Running head: MASSACHUSETTS’ HEALTHCARE REFORMS 1
MASSACHUSETTS’ HEALTHCARE REFORMS 3
Memo
To: Prof. Thomas Smith
From: Student- Jane Doe
Reference: Health Care Policy
Date: March 18, 2018
Subject: Massachusetts’ Healthcare Reform Act
Massachusetts’ Healthcare Reform Act
Rationale
Massachusetts State is among the states that have made a number of attempts aimed at reforming the state's healthcare system to make access to quality healthcare available for its residents. Recently in 2006, Massachusetts passed the Healthcare Reform Act, which was later, signed into law by former Governor Mitt Romney (Van der Wees et al., 2013). The rationale for this healthcare reform was to provide near-universal health insurance coverage for Massachusetts’ residents.
Adoption of the Reform
The Massachusetts Healthcare Reform Act was passed by the State legislators after years of negotiation between Mitt Romney and the legislators with a compromise reached in 2006 resulting in the enactment of the reform that was effectively signed into law by Romney on 12 April 206. The reform has made several changes to its healthcare system in a move aimed at achieving a near-universal healthcare coverage for the residents of the state. The first change was made to the state's Medicaid program that was broadened by providing a MassHealth waiver, extending health insurance coverage to children in low-income families with up to 300% of the federal poverty level (FPL) (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2012). Massachusetts created what is called Commonwealth Care, which provides the residents of the state with access to subsidized health insurance for eligible individuals with earnings below 300% of FPL. Under this new healthcare reform, individuals with income below 150% of FPL also have the option of selecting a plan without a monthly premium and low-cost sharing. However, eligible individuals with earnings falling between 150-300% PL are subsidized by the state using a sliding scale.
The Massachusetts Healthcare Reform Act also saw the state expand its Insurance Partnership Program by providing incentives and subsidies to the employers to give and workers to enroll in the state's employer-sponsored insurance. In this respect, Massachusetts State subsidized insurance costs for the workers in the state who would otherwise be eligible for programs subsidized by the government. However, small businesses are only eligible for up to $1,000 in support per qualified worker who falls below the 300% FPL (Van der Wees et al., 2013). Under the program, the state government pays the portion of qualified workers' premiums that is equal to what the employees would be expected to pay if employees were on a subsidized plan. Additionally, under this new healthcare reform, any employer in the state who fails to provide health insurance to its workers is expected to pay what is called a ‘fair share' assessment to the government of up to $295 per worker ever ...
Running head MASSACHUSETTS’ HEALTHCARE REFORMS1MASSACHUSE.docxglendar3
Running head: MASSACHUSETTS’ HEALTHCARE REFORMS 1
MASSACHUSETTS’ HEALTHCARE REFORMS 3
Memo
To: Prof. Thomas Smith
From: Student- Jane Doe
Reference: Health Care Policy
Date: March 18, 2018
Subject: Massachusetts’ Healthcare Reform Act
Massachusetts’ Healthcare Reform Act
Rationale
Massachusetts State is among the states that have made a number of attempts aimed at reforming the state's healthcare system to make access to quality healthcare available for its residents. Recently in 2006, Massachusetts passed the Healthcare Reform Act, which was later, signed into law by former Governor Mitt Romney (Van der Wees et al., 2013). The rationale for this healthcare reform was to provide near-universal health insurance coverage for Massachusetts’ residents.
Adoption of the Reform
The Massachusetts Healthcare Reform Act was passed by the State legislators after years of negotiation between Mitt Romney and the legislators with a compromise reached in 2006 resulting in the enactment of the reform that was effectively signed into law by Romney on 12 April 206. The reform has made several changes to its healthcare system in a move aimed at achieving a near-universal healthcare coverage for the residents of the state. The first change was made to the state's Medicaid program that was broadened by providing a MassHealth waiver, extending health insurance coverage to children in low-income families with up to 300% of the federal poverty level (FPL) (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2012). Massachusetts created what is called Commonwealth Care, which provides the residents of the state with access to subsidized health insurance for eligible individuals with earnings below 300% of FPL. Under this new healthcare reform, individuals with income below 150% of FPL also have the option of selecting a plan without a monthly premium and low-cost sharing. However, eligible individuals