheractions.Youcan
alsotakeadvantageofnewlow-carbon
technologiesandnewmarketopportunities.
Therearemanyactionstotaketocutboth
costsandemissionsonenergy,waste,water
andtransport.Section3identifiesafew
actionsthatwillhavesignificantimpacts,and
providesresourcesthatcanguideyouin
takingtheprocessofbecominglow-carbon
andenvironmentally-friendlyevenfurther.
Remember:
Measure,Plan,
Communicate,
Implementand
Evaluate.
18
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
ACTIONSINBRIEF
19
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
SECTION3HOWTOBECOMELOW-CARBON–
ACTIONSINDETAIL
Youcanmakesubstantialsavingsonenergybyreducingoverallenergyuseforelectricityand
heating,andbyincreasingtheenergyefficiencyofyourappliances,machineryandbuildings.
Severalorganisationshavebeensetuptohelpcompaniesseewheretheycanmakethemost
effectivesavingsonenergyuse.Forexample,sinceitwascreatedin2001,TheCarbonTrusthas
alreadyhelpedbusinessessave£1billioninenergycosts–including£45millionbysmalland
medium-sizedbusinessesintheyear2007-2008alone.9
Bytakingactiononenergyyoucanalsoavoidthecostsofcomplyingwithlegislationandtake
advantageofgovernmentincentives.TheUKGovernmenthasintroducedlegislationandother
incentivestoencouragetheprivatesectortocutitsenergyconsumption.Forexample,almostall
companies,exceptforverysmallbusinesses,aresubjectto‘theclimatechangelevy’,andto
buildingregulationsdesignedtoencourageenergyefficiency.Ontheotherhand,companiescan
obtaininterestfreeloansandtaxbreaksforenergysavingequipment.
Byreducinguseandincreasingefficiencyyouwillcontributetohaltingclimatechangeby
loweringyourdemandforenergythatisgeneratedbyfossilfuelsandtherebycuttingyour
carbondioxideemissions.
ACTIONSINDETAIL–ENERGY
20
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
ThreeKeyActions
1Monitor–Nomatteryoursize,youcan
benefitfromcloselymonitoringenergy
consumptioninyourbusiness,eitherthrough
utilitybillsorbyinstallingasmartmeter.It
isparticularlycost-effectiveformulti-site
organisations(suchasretailchains),and
energy-intensivecompanies(forexample
manufacturers),touseasmartmeterto
identifypreciselywheretomakecutsin
consumption.10
2Insulate–Poorinsulationcostsbusinesses
andhomeownersintheUKsubstantial
amountsofmoneyeachyear.Youcaninstall
twotypesofinsulationtominimiseheatloss
fromyourpremises:cavitywallinsulation
andloftinsulation.Cavitywallinsulationis
injectedintothespaceorgapbetweenthe
twolayersofbrickthatformtheoutsidewall
ofabuilding,whileloftinsulationactsasa
barriertoheatlossthroughtheroof.
3Install–Astrategicinvestmentinnew
energyefficientmachinerycanleadto
majorcutsinenergyuseandcarbondioxide
emissions.Moreefficientheating,coolingand
watersystemsormovementsensitivelighting
canprovidesubstantialsavings.
Ifyouturnthe
thermostatdown
byonly1ºC,you
canpotentiallycut
yourbillsby8%.iv
21
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
ACTIONSINDETAIL–ENERGY
Financing
TheCarbonTrustissuesinterestfreeloanson
energysavingequipmentforinvestments
rangingfrom£3,000to£500,000.For
informationonthetypesofmachineryand
equipmentthatqualifyforaloan,see:
http://www.carbontrust.co.uk.
TheUKGovernment’s‘EnhancedCapital
Allowance’(ECA)programmeprovidestax
breaksforinvestmentsinspecific
technologies.Therearethreeschemeswithin
theprogramme:energysaving,watersaving
andlow-carboncars.Whenyouinvestin
specificenergysavingtechnologies,youcan
receivea100%taxbreakonyourprofits
duringtheyearofinvestment.Foralistofthe
15technologiesand54sub-technologiesin
theenergyschemethatqualifyforanECA,
see:http://www.eca.gov.uk/etl.
22
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
CaseStudy–CavanBakery
TheCavanBakeryinHamptonHill,
Middlesex,with33employees,receiveda
£31,000interestfreeloanfromTheCarbon
Trustforanewenergyefficientsteam
oven.Withanincreaseinproductivityand
areductioninheatlossthenewoven
savesthecompany12,000unitsofgas
and6,000unitsofelectricityperyear,
whichamountstoaround81.2tonnesof
carbondioxide.Theloanwaspaidback
withinthreeyears.11
ACTIONSINDETAIL–ENERGY
FurtherResources
Tohelpyouchoosewhichmeasuresyoucould
implementatyoursite,andworkouthow
muchyoucouldsave,useTheCarbonTrust’s
newCutCarbon,CutCostsonlinetrainingtool
at:http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/onlinetraining.
Forassistancewiththeassessmentof
resourceandenergyconsumptioninyour
business,contacttheNationalEnergy
Foundation,anNGOthatworkswith
individualsandbusinessesacrosstheUK.
Forinformationontheservicestheyoffer,
seethesectionoftheirwebsitedevoted
tosmallandmediumbusinesses:
http://www.nef.org.uk.
Tofindyournearestprofessionalinsulation
installer,visitthewebsiteoftheNational
InsulationAssociation:
http://www.nationalinsulationassociation.org.uk,
andenteryourpostcodeasindicated.
23
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
CaseStudy–PreciousLittleOne
PreciousLittleOne,anurseryretailerwith
14employeesinGrantham,Lincolnshire,
receivedaninterestfreeloanof£10,000
fromTheCarbonTrustforaninvestment
inradianttubeheatequipmenttowarm
thecompanyshowroom.Thepayback
periodfortheinvestmentisestimatedat
twoyears,withannualcostsavingsof
over£5,000andcarbondioxide
emissionssavingsof26.64tonnes.12
ACTIONSINDETAIL–ENERGY
MoreActionsonEnergy
Wehavegroupedthefurtheractionsyoucan
takeonenergyintocategoriesof‘nocost’,
‘low-cost’,and‘investment’.
Nocost
Youcantakequickandeasystepstoreduce
energyuseby:
•turningofflightswhenroomsarenotinuse
•ensuringmachinessuchascomputersand
printersarenotleftonstandby
•loweringthethermostatto19ºCinwinter,
andsettingthewaterheaterat60ºC
Low-cost
Youcanincreaseenergyefficiencyandmake
moresubstantialreductionsinenergyuseby:
•replacingtraditionalincandescentand
halogenlightbulbswithlow-energybulbs:
compactfluorescentlamps(CFLs),light
emittingdiodes(LEDs)
•choosingthehighestenergyefficiency
ratingswhenreplacingoldelectrical
appliancessuchascomputers,printers,
fridges,boilersandairconditioners
•installingdouble-glazingonyourwindows
TheA-Genergylabelrainbowprovidesaclear
indicationofenergyuseonlightbulbsand
appliances.Withcontinualupgrades,themost
efficientproductsonthemarketwillnowbe
markedbyA+andA++,whilethosemarked
AthroughGindicateincreasinginefficiency
andhighenergyconsumption.
Asof2008,anybuildingthatisconstructed,
soldorrentedintheUKmusthaveanEnergy
PerformanceCertificate,anenergyratingthat
followsthesameAtoG,efficienttoinefficient
rainbowbarchart,andprovidesinformationon
theenergyuseandcarbondioxideemissions.
24
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
ACTIONSINDETAIL–ENERGY
Investment
Furtherincreasesinenergyefficiencymay
requireinvestmentintherenovationof
existingbuildingsortheconstructionofnew
structures.Forexample,youcancutcosts
andcarbonemissionsby:
•installingagreenrooforrooftopgarden
thatactsasinsulationbypreventingheat
lossinwinterandheatgaininsummer
•constructingaPassivHausstructurethat
isdesignedsothattheinterioratmosphere
isregulatedwithverylow-energytech-
nologies,orinsomecaseswithoutany
coolingorheatingsystematall
FurtherResources
Ifyouhavemadeprogressontheactionscited
aboveandwanttotaketheprocesseven
further,visitTheCarbonTrust’swebsitefor
furtherideas:http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/
cut-carbon-reduce-costs.
Tofindthemostenergyefficientandmost
suitableappliancesforyourorganisation,
youcansignupfor‘Which’website:
http://www.which.co.ukatthecostof
only£1forafullmonthtrial.
Ifyouwanttoupgradeyourexistingpremises
orconstructanewlow-carbonbuilding,
contacttheAssociationforEnvironmentally
ConsciousBuilding(AECB):
http://www.aecb.net.
25
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
CaseStudy–Adnams
AdnamsinSouthwoldinvestedinthe
constructionofanewdistributioncentre
withagreenroofthatprovidesinsulation,
savingaround40%onelectricityperyear
and10%ongasperm².Excessrainwater
iscollectedfromtheroofforreuseto
washlorriesandflushtoilets.13
ACTIONSINDETAIL–ENERGY
Wastefromsmallandmediumbusinesses
formsapproximately60%ofallcommercial
wasteinEnglandandWales.14
Whateverthe
type,frompapertoelectronics,orfromraw
materialstopackaging,therearenumerous
possibilitiesfordecreasingyourwasteand
makingsubstantialcostsavings.Howmuch
yousavewillvarysignificantlydependingon
thebusinessactivityandtypesofwaste
involved,rangingfromafewhundredpounds
ayeartoafewhundredthousand.
Investmentsindecreasingwastecanbeoffset
bycostsavingsfromincreasedefficiencyand
lowerexpensesinmeetinggovernment
legislation.15
InresponsetoEuropean
legislationonwaste,theUKGovernment
implementedanumberoflawsincludinga
landfilltaxin1996,whichisleviedaccording
totheweightofwastegenerated.The
standardrateof£40pertonneissetto
increaseby£8ayearfrom2009to2013.16
ManybusinessesacrosstheUK,bothlarge
andsmall,havetakenactiononwasteinorder
tolowertheamountoflandfilltaxtheypay.
Reducingandrecyclingwastenotonlymin-
imisesyourcompany’soverallenvironmental
impact,italsoindirectlyhelpsreducecarbon
dioxideemissions.Thedifferentproductsand
materialsyouuse,fromphotocopierpaper
tosteelgirders,requireenergytoproduce:
energytoextractrawmaterials,energyto
manufacture,processandpackageproducts,
andenergyfortransportationanddelivery.
Minimisingfoodwastethroughcomposting
directlyreducesemissionsfrommethane,
anothergreenhousegas.Bylowering
demandformaterialsyoucanmakea
significantcontributiontoeffortstotackle
climatechange.
ACTIONSINDETAIL–WASTE
26
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
ThreeKeyActions
1Reduce–Theeasiestwaytodecrease
wasteistoreducetheamountyougenerate
inthefirstplace.Youcansetdefaultprint
optionstodouble-sidedandengagein
selectiveprinting,creatinghardcopiesonly
whenabsolutelynecessary.Youcanavoid
disposablecups,cutleryandplatesand
unnecessarypackaging.Youcanbuyinbulk
andreusematerialsandpackaging.
2Recycle–Thenumberofmaterialsthatcan
nowberecycledextendsfarbeyondthetime
honouredtrioofpaper,glassandPETplastics.
Youcanrecyclearangeofpaperandmetal
products,electronicsandtextiles.Ifyouare
unsureofwhatmaterialscanorcannotbe
recycled,checkthewebsiteslistedbelow
underFurtherResources.
3Rethink–Areviewofthefulllifecycleof
yourbusinessactivitiesfromtheconception,
designandsourcingofmaterialinputs,tothe
production,distributionanddisposalcan
generatelargeincreasesinresourceefficiency.
27
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
CaseStudy–Ebookers
AfterareviewbyGlobalActionPlan,
theonlinetravelcompanyEbookers
implementedpapersavingmeasures
suchasswitchingthedefaultonall
printerstodouble-sidedanda‘think
beforeyouprint’campaign,which
togetherresultedinannualsavingsof
£450onpapercosts.Thecompany
furtherreducedtheamountofwastesent
tolandfillbyextendinginternalrecycling
facilitiestoincludeplasticandpaperbags
aswellasglassandcardboard.Plastic
cupswerereplacedwithglassesand
ceramicmugs.17
ACTIONSINDETAIL–WASTE
FurtherResources
Ifyoursisasmalloffice-basedorhome
business,youcanvisitthewebsiteRecycle
Nowathttp://www.recyclenow.com,typein
yourpostcodeandfindoutwhatandhow
youcanrecycle.
Ifyoursisamedium-sizedbusiness,Waste
andResourcesActionProgramme(WRAP)
canprovideyouwithinformationonwaste
managementspecifictoyoursector,be
itagriculture,constructionorretail:
http://www.wrap.org.uk.
WRAPhasaseparateonlinedatabase
ofproductsmadefromrecycledmaterials:
http://www.recycledproducts.org.uk.
MoreActionsonWaste
Nocost
Youcantakequickandeasystepstoreduce
wasteby:
•stoppingjunkmailandcancelling
subscriptionstoseldom-readpublications
•reusingmaterialsuchaspackaging,toner
cartridges,palletsandcardboardboxes
•donatingmobilephones,computersand
otherelectronicstocharitiesthatresellthem
Low-cost
Withminorinvestmentsyoucanfurthercut
wasteby:
•settingupacompostingsystemorjoininga
foodcollectionschemetoavoidsending
organicfoodwastetolandfill
•planned-purchasinginbulkfromsuppliers,
whichcandecreasepackagingaslongas
careistakentoavoidorderingmaterials
thatwillnotbeused
28
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
ACTIONSINDETAIL–WASTE
Investment
Youcanachievemoresubstantial
improvementsinwastemanagementby
investinginchangestoyourdesignor
productionprocesses,forexampleby:
•reusingmaterialsinsteadofputtingraw
materialsintoyourproductionprocesses
•reusingmaterialsandby-productsinstead
ofsendingthemtolandfill
•incorporatingbiodegradeablematerials
sothatyourproductscanbecomposted
afteruse
FurtherResources
Forinformationoncompostingandwhereto
buybins,seetheWasteOnlinewebsite:
http://www.wasteonline.org.uk.
Forcomprehensiveinformationandadviceon
managingspecificaspectsofwastesuchas
wasteincinerationorhazardouswaste,seethe
dedicatedsectionofthebusinessandindustry
pagesontheEnvironmentAgency’swebsite:
http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk.
29
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
CaseStudy–A&EWhite
AfterreceivingadvicefromMeltzer
Consultants,A&EWhite,afamily-run
foodproducerinYorkshire,cutthe
amountofwastesenttolandfillby30%.
Thebusinessnowrecyclescardboard,
paperandfloursacks,anddonatesfood
wastetothecharityCrisisFairShare.18
ACTIONSINDETAIL–WASTE
Businessesusewaterforavarietyofpurposesfromsanitationfordrinking,washingandtoilets
tocooling,processing,cleaningandthegenerationofsteaminmanufacturing.Alotofwateris
unnecessarilywasted,leadingtohighercostsandenvironmentalimpacts,leavingsomecompanies
vulnerabletowatershortages.EnvirowiseestimatesthattogetherUKbusinessescouldsave
£10millionperdaythroughincreasedwaterefficiency.19
Substantialamountsofenergyareusedtotreatandtransportwatertoandfromabusinesssite.
Withinbusinesspremisesenergyisusedtoheatwater,sometimesmaintainingaconstanthigh
temperatureunnecessarily.Electricityandfossilfuelsareusedtorunpumps,heatersandtreatment
plants.Byreducinguseandincreasingefficiency,thedemandforwaterinyourorganisationdrops,
correspondingtoadecreaseincarbondioxideemissions.
Companiesthattakea
systematicapproach
towatercouldcut
theirusageby30%.v
ACTIONSINDETAIL–WATER
30
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
ThreeKeyActions
1Monitor–Nomatteryoursize,youcan
benefitfromcloselymonitoringwater
consumptioninyourbusiness,eitherthrough
waterbillsorbyinstallingasmartwatermeter.
Afullassessmentincludesmeasurementof
thevolume,thecostandthe‘watermass
balance’,takingintoaccountthewaterthat
entersyourpremisesfromvarioussources
mustexitaswastewater.
2Insulate–Ifbothhotwaterandcoldwater
pipesareinsulated,youcanminimiseheat
lossandensurecoldwaterisnotwarmedby
adjacenthotwaterpipes.
3Install–Astrategicinvestmentinwater
savingorrecyclingmachineryforyour
productionprocessescanreducewateruse
andwastewater,andsoleadtosubstantial
costsavings.
31
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
CaseStudy–IrishGardenPlants
Byimplementingaseriesofmeasures,
includingcorrectingleaksandcarrying
outmaintenanceonthebusinesswater
system,IrishGardenPlants,awholesale
nurseryretailerbasedinDownpatrick,
Ireland,aimstoreducewateruseby
5-10%.Thesewatersavingsmeasures
combinedwithactionsonproduct
design,wasteandpackaging,willsave
thecompanyanestimated£21,388
peryear.20
ACTIONSINDETAIL–WATER
Financing
UndertheUKGovernment’s‘Enhanced
CapitalAllowance’(ECA),whenyouinvest
inspecificwatersavingtechnologies,you
canreceivea100%taxbreakonyourprofits
duringtheyearofinvestment.Foralistof
thewatersavingtechnologiesthatqualify
foranECA,rangingfromefficientshowers
torainwaterharvestingequipment,see:
http://www.eca-water.gov.uk.
FurtherResources
Envirowisehasfourfreeonlinetoolsthat
canhelpyoumeasureandmonitorthewater
useinyourbusiness.See:
http://www.envirowise.gov.uk
orcall0800585794.
TheCentreforAlternativeTechnology
offersfreeadviceonwatersaving
technologiessuchcompostingtoilets,
smallscalesewagetreatmentandpumps:
http://www.cat.org.uk.
32
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
CaseStudy–Jaspers
Jaspers,afamily-runbeefproducerin
TreburleyinCornwall,installedawater
recyclingsystemandnowre-usesin
excessof40%ofitswater,which
amountstosavingsofapproximately
£10,000ayear.Intheyearthesystem
wasinstalled,thebusinessbenefitedfrom
ataxbreakonitsprofits,whichhelped
offsetsomeoftheinvestmentcosts.21
ACTIONSINDETAIL–WATER
MoreActionsonWater
Nocost
Youcantakequickandeasystepstoreduce
wateruseby:
•fillingkettleswithonlythevolumeofwater
thatisneeded
•fillingupdishwashersandwashing
machinesbeforerunningthem
•reviewingwaterpressureandflushcontrols
onurinals
Low-cost
Youcanmakefurthercutsinwateruseand
wastewatergeneratedby:
•repairingleakingtapsandpipes,orreplacing
oldpipeswithnewwater-tightones
•installingadevicetoregulateorrestrictthe
flowofwaterfromtapsorintoilets
•purchasingawaterbutttoharvestrainwater
33
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
ACTIONSINDETAIL–WATER
Investment
Moresubstantialimprovementsinwateruse
canbeachievedby:
•installingcomprehensiverainwater
harvestingequipmentforcollection
andstorage
•installingawaterrecyclingsystemonsiteto
reprocessrainwaterandwastewater
FurtherResources
Waterwise,anNGOthatfocusesonincreasing
waterefficiencythroughouttheUK,hasafull
listofwatersavingtipsontheirwebsite:
http://www.waterwise.org.uk.
TheGreenBuildingStoreofferswatersaving
products,suchastapregulators,WCsiphons
andwaterlessurinals:
http://www.greenbuildingstore.co.uk.
TheUKRainwaterHarvestingAssociation,
atradebody,providesmemberswith
informationonstandardsandnew
waterpolicies,andontechnologiesfor
rainharvesting:
http://www.ukrha.org.
Envirowiseestimates
thattogetherUK
businessescould
save£10millionper
daythroughincreased
waterefficiency.vi
34
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
ACTIONSINDETAIL–WATER
CaseStudy–
MovingVenuesCaterers
AfteranauditfromtheNGOGlobal
ActionPlan,MovingVenuesCaterers,
aLondon-basedspecialeventscaterer
with50employees,replacedsmallplastic
bottlesandmineralwaterglassbottles
withamains-fedwatersystem.This
actionalonecutwatercostsandreduced
thewastesenttolandfill.22
Travelandtransportrepresentanumberofdirectandhiddencostsforbusinesses.Costsfor
fuel,fromthewearandtearofvehicles,orintermsofemployees’timecanbecutbyincreasing
efficiency.Byplanningandmanagingbusinesstransportyoucanincreaseemployeesatisfaction
andproductivity,andimproveyourimage.
Bytakingactionontransportyoucanalsotakeadvantageoftaxbreaksspecificallyaimedat
encouragingbusinessestoreducefueluseandtherebycutcarbondioxideemissions.Low-carbon
companyvehiclescanqualifyforlower‘vehicleexciseduty’orroadtax.
Around30%ofallcarbondioxideemissionsintheUKcomefromtheburningoffossilfuelsfor
transport.Ofthat30%,closeto70%comesfromroadtransport.23
Sobyreducingtransportof
people,materialsandgoodsinyourbusiness,youcancontributetothefightagainstclimatechange.
Around30%ofall
carbondioxide
emissionsinthe
UKcomefromthe
burningoffossilfuels
fortransport.
ACTIONSINDETAIL–TRANSPORT
35
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
ThreeKeyActions
1Reduce–Arangeofmeasurescanbe
implementedtoreduceyourtraveland
transport,forexampleremoteconferencing
byvideoand/orphone,orflexibleworking
schemesthatallowemployeestowork
fromhome.
2Plan–Ifyourbusinessisinthe
manufacturing,retailorconstruction
industries,tonameafew,andyoucannot
incorporateremoteconferencingorflexible
workingschemes,youcancutcostsand
carbondioxideemissionsbyplanningthe
transportofpeopleandgoodsinyour
organisation.Forexample,youcanshorten
traveldistancesbychoosingsuppliersthat
areclosetothepointofuse,andcoordinating
withsuppliers,partnersandclientstoensure
thatgoodsvehiclesnevertravelempty.
3Switch–Strategicinvestmentsinlow-
carbonmodesoftransportcanfurthercut
yourcostswithlowerfuelbillsandlower
taxes.Thereisagrowingnumberoflow-
carbonvehicletypesonthemarket,from
hybridstohydrogenandelectricmodels.
36
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
CaseStudy–Manchester
RuskCompany
Afterworkingwithawastemanagement
company,ManchesterRuskCo(MRC),
afoodcoatingsandmarinadesmanu-
facturerwith33employees,nowrecycles
85%ofgeneratedwaste,andsodiverts
70tonnesofwastefromlandfill.The
decreaseinwastehasresultedina
significantreductioninthetransportof
thatwastetolandfill,andthereforealso
inthefuelcostsforthecompany.24
ACTIONSINDETAIL–TRANSPORT
Financing
UndertheUKGovernment’s‘Enhanced
CapitalAllowance’(ECA)schemeforlow-
carbonvehicles,youwillbeeligiblefora
100%taxbreakonthepurchaseofcarswith
110gramsofcarbondioxideperkilometreor
less.Formoreinformation,seetheBusiness
Linkwebpagedevotedtotaxbreaksforlow-
emissionvehicles:
http://www.businesslink.gov.uk.
Taxesoncompanycarsarenowbasedon
carbondioxideemissions,suchthatthelower
theemissionsofyourcars,thelowerthetax.
Youcandeterminetheamountofvehicle
excisedutyyouoweusingthedatabaseon
TheVehicleCertificationAgencywebsite:
http://www.vcacarfueldata.org.uk.
FurtherResources
TransportDirectisagovernmentsupported
websitethatprovidestravelinformationfor
specificroutesacrosstheUKforprivateand
publictransport,includingpredictedtraffic
levels,estimatedcostsandcarbondioxide
emissionsforaspecificroute:
http://www.transportdirect.info.
MyRouteOnlinecanhelpyouplanmultiple-
pointdeliveryroutes:
http://www.myrouteonline.com.
TheEnergySavingTrustoffersanumberof
servicestobusinessesinEngland,Scotland
andWalestohelpthemloweremissionsfrom
transport.Formoreinformationsee:
http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk
orcall08456021425.
37
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
ACTIONSINDETAIL–TRANSPORT
TheEnergySaving
Trustestimatesthat
anorganisationwith
afleetof100vehicles
couldsaveupto
£90,000eachyear
byimplementing
greenfleetpractices.vii
MoreActionsonTransport
Nocost
Youcantakestepstoreducecostsand
carbonemissionsfromtransportby:
•joiningaliftsharingscheme,whichmatches
peoplewiththesamecommuterroute
•encouragingemployeestousepublic
transportwheneverpossible
•implementingafairchargeforemployee
parking,whichcangenerateanew
revenuestream
Low-cost
Withsmallinvestmentsyoucanfurthercut
costsby:
•joiningacarsharingscheme,which
involvespayingamembershipfeeplus
asetfeeperhoursofuse
•providing‘eco-driving’trainingfor
employees,whichinvolvesforexample
changinggearsatlowerrevs,speeding
upandslowingdownsmoothly,and
usingtheairconditioningsparingly
Investment
Youcanachievemoresubstantialreductions
incostsandemissionsfromtransportby:
•creatingincentivesforemployeestouse
alternativelow-carbonformsoftransport,
forexamplebyinvestingintax-free
bicyclesthroughoneofthegovernment
cycleschemes
38
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
ACTIONSINDETAIL–TRANSPORT
Byreducingthe
amountofwork
yourvehicle’sengine
hastodothrough
smarterdriving
practices,youcan
reduceCO2emissions
byaround8%.viii
39
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
CaseStudy–Liftshare
Liftshareprovidesaservicethatconnects
peoplesotheycansharecarjourneysand
therebysavemoneyandreducecarbon
dioxideemissions.Establishedin1997,
theyhavegrownsteadily,andin2006
madeaprofitof£200,000.Over350,000
membershavenowjoinedtheUK-wide
network,savingapproximately45,000
tonnesofcarbondioxideeveryyear.25
ACTIONSINDETAIL–TRANSPORT
FurtherResources
Carplus,anationalcharity,providesanonline
directoryofliftsharingschemesthroughout
theUK.Youcanclickontheinteractivemap
tofindalistofschemesinyourarea:
http://carsharing.carplus.org.uk.
Foraguideto‘smartoreco-driving’,
see:http://actonco2.direct.gov.uk.
Cycleschemeprovidestax-freebikesaspart
oftheUKGovernment’s‘CycletoWork’
initiative.See:http://www.cyclescheme.co.uk.
40
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
SECTION4LOW-CARBONOPPORTUNITIES
Thelow-carboneconomyisahighly
entrepreneurialarea–companiesare
constantlydevelopinginnovativeproducts
thatprovidethemwithnewsourcesofincome
whilereducingtheirown,ortheircustomers’
environmentalimpacts.Thissectionoutlines
someofthepossibilitiesthatsmalland
medium-sizedbusinessescanpursuein
thelow-carboneconomy.
Inmanycases,itispossibletogainastrong
advantageoveryourcompetitorsthrough
earlyaction.Youdonotnecessarilyhaveto
alteryourentirebusinessplan,butyoucan
focusonchangingonespecificaspect,beit
inproductdesign,productionprocessesor
wastemanagement.
Newopportunitiesforbusinessesfalllargely
intofourcategories:
Creatingnewproductsforcustomers
andcontractorsthatareresource
efficientand/orhelpconsumersand
organisationsbecomemorelow-carbon,
forexampleenergyefficientboilersor
electricvehicles.
Turningwasteintoproductivesources
ofrevenue,forexamplebyreusing
by-productsfromconstructionor
capturingheatfrompowerstations.
Becominginvolvedinthelow-carbon
energysector,eitherbygenerating
energyonsite,orbysupplyingrelated
goodsandservicestolow-carbon
energytechnologycompanies,other
businesses,publicorganisations
andconsumers.
Attractinginvestorswhoareconsciously
seekingtodevelopportfoliosoflow-
carbonorganisations.
LOW-CARBONOPPORTUNITIES–GENERAL
41
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
Construction
Ifyouareintheconstructionsectoryoucangraspopportunitiesbyloweringtheenvironmental
impactandimprovingthedurabilityofbuildingmaterials,increasingtheenergyefficiencyofexisting
buildings,anddesigningnewbuildingstothehighestresourceandenergyefficiencystandards.
Companiesthatproduceconstructionmaterialscanswitchfromnon-renewabletorenewableand
fromnewtorecycledorreusedprimaryresources,anddecreasethewastefromtransport,
distributionandpackaging.Toimprovethechancesofsecuringcontractswithenvironmentally
consciouscustomersandcontractors,youcanswitchtoprimaryresourcesthatareresponsibly
managed,suchastimberfromcertifiedforests,andthatoriginatefromascloseaspossibletothe
pointofuse,inordertocuttransportdistances.
42
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
CaseStudy–ScotAsh
ScotAsh,acompanyinClackmannanshire
inScotlandwith27employees,usesthe
ashfromtheLongannetcoal-firedpower
stationtomakecements,groutsandother
constructionmaterials.Byusingaby-
productthatresultsfromburningcoal,
thebusinesspreventstheashfromgoing
tolandfill,avoidstheuseofrawnatural
resources,andsavesontheenergy
neededtotransformnaturalresources
intoconstructionmaterials.26
LOW-CARBONOPPORTUNITIES–GENERAL
Asenergypricesandconsumerawareness
ofenvironmentalimpactsrise,thereare
growingopportunitiesforyoutosupply
moreenergyefficientbuildingfittings,such
asboilers,airconditioningunits,kitchen
equipmentandlightingsystems,andrefitthe
structuresofexistingbuildingswithinsulation
anddoubleglazing.
Architectureanddesigncompaniescan
respondtothedemandsofgovernment
organisationsseekingtomeetemissions
reductiontargetsandlargebusinessesaiming
tomakecostsavings,bydevelopingmodels
andplansforlow-carbonandresourcebuild-
ings.Greenroofs,energyefficientventilation,
PassivHausstructures,andecologicalsewage
systemsarebutafewofthemanyoptionsin
thisarea.
FurtherResources
TheNationalIndustrialSymbiosisProgramme
(NISP)isafreemembershiporganisationthat
providesadviceonefficientresource
management.Inparticular,theNISPbrings
togethermemberorganisationstoform
relationshipswhereonecompany’swaste
istheother’sinputmaterial.See:
http://www.nisp.org.uk.
Forinformationontheopportunitiesin
low-carbonandenvironmentally-friendly
construction,seetheUKGreenBuilding
Council’swebsite:http://www.ukgbc.org.
AbriefguidancenoteonSustainable
Constructionisavailableat:
http://www.bis.gov.uk.
43
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
Example–PassivHaus
PassivHausisthenameofahighlyenergy
efficientbuildingstandarddesignedto
minimisetheneedforheatingorcooling
systems.Thestandardcallsforhigh
performanceinsulation,airtightnessand
indoorairqualityaswellascapped
maximumenergydemandlevels.The
standardwasdevelopedinGermany
andoverthepastdecadePassivHaus
constructionshavemultipliedindifferent
Europeancountries.IntheUKthereare
opportunitiestoenterthePassivHaus
markettoprovidedesign,construction
ortraining.Formoreinformationsee
thePassivHausUKwebsite:
http://www.passivhaus.org.uk.
LOW-CARBONOPPORTUNITIES–GENERAL
Manufacturing
Themainopportunitiesinthemanufacturing
sectorrevolvearoundimprovingenergyand
resourceefficiencyofproductdesignandfull
lifecycleproductionprocesses,andcreating
newlow-carbon,resourceefficientproducts.
Whereproductionprocessesgeneratehigh
levelsofwaste,energyandotherresources,
muchofitcanberecoveredandreusedfor
otherpurposes.Wastecanbereusedwithin
yourownprocessesorsold,therebyproviding
youwithnewsourcesofprofit.Forexample,
certaintypesofwastecanbeconvertedinto
fueltorunmachineryorheatingsystems.
Othertypesofwastecanberecycledinto
packagingorintohouseholdandleisure
consumerproducts.
Asenergypricesandconsumerawarenessof
environmentalimpactsrise,therearegrowing
opportunitiesforyoutocreatelow-carbon
recyclableproducts,rangingfromwhitegoods,
electronicequipmentandcomputers,to
textiles,sportequipmentandpaperproducts.
BusinessLinkhasidentifiedprospectsfor
companiesintheadvancedmanufacturing
sectorinsynthetictextiles,packaging,
weightreductionvehicles,lowtemperature
detergents,insulationandlighting.
Aslargerretailersandgovernment
departmentsbeginimplementingpolicies
tosystematicallyuse‘sustainable’orenviron-
mentally-friendlygoodsandservices,thereare
furtheropportunitiesforbusinessesacrossthe
manufacturingsectortosupplyproductsthat
meetwiderenvironmentalstandards.
44
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
CaseStudy–AbbeySteel
&ShearingCompanyLtd
AbbeySteel&ShearingCompanyLtdin
Stevenage,Hertfordshiresellssheetsteel
thatissourcedlargelyfromtheautomotive
industry.Byreusingexistingsteelthe
companynotonlygreatlyreducescarbon
emissionsfromproductionorrecycling,
butinsomecasescanprovideclientsin
manufacturingwithacheaperproduct.In
additionthecompanyisabletoleverage
thelow-carbonnatureofitsactivitiesasa
powerfulmarketingtool,presentingthe
Abbeysteel™greenbrandastheleading
wayforcompaniestoco-brandexisting
productstoshowcasetheirnewfound
environmentalcredentials.27
LOW-CARBONOPPORTUNITIES–GENERAL
Retail
Consumer-facingbusinesses,notablyinthe
retailsector,cantakeadvantageofavarietyof
newopportunitiesthatarearisinginresponse
tochangingconsumerdemandbymakingthe
transitiontobecomelow-carbonandby
sellinglow-carbonresourceefficientand
environmentally-friendlyproducts.
Ifyoutaketheactionsandfollowtheprocess
tobecomelow-carbon,asoutlinedinsections
2and3,youcanattractthegrowingnumber
ofconsumerswhoseektobuyfromretailers
thathaveminimisedtheirnegativeimpactson
theenvironment.
FurtherResources
BusinessLinkprovidesguidanceonreducing
wastebyimprovingproductionprocesses.
See:http://www.businesslink.gov.uk.
Thegovernment-ledManufacturingAdvisory
Service,aimedathelpingmanufacturers
reducewasteandincreaseenergyefficiency,
providesadviceonopportunitiesinthe
low-carboneconomyformanufacturing
businessesinEngland.See:
http://www.mas.bis.gov.uk.
ForinformationonTheCarbonTrust’s
IndustrialEnergyEfficiencyAccelerator,
currentlydirectedataselectionofspecific
industriesincludinganimalfeed,asphalt
manufacture,bakeriesandconfectionery.
See:http://www.carbontrust.co.uk.
45
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
Example–BicycleHireSchemes
Asmayorsandlocalcouncilsseekto
reducecarbondioxideemissionsfrom
transport,therewillbeagrowingnumber
ofnewopportunitiesformanufacturers.
Forexample,withthelaunchofbicycle
hireschemesinLondonandpossiblyin
citiesthroughoutthecountry,therewillbe
ariseindemandforcomponentsforthe
bicyclesandthedockingstations,which
includeelectronicpaymentsystems.
LOW-CARBONOPPORTUNITIES–GENERAL
Youcanalsoattractandretaintheloyalty
ofcustomerswhopreferproductsthatare
low-carbonandenvironmentally-friendly.
Witheverythingfrombooks,stationeryand
flowers,tofurniture,electronicsandvehicles,
youcanaskwhetheryoursuppliersproduce
low-carbonenvironmentally-friendlymodels,
alwayscheckingproductshavebeencertified
underthirdpartyaccreditationschemes.
FurtherResources
Togetanideaoftherangeofoptionsinlow-
carbonandmoregenerallyenvironmentally-
friendlyretailproducts,seetheGreenshop
website:http://www.greenshop.co.uk.
TheGreenStoreOnlinewebsitecanalso
provideyouwithideasinthedifferent
categoriesofhouseandgarden,bodycare,
energysavinggadgets,andgifts.See:
http://www.thegreenstoreonline.co.uk.
46
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
CaseStudy–Tree2mydoor
Tree2mydoor.com,aManchester-based
giftcompanywith3full-timeand3
freelancestaffmembers,deliversgifts
oftreesandwildflowersacrosstheUK
asanalternativetocutflowers.The
company,whichislargelybasedonmail
orders,wasestablishedinresponseto
changingconsumerdemandinfavourof
moreenvironmentally-friendly,low-carbon
products.Sincehelaunchedthe
companyin2003,GarethMitchellhas
continuallyincorporatedenvironmental
considerationsintohisbusinessplan.
Initiallythetreesweresentincardboard
tubesthatincludedplasticandadhesives.
NowthecompanyhasaPatentpending
onenvironmentally-friendlypackaging.28
LOW-CARBONOPPORTUNITIES–GENERAL
Services
Thethreemainareasofopportunityforbusi-
nessesintheservicessectorlieinprovidinga
servicethatisitselflow-carbon,offeringadvice
toothersonhowtobecomelow-carbonand
environmentally-friendly,andorganisingtraining
innewlow-carbonprofessions.
Byprovidingalow-carbonservice,youcan
attractindividualsandorganisationsthatare
concernedaboutclimatechange.Forexample,
taxicompaniescanswitchtolow-carbon
fleets,interiordecoratorscanuselow-carbon
materialsortouristagenciescanspecialisein
low-carbontravelplans.
Aspublicorganisations,businessesand
individualsrespondtopressurestoreduce
carbondioxideemissions,consultancieswill
experiencerisingdemandforassistancewith
thetransitiontobecomelow-carbon.Youcan
expandyourservicestoincludetrainingin
carbonmanagementandenvironmental
managementsystemsforemployeesoflarger
businessesandgovernmentdepartments.
Insurancecompaniescanprovideadviceonthe
risksposedbyclimatechange,andinvestment
bankscangiveguidanceonopportunitiesinthe
emerginglow-carbonmarkets.
Theshifttoalow-carboneconomywillrequire
peoplewithappropriateknowledgeand
skills,soopportunitiesexistforcompanies
toholdworkshopsandtraininginarange
ofspecialisedfieldsfromthemaintenance
oflow-carbontechnologiestothedesignof
‘closedloop’productionprocesses.
FurtherResources
Togetanideaoftherangeoflow-carbon
servicesyoumightoffer,seetheLowCarbon
Economywebsite:
http://www.lowcarboneconomy.com.
47
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
CaseStudy–GreenAccountancy
GreenAccountancy,afirmofChartered
CertifiedAccountantsbasedinOxford,
providestaxationandaccountancy
servicesthatincludeenvironmental
impactsindicators.Thecompanyis
gearedtowardshelpingsmallbusinesses
measuretheirimpactsontheenvironment,
includingcarbondioxideemissions,and
settargetstoimproveperformance.29
LOW-CARBONOPPORTUNITIES–GENERAL
Thedevelopmentandexpansionoflow-
carbonenergytechnologieswillplayakey
partinachievingthecutingreenhousegas
emissionsnecessarytomeetthegovernment
targetofan80%reductionby2050.30
Manyof
thetechnologiesharnessrenewableenergies
suchaswind,solarorhydro.
Theopportunitiesforsmallandmedium-sized
businessesliein:
Installingoneofthetechnologiesand
sellinganysurplusenergytopower
companies,therebybenefittingfroma
newrevenuestream
Contributingtothedesign,manu-
facturing,installationormaintenance
atechnology,consultingandtrainingin
relevantskills,orfinancing,investment
andinsuranceofprojects
Youcaninstalloneofthetechnologies,suchas
windturbines,solarpanelsorcombinedheat
andpowermachinery,inordertogenerateyour
ownlow-carbonenergy.Evensmall,home-
basedbusinessescanexploretheoptionsof
microtechnologies.Asrenewableenergyand
otherlow-carbontechnologiesarerefined,and
thegovernmentimplementsnewpoliciesto
encouragetheexpansionofthesemarkets,
youcanreducecostsinthelong-runand
increaseprofitsbysellinganysurplusenergy
backtothenationalgrid.
FromApril2010thesmall-scalegenerationof
electricityfromrenewableenergysourceswill
benefitfromFeed-inTariffs,oneexampleof
apolicytoencourageexpansionofthese
markets.31
Smallandmediumbusinessescan
applyforgrantsfromtheDepartmentfor
EnergyandClimateChange(DECC)tohelp
fundthecostofmicro-generationtechnologies,
suchasawindturbineorsolarpanels.
Ifinvestinginatechnologyisnotfeasible,you
caninquirewhetheryourenergysupplierhas
optionsforlow-carbongeneration.Ifnot,you
canswitchtoasupplierthatdoesandthereby
improveyourreputation.
LOW-CARBONOPPORTUNITIES–ENERGYTECHNOLOGIES
48
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
Low-carbonEnergyGeneration–
TheOptions
Thechoiceoflow-carbonenergytechnology
willdependonanumberoffactors,suchas
thesizeandlocationofyourbusiness,and
theresourcesavailable.Thekeytosuccess
liesinobtainingadviceonthefeasibilityand
optionsofinstallinganyonetechnologyon
yourpremises.Anumberoforganisations
provideadviceandassistancewithlow-
carbontechnologiesformedium-sizedand
small,evenhome-basedbusinesses.
Wind–Theelectricitygeneratedfromwind
turbinesdependsonthewindspeed.A
feasibilitystudywillhelpyouassessthe
placementforaturbineandestimatethe
amountofelectricityitcanpotentiallygenerate.
Hydro–Energyfromrunningwatercanbe
harnessedindifferentwaysandusedto
generateelectricity.Thepotentialenergyin
waterataheightisconvertedintokinetic
energyatthebottomofadrop,eitherina
damorthenaturalfallofariver,byaturbine
thatgenerateselectricity.
Solar–Energyfromthesuncanbeusedto
generateelectricityorheat.Onasmall-scale,
twotypesofsolartechnologyarecurrently
availableonthemarket,solarcellsandsolar
thermal.Solarcelltechnologies,alsocalled
photovoltaiccells,convertenergyfromthesun
intoelectricity.Solarthermaltechnologieson
theotherhandconvertenergyfromthesun
intoheatusingafluidsystem.
Combinedheatandpower–Traditional
powerstations,suchascoal-burningplants,
runtoproduceelectricityalsoproducelarge
amountsof‘waste’heat,oftenstoredin
coolingtowers.Combinedheatandpower
(CHP)technologiescapturethat‘waste’heat
anduseittoheatindustrialprocesses,
businesses,andhomes.
49
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
LOW-CARBONOPPORTUNITIES–ENERGYTECHNOLOGIES
Ratherthanusingbothgasandelectricity
toseparatelylightandheatbuildings,with
CHPjustonepowersource(gas,electricity,
biomass,solidfuels,tonameafew)isused
toefficientlygeneratealltheheatandlight
needed.Thetechnologyhasnowevolvedto
thepointthatbusinesseswithheatandlight
requirementsabovethatofanormalfamily
homecanuseCHPboilerstomeettheir
requirementsatalowercostandwithfewer
carbonemissions.Thelargerthecompany,
themoreeconomicalitbecomes.
Heatpumps–Anydevicethatmovesheat
fromonelocationtoanotherisa‘heatpump’.
Forexample,arefrigeratorextractsheatfrom
insidethecabinetwherefoodisstoredand
expelsitoutthebackaswasteheat.Those
devicesthatreversetheprocess,generate
heatforbuildingsorwatertanksbymoving
heatfromoutsidetoinside.
Airsourceheatpumpsmoveairfromoutside
toheatinsideair,ortoheatawatertank.
Groundsourceheatpumps,alsocalled
geothermalheatpumps,extractheatfromthe
groundandtransferitinsideairorwatertanks.
Heatpumpsarenowusedasanefficient
technologytoheatbuildingsandwatertanks.
Low-carbonvehicles–Thereisabroadrange
oflow-carbonenergytechnologiesavailable
onthemarketforroadvehicles,includingfully
electriccarsorhybridvehiclesthatrunon
bothbatteriesandpetrol.
Thetableonthefollowingpagewillgive
youanideaofsomeoftheadvantagesand
disadvantagesofthedifferentlow-carbon
technologies.
50
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
By2020,theUK
Governmentisaiming
foraround40%of
electricitytobefrom
low-carbonsources,
suchasrenewable
energygeneration.ix
LOW-CARBONOPPORTUNITIES–ENERGYTECHNOLOGIES
TypeofLow-carbon
TechnologyAdvantagesDisadvantages
Wind–AhighlyfavourableclimateintheUK–Intermittentsupplyofenergyduetochangingwinds
–Turbinesqualifyforfeed-intariffs–Planningpermissionisneededtoinstallturbines
Solar–Lowmaintenancecosts–Largeinitialinvestments
–Solartechnologiesqualifyforfeed-intariffs–Needforalargeenougharea,suchasastrongroof,
thatreceivesdirectsunlight
Hydro–Highlyefficientandlong-lastingtechnologies–Needtobelocatednearawatersource
–Ahighlevelofpredictabilityaccordingtoannual–Highinitialinvestmentcosts
rainfallpatters
CombinedHeat–Highlyreliable–Highnoiselevels
andPower
–Technologiesqualifyforenhancedcapitalallowances–Volumesofhotgastobehandledfromtheexhaust
–Technologiesqualifyforfeed-intariffs
HeatPumps–Highlyreliable,groundsourcepumpsinparticular–Needforelectricitytoheat
–Highlydurabletechnologiesthatrequirelowmaintenance–Needforlandspacewithgoodaccessforground
–PumpscanqualifyforEnhancedCapitalAllowance
source,andoutsidethebuildingforairsourcepumps
–Highinstallationcostsforgroundsourcepumps
51
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
LOW-CARBONOPPORTUNITIES–ENERGYTECHNOLOGIES
Forinformationontheadvantagesand
disadvantagesofthedifferenttypesof
low-carbonvehicles,seetheFurther
Resourcesbelow.
FurtherResources
TheNationalEnergyFoundationoffers
assessmentandfeasibilitystudies,as
wellasseminarsandtrainingindifferent
renewableenergytechnologies:
http://www.nef.org.uk.
UndertheLow-carbonBuildingsProgramme
youcanapplyforgrantsofupto£2,500from
DECCforarangeoflow-carbontechnologies
fromwindturbinestosolarphotovoltaic
panels.Forafulllistoftechnologies,see:
http://www.lowcarbonbuildings.org.uk/
Microgeneration-Technologies.
Forinformationonmicro-generation
technologiesandplanningconsiderations,
andalistofcertifiedinstallers,seethe
MicrogenerationCertificationSchemewebsite:
http://www.microgenerationcertification.org.
TheRenewableEnergyAssociationwebsite
providesinformationontechnological
developmentsandpolicieseffectingrenewable
energygeneration:http://www.r-e-a.net.
Ifyourbusiness
islookingforways
ofgettinginvolvedin
therenewableenergy
industry,youcan
applytoTheCarbon
TrustforanApplied
ResearchGrantof
upto£500,000.
52
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
LOW-CARBONOPPORTUNITIES–ENERGYTECHNOLOGIES
FurtherResources–ByTechnology
Forinformationoneachofthespecific
technologies,seethewebsitesofthe
organisationslistedhere.
Wind
•TheBritishWindEnergyAssociation
http://www.bwea.com
Solar
•TheSolarTradeAssociation
http://www.solar-trade.org.uk
Hydro
•TheBritishHydroAssociation
http://www.british-hydro.org
CombinedHeatandPower
•Thepageson‘CHPFocus’,thegovernment
initiativemanagedbyDECC
http://chp.decc.gov.uk
HeatPumps
•TheHeatPumpAssociation
http://www.feta.co.uk
Low-carbonVehicles
•http://www.lowcvp.org.uk
53
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
LOW-CARBONOPPORTUNITIES–ENERGYTECHNOLOGIES
Low-carbonEnergyTechnology–
TheOpportunitiesinDifferentSectors
Asthedifferentmarketsforlow-carbonenergy
generatingtechnologiesgrow,therewillalso
beopportunitiesforbusinessesacrossa
varietyofsectorstobecomeinvolvedinthe
design,construction,manufacturing,aswell
astheinstallationandservicingforbothsmall
andlargeprojects.
Construction
Unlikeothertypesofpowergeneration,most
renewableenergiescanbegeneratedona
rangeofscales,frommicrolevelfittings,
suchassolarpanelsontherooftopsofsmall
buildings,toverylargesystems,suchas
offshorewindfarms.Youcanworkonthe
installationofsmallscalerenewable
technologies,orcontributetotheconstruction
ofinfrastructureforthelargersystems.
Youcouldalsoinvestigatetheoptionsin
infrastructurefornewlow-carbonvehicles,such
asthechargingstationsforelectricvehicles.
Manufacturing
Whilethemanufacturersofrenewableenergy
technologiessuchaswindturbinestendtobe
largercompanies,thereareopportunitiesfor
smallandmedium-sizedmanufacturersto
designandproducecomponentsforthesame.
Youcandesignandmanufacturespecialised
partsfortherenewableenergytechnologies,
formaintenancetoolsandequipment,orfor
low-carbonvehicles.
Services
Thegrowinglow-carbonenergytechnology
sectorinparticularwillneedspecialistsacross
arangeofsubjectareas.Builderswillneedto
knowhowtosetupandinstallsmall-scale
renewableenergygeneratorssuchassolar
panelsinhomesandoffices,andthemuch
largerprojectsthataretakingoffsuchasthe
largeoffshorewindfarmswillrequireskilled
techniciansandengineerstobuildand
maintainthem.
Asnewtechnologiesaredevelopedand
companiesseektoenterthelow-carbon
markets,theywillrequiresupportfrom
professionalservices.Opportunitiesexistfor
newfinancialproducts,suchasinsurance
andinvestment.Investorskeentogetinvolved
intheserapidlygrowingsectorswillalso
requirespecialistadvice,particularlyasthis
isanewareaformanyinstitutionaland
privateinvestors.
54
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
LOW-CARBONOPPORTUNITIES–ENERGYTECHNOLOGIES
OtherOpportunities
Thissectionhashighlightedonlyafewareas
andexamplesbecauseitwouldbeimpossible
todetailalltheopportunitiesavailableforsmall
andmedium-sizedbusinessesintheemerging
low-carboneconomy.Ifyouhavequestions
regardingaparticularopportunityorsector,
youcancontactBusinessLink.
Financing
•ResearchandDevelopmentRelieffor
CorporationTax–Ifyourorganisation
meetsthedefinitionofasmallormedium
enterprise(SME)forResearchand
Development(R&D),youcanclaimhigher
taxreliefonallowablecosts.Seethe
BusinessLinkpagesonR&D:
http://www.businesslink.gov.uk.
•Low-carbonEnergyDemonstration–You
canapplyforafinancialassistancefromthe
SolutionsforBusinessfordemonstration
activityinordertocommerciallyexploit
R&Dinenergygeneratingtechnologies.
See:http://online.businesslink.gov.uk.
•TheAppliedResearchScheme–
Youcanapplyforagrant,subjecttocertain
requirements,fromTheCarbonTrustto
developalow-carbontechnology:
http://www.carbontrust.co.uk.
55
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
CaseStudy–RenewableDevices
SwiftTurbinesLtd
RenewableDevicesSwiftTurbinesLtd,a
manufacturerinEdinburgh,developeda
microwindturbineforbuildingrooftops.
ThecompanywasawardedanAshden
Awardforsustainableenergyin2005for
thedesignofthe‘Swift’turbinethat
meetsthetechnological,aestheticand
practicalchallengesofrooftopdevices.32
LOW-CARBONOPPORTUNITIES–ENERGYTECHNOLOGIES
56
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
FURTHERRESOURCES
Reports
•IntergovernmentalPanelonClimate
Change.FourthAssessmentReport–
SynthesisReport.Geneva:IPCC,2007.
http://www.ipcc.ch
•Stern,Nicholas.TheEconomicsofClimate
Change:TheSternReport.Cambridge:
CambridgeUniversityPress,2007
•EUUNEP(2008),TheEconomicsof
EcosystemsandBiodiversity–AnInterim
Report,Brussels:EuropeanCommunities
Websites
•BBCClimateChange:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/climate
•UKClimateProjections:
http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk
•MetOffice:http://www.metoffice.gov.uk
•UKClimateImpactsProgramme:
http://www.ukcip.org.uk
TheFurtherResourceslistedbelowinclude
thosecitedinthetextplusadditional
resources.Theyarearrangedinalphabetical
orderaccordingtotopic,andwithineachtopic
accordingtothetypeofresource–books,
financing,websitesetc.Ofthemanyfurther
resourcesavailableonanytopic,thosebelow
havebeenselectedbasedonpotential
relevancetosmallandmedium-sized
businessesintheUK.
ClimateChange
Books
•Giddens,Anthony.ThePoliticsofClimate
Change.Cambridge:Polity,2009
•Henson,Robert.TheRoughGuideto
ClimateChange.London:Penguin,2006
•Houghton,John.GlobalWarming:The
CompleteBriefing
FURTHERRESOURCES
57
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
Consulting,InformationandAdvice
Organisations
•England–BusinessLink:
http://www.businesslink.gov.uk,
08456009006
•NorthernIreland–NIBusinessInfo
http://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk
•Scotland–BusinessGateway:
http://www.bgateway.com,08456096611
•Wales–FlexibleSupportforBusiness:
http://www.business-support-wales.gov.uk,
030006603000
•TheCarbonTrust:helpline08000852005
http://www.carbontrust.co.uk
•TheEnergySavingsTrust:
helpline0800512012
http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk
•GlobalActionPlan
http://www.globalactionplan.org.uk
FURTHERRESOURCES
58
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
Websites
•Businessgreen.com:
http://www.businessgreen.com
•Edie:http://www.edie.net
•LowCarbonEconomy.com:
http://www.lowcarboneconomy.com
Energy
Books
•Mackay,David.SustainableEnergy–
withoutthehotair.Cambridge:UIT,2009
Financing
•EnhancedCapitalAllowance(ECA):
www.eca.gov.uk/etl
•TheCarbonTrust:www.carbontrust.co.uk
Websites
•TheNationalEnergyFoundation:
http://www.nef.org.uk.
•TheNationalInsulationAssociation:
www.nationalinsulationassociation.org.uk
•Which?:http://www.which.co.uk
GovernmentDepartmentsandPolicies
International
•TheUnitedNationsFrameworkConvention
onClimateChange:
http://www.unfccc.int/2860.php
•TheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimate
Change:http://www.ipcc.ch
•TheEuropeanEnvironmentAgency:
http://www.eea.europa.eu
UKDepartments
•TheDepartmentforBusiness,Innovation
andSkills(BIS):http://www.bis.gov.uk
•TheDepartmentofEnergyandClimate
Change(DECC):http://www.decc.gov.uk
•TheDepartmentforEnvironment,Food
andRuralAffairs(Defra):
http://www.defra.gov.uk
•TheEnvironmentAgency:
http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk
•SolutionsforBusiness:www.businesslink.
gov.uk/solutionsforbusiness/iyre
UKPolicies
•NetRegs:http://www.netregs.gov.uk
Low-carbonTechnologies
Financing:
•ResearchandDevelopmentRelieffor
CorporationTax:seeBusinessLinkwebsite
•Low-carbonEnergyDemonstration:
seeBusinessLinkwebsite
•TheAppliedResearchScheme:
seeTheCarbonTrustwebsite
TradeAssociations
•TheBritishWindEnergyAssociation:
http://www.bwea.com
•BritishHydroAssociation:
http://www.british-hydro.org
•TheCombinedHeatandPower
Association:http://www.chpa.co.uk
•TheHeatPumpAssociation:
http://www.heatpumps.org.uk
Websites
•Ecoconnect:http://www.eco-connect.com
•TheCleantechGroup:
http://www.cleantech.com
Transport
Financing
•EnhancedCapitalAllowance(ECA):
http://www.eca.gov.uk/etl
•TheVehicleCertificationAgency:
http://www.vcacarfueldata.org.uk
Websites
•ConferenceGenie:
http://www.conferencegenie.co.uk
•Liftshare:http://www.liftshare.com/uk
•MyRouteOnline:
http://www.myrouteonline.com
•TransportforLondon(TfL):
http://www.tfl.gov.uk
Waste
Financing
•TheCarbonTrust:
http://www.carbontrust.co.uk
Organisations
•WasteandResourcesActionProgramme
(WRAP):http://www.wrap.org.uk
Websites
•RecycleNow:http://www.recyclenow.com
•Recycle-more:http://www.recycle-more.co.uk
•WasteOnline:
http://www.wasteonline.org.uk
Water
Financing
•EnhancedCapitalAllowance(ECA):
http://www.eca-water.gov.uk
•TheCarbonTrust:
http://www.carbontrust.co.uk
Websites
•Waterwise:http://www.waterwise.org.uk
•TheGreenBuildingStore:
http://www.greenbuildingstore.co.uk
•TheUKRainwaterHarvestingAssociation:
http://www.ukrha.org
FURTHERRESOURCES
59
ChallengesandOpportunitiesActionsinBriefActionsinDetailLow-carbonOpportunitiesFurtherResources
60
APPENDIX
61
Inthissectionyouwillfindsomebackground
informationonthescienceofclimatechange,
howitimpactsuponbusinessintermsof
resources,energyprices,andwhatactions
theUKGovernmenthastakentotackle
theproblem.
Asyoucanseefromthisdiagram,solar
radiationpassesthroughtheatmosphere,
heatingtheearth.Someoftheheatescapes
backintospace,butgreenhousegases
retaintheheat,slowlywarmingtheplanet.
APPENDIX
©Crowncopyright2010,TheMetOffice
62
GreenhouseGases
CarbonDioxide(CO2)isreleasedwhen
fossilfuelsareburned,whenforestsarecut
downandwhenplantsdecompose.Itisthe
keycontributor,throughsheervolume,to
climatechange.
Methane(CH4)isreleasedbyagriculture,
cattlefarming,buildingsandfactories.
Nitrousoxide(N2O)isanindustrialby-
product.Itmakesupabout12%ofthe
greenhousegasesintheatmospherebuthas
about300timestheeffectofCO2onwarming.
Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)and
hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)areusedinair
conditioningandrefrigerationequipment,
andwhenreleasedduringthemanufacturing,
leakageanddisposalofequipmentthey
contributetowarming.
Ozone(O3)playsausefulroleinthestrato-
spherebyprotectingtheEarthfromultraviolet
lightbutinthelowatmosphereitisapollutant
thatcausesrespiratorydamageinanimals.
Watervapour(H2O)alsoactsasagreen-
housegasinthatitstoresheat.Risinglevels
ofwatervapourcouldinstigatea‘positive
feedbackmechanism’,anincreasingloopof
causeandeffectwherebyrisinglevelscause
risingtemperaturesthatinturnleadtogreater
evaporationfromoceans,whichfurther
increasestheamountofwatervapourin
theatmosphere.33
APPENDIX
63
TheScienceofClimateChange
SincetheIndustrialRevolutionmuchofglobal
societyhasbecomedependentonfossilfuels,
coal,oilandgas,whichwhenburnedemit
carbondioxideandothergreenhousegases
intotheatmosphere.Fossilfuelsareroutinely
usedtogenerateelectricityandheatbuildings,
operatemachineryandappliancesanddrive
transportation.Industrialisationandpopulation
growthhavealsoledtochangesinlanduse–
cuttingdowntropicalandsubtropicalforests,
cultivatinggrasslandsandincreasingcattle
farming–allofwhichaddtothestockof
greenhousegasesintheatmosphere.
ThesetrendshaveupsettheEarth’snatural
balancebetweentheemissionandabsorption
ofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegases.
Evermoreinfraredradiationispreventedfrom
escapingintospace,andiscausingawarming
trendaroundtheglobe.Risingtemperatures
areinturnleadingtochangesintheglobal
climate.Theimpactsofclimatechangeinclude
droughts,heatwaves,floodsandrisingsea
levelsfrommeltingicecaps.Theyarealready
beingfeltandarepredictedtobecomemore
intenseinthefuture.34
IntheUK,homes,businessesandpublic
institutionscouldbeaffectedbymore
frequentandmoreseverestorms,moreheat
wavesinthesummer,andrisingsealevels
andfloodingthroughouttheyear.Companies
inorsupplyingsectorssuchasagriculture,
fisheries,forestry,insurance,tourism,water
andconstructionareparticularlyvulnerable
tothosephysicalimpacts.
Inadditiontofuturephysicalrisks,all
companieswillfaceregulatoryriskssuchas
tougherenergyefficiencystandardsanda
priceoncarbon,asthegovernmenttakes
actiontocombatclimatechange.35
TheUK
isalsolikelytofaceknock-oneffectsfrom
thedevastatingimpactsofclimatechange
elsewhereintheworld,includingincreased
flooding,droughtanddisease,whichwill
create‘climaterefugees’,peopleforcedto
leavetheircountriesastheirhomesand
livelihoodsaredestroyed.
FurtherResources
Formoreontheimpactsofclimatechange
aroundtheUK,includinganinteractive
regionalmap,seetheUKClimateProjects
websitedevelopedbytheDepartmentfor
EnvironmentFoodandRuralAffairs:
http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk.
APPENDIX
64
RisingEnergyPrices
Inbothpublicandprivatesectororganisations,
peoplearelookingbeyondfossilfuelsfor
alternativesourcesofenergy.Eventhosewho
arenotconvincedoftheurgencyoftheneed
tostopclimatechange,aremotivatedtoact
inthefaceofdiminishingreserves,energy
securityissuesandthescopeforcostsavings.
Fossilfuelsarefinitenaturalresources.Asthe
globaldemandforenergyrises,moreand
morepressureisputonthediminishingfossil
fuelreserves.Whilethereismuchdebate
abouttheextentofreservesofcoal,oiland
gas,thereisnodoubtthattheyarebecoming
toughertofindandtheywillpeakatsome
point.36
Fallingreserveswillpushpricesup.
Forthelast20yearsNorthSeaoilandgas
havelargelymetenergydemandsintheUK,
buttheyarenowindecline.37
Toensurean
uninterruptedsupply,25%ofgasusedin2008
wasimported,apercentagethatispredicted
torise,andifleftunchecked,couldrepresent
animportantsecurityriskforthecountry.38
Newgovernmentpolicies,suchasacarbon
taxorareductioninsubsidiesforfossilfuels,
canaddfurtherupwardpressureonprices.As
aresult,businessesofallsizeswillfacehigher
energybills,despiteaslightdropin2008due
totheeconomicdownturn.
FurtherResources
Forano-nonsenseexplanationofenergyuse
atanindividualscaleandtheviabilityof
differentlow-carbontechnologies,seeDavid
MacKay’sSustainableEnergy–withoutthe
hotair,whichcanbedownloadedforfreefrom
hiswebsite:http://www.withouthotair.com.
APPENDIX
65
DiminishingResources
Ecosystems,naturalresources,andplantand
animalspeciesuponwhichalllifedepends
arebeingdegradedandover-exploited.Even
renewableresourcessuchaswater,fish
stocksandforestsaredecreasingasthe
rateatwhichpeopleconsumethemexceeds
thatoftheirregeneration.39
Theover-consumptionofnaturalresources
alsocontributestoclimatechange.For
example,deforestationtoconvertlandfor
farmingortosupplythetimberindustrynot
onlyreleasescarbondioxidebutalsotriggers
erosion,decreasesundergroundwater
suppliesanddestroysnaturalcarbonsinks.
Therelationshipbetweenbiodiversityand
climatechangeflowsintwoways.Rising
temperatures,meltingicecapsandan
increasingnumberofdroughtsandflooding
arethreateninganunprecedentednumberof
specieswithextinction.Inturnthelossof
biodiversityweakenstheresilienceof
ecosystemstoclimatechange.
Thedegradationoflandandmarine-based
ecosystemsandthelossofbiodiversitywill
harmsocietiesaroundtheglobe,whether
throughdiminishingfreshwatersuppliesorthe
lossofmedicinalplantspecies.Businesses
thatrelydirectlyorindirectlyonnatural
resourceinputssuchasland,water,orfish
riskfallingrevenuesandshareprices.
FurtherResources
Tolearnmoreabouttheeconomiccostsof
thelossofbiodiversityandthedegradation
ofecosystems,seethejointUnitedNations
andEuropeanUnionreport‘Theeconomics
ofecosystemsandbiodiversity–
Aninterimreport’,availableonlineat:
http://www.teebweb.org.
APPENDIX
66
TheUKGovernmentand
ClimateChange
Newgovernmentpoliciesinresponse
toclimatechangecanconstituteeithera
costoranopportunityforbusinesses.In
July2009,thegovernmentannouncedagoal
ofincreasingtheamountofelectricitythatis
generatedfromrenewablesourcesfive-foldin
theUKby2020toreachthetargetof30%.40
Themainpiecesoflegislationaimedat
encouragingthetransitiontoalow-carbonand
moreresourceefficienteconomyareandwill
continuetoaffectlargebusinesses.However,
herearesomeexamplesofkeypiecesof
legislationthatwillalsohaveanimpacton
smallandmedium-sizedbusinesses:
EnergyPolicy–TheClimateChangeLevy
of2001isataxonenergyusebyindustry,
commerce,agriculture,andthepublicsector.
ThetaxisoffsetbycutsinNationalInsurance
contributionsandadditionalsupportforenergy
efficiencyschemesandrenewablesourcesof
energy.41
Ifyouswitchyourelectricitysupply
fromfossilfueltorenewablesources,youwill
beexemptfrompayingthelevy.
BuildingsPolicy–Asof2008,anybuildingthat
isconstructed,soldorrentedintheUKmust
haveanEnergyPerformanceCertificate,which
indicatestheenergyefficiencyofbuildingsin
theUK.Thegovernmenthassettargetsto
makeallnewhousing‘zerocarbon’by2016
andnewcommercialbuildingsby2019.
VehiclesPolicy–TheUKGovernmentwill
bepassinglegislationinresponsetothe
standardsforpassengercarsandlight-weight
vanssetbytheEuropeanParliament.Theaim
isformanufacturersofthattypeofvehicleto
attain120gCO2/kmby2012.
FurtherResources
NetRegsisagovernmentorganisationthat
providesfreeenvironmentalinformationfor
smallandmedium-sizedbusinessesacross
theUK.Forupdatesonnewandchanging
legislation,visittheNetRegswebsite:
http://www.netregs.gov.uk.
Forinformationonchangesinspecificareas
ofenvironmentallegislation,seethewebsites
ofthefollowinggovernmentdepartments:
BIS–http://www.bis.gov.uk;
DECC–http://www.decc.gov.uk;
Defra–http://www.defra.gov.uk;
EnvironmentAgency–
http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk;
DepartmentforTransport–
http://www.dft.gov.uk.
APPENDIX
67
EndnotesforPullOutQuotes
iVickers,Ianetal.SMEsinaLowCarbonEconomy.London:MiddlesexUniversityBusinessSchool,2009.
iiCheese,Peter,Thomas,RobertandElizabethCraig.TalentPoweredOrganization:StrategiesforGlobalization,TalentManagementandHighPerformance.
London:KoganPage,2008.
iiiHMGovernment.TheUKLowCarbonIndustrialStrategy.Richmond,Surrey:CrownCopyright,2009.
ivMacKay,David.SustainableEnergy–withoutthehotair.Cambridge:UIT,2008.
vEnvirowise.“WhyandHowtoReduceYourWaterUsage.”Envirowise.April2008.
http://www.envirowise.gov.uk/uk/Topics-and-Issues/Water/Why-and-how-to-reduce-your-water-use.html(accessedFebruary2010).
viEnvirowise.“UKBusinessesSittingonUntappedCostSavingofAround£10millionperDay.”Envirowise.http://www.envirowise.gov.uk/uk/Press-Office/Press-Releases/
UK-Press-Releases/UK-Businesses-sitting-on-untapped-cost-saving-of-around-10million-per-day.html(accessedJanuary2010).
viiTheEnergySavingTrust“FleetBriefings”TheEnergySavingTrust.http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/business/Business/Transport-in-business/Information-and-support/
Fleet-briefings(acessedFebruary2010).
viiiActonCO2“Whatcanyoudo–Drivingyourcar”http://actonco2.direct.gov.uk/actonco2/home/what-you-can-do/driving-your-car.html(accessedFebruary2010).
ixHMGovernment.TheUKLowCarbonIndustrialStrategy.Richmond,Surrey:CrownCopyright,2009.
EndnotesforSection1
1Vickers,Ianetal.SMEsinaLowCarbonEconomy.London:MiddlesexUniversityBusinessSchool,2009.
2MacKay,David.SustainableEnergy–withoutthehotair.Cambridge:UIT,2008.
3TheCarbonTrust.“EnergySavingFactSheet.”TheCarbonTrust.October2006.
4Envirowise.“ResourceEfficiencyataSmallHotel.”Envirowise.April2008.
http://www.envirowise.gov.uk/uk/Our-Services/Publications/CS616R-Resource-efficiency-at-a-small-hotel.html(accessedJanuary2010).
5Adnams.AdnamslaunchesEastGreen–theUK’sfirstcarbonneutralbeer.http://www.adnams.co.uk(accessedJanuary2010).
6Cheese,Peter,Thomas,RobertandElizabethCraig.TalentPoweredOrganization:StrategiesforGlobalization,TalentManagementandHighPerformance.
London:KoganPage,2008.
7Foy,Joanna,interviewbyRossaO’Keeffe-O’Donovan.InterviewwithForster(11September2009).
8Burn,Karen,interviewbyDavidAckroyd.InterviewwithHuntingHall(3November2009).
SOURCES
ANDENDNOTES
68
EndnotesforSection3
9TheCarbonTrust.“TheCarbonTrustSupportforSMEs.”TheCarbonTrust.March2009.‘http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publications/pages/publicationdetail.aspx?id=PFL331.
10TheCarbonTrust.“AdvancedMeteringforSMEs.”TheCarbonTrust.May2007.
11“TheCavanBakery–TheBusinessCase.”TheCarbonTrust.May2009.
http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/cut-carbon-reduce-costs/products-services/loans/Loans-case-studies/Pages/TheCavanBakery.aspx(accessedJanuary2010).
12“PreciousLittleOne–WarmWelcomeforParents.”TheCarbonTrust.February2009.
13Adnams.“DoingtheRightThing.”AdnamsSouthwold.http://about.adnams.co.uk/post/life/2008/02/adnams-distribution-centre.aspx(accessedJanuary2010).
14Vickers,Ianetal.SMEsinaLowCarbonEconomy.London:MiddlesexUniversityBusinessSchool,2009.
15Porter,MichaelandvanderLinde,Claas.“TowardaNewConceptionoftheEnvironment–CompetitivenessRelationship.”TheJournalofEconomicPerspectives,1995:97-118.
16Baker,Yvette.TheLandfillTax.http://www.netregs.gov.uk/netregs/107764.aspx(accessed2010January).(n.d.).RetrievedfromNetRegs.
17GlobalActionPlan.CaseStudy–Ebookers.London:GlobalActionPlan,2009.
18SmallBusinessConsortium.CaseStudies–A&EWhite.
19Envirowise.“UKBusinessesSittingonUntappedCostSavingofAround£10millionperDay.”Envirowise.http://www.envirowise.gov.uk/uk/Press-Office/Press-Releases/
UK-Press-Releases/UK-Businesses-sitting-on-untapped-cost-saving-of-around-10million-per-day.html(accessedJanuary2010).
20BusinessLink.“UseResourcesEfficientlyinYourRetailBusiness.”BusinessLink.2007.
21Gill,Rachael,interviewbyRossaO’Keeffe-O’Donovan.InterviewwithJaspers(2September2009).
22GlobalActionPlan.CaseStudy–MovingVenuesCatering.London:GlobalActionPlan,2009.
23InternationalTransportForum.“KeyTransportandGHGIndicators:InformationbyCountry.”InternationalTransportForum.
http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/Topics/c02emissions.html(accessedJanuary2010).
24SmallBusinessConsortium.CaseStudies–ManchesterRusk.http://www.smallbusinessjourney.com/Page410.asp(accessedJanuary2010).
25Bromley-Martin,Cecilia,interviewbyDavidAckroyd.InterviewwithLiftshare(29September2009).
SOURCES
ANDENDNOTES
SOURCES
ANDENDNOTES
EndnotesforSection4
26Quinn,Peter,interviewbyDavidAckroyd.InterviewwithScotAsh(13November2009).
27Morris,Kevin,interviewbyDavidAckroyd.InterviewwithAbbeySteel(17November2009).
28Mitchell,Gareth,interviewbyDavidAckroyd.InterviewwithTree2mydoor(26October2009).
29Digita.“CaseStudy:GreenAccountancyLimited,DavidWilson.”Digita.http://www.digita.com/pro/contact/casestudies/allproducts/greenaccountancy.aspx
(accessedJanuary2010).
30HMGovernment.TheUKLowCarbonTransitionPlan.Nationalstrategyforclimateandenergy.Richmond,Surrey:CrownCopyright,2009.
31Government,HM.TheUKRenewableEnergyStrategy.Richmond,Surrey:CrownCopyright,2009.
32TheAshdenAwards.TheAshdenAwards.http://www.ashdenawards.org/winners/swift(accessedJanuary2010).
EndnotesforAppendix/Appendices
33Henson,Robert.TheRoughGuidetoClimateChange.London:Penguin,2006.
34IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.ClimateChange2007:ImpactsAdaptationandVulnerability.ContributionofWorkingGroupIItotheFourthAssessmentReportof
theIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.Geneva:IPCC,2007.
35Sullivan,Rory.“Introduction.”InCorporateResponsestoClimateChange.AchievingEmissionsReductionsthroughRegulation,Self-regulationandEconomicIncentives,
byRorySullivan,2-8.Sheffiled:Greenleaf,2008.
36Giddens,Anthony.ThePoliticsofClimateChange.Cambridge:Polity,2009.
37Ibid.
38HMGovernment.TheUKLowCarbonTransitionPlan.NationalStrategyforClimateandEnergy.Richmond,Surrey:CrownCopyright,2009.
39EU-UNEP.TheEconomicsofEcosystemsandBiodiversity–AnInterimReport.Brussels:EuropeanCommunities,2008.
40HMGovernment.TheUKLowCarbonTransitionPlan.Nationalstrategyforclimateandenergy.Richmond,Surrey:CrownCopyright,2009.
41Baker,Yvette.“ClimateChangeLevy.”NetRegs.http://www.netregs.gov.uk/netregs/62973.aspx(accessedJanuary2010).
69
Tomorrow’sCompany
CentreforTomorrow’sCompany
Charityregistrationnumber1055908.
Registeredoffice:SamuelHouse
6StAlban’sStreet,LondonSW1Y4SQ.
Producedby
ISBN978-0-09553170-8-8
©CentreforTomorrow’sCompany.March2010
Youcandownloadafreecopyoftheguide
onlowcarbonsme.comhostedon
forceforgood.com
£20Institutions/Organisations
£10Members/Reduced
TheCentreforTomorrow’sCompanyisa
charityandcompanylimitedbyguarantee.
Thepricingofthepublicationreflectsongoing
printinganddistributioncostsbeyondthe
initialprintrunforwhichfundinghasbeen
received,andongoingengagementanddigital
distribution.Insodoingthegeneroussupport
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Formoreinformationvisit
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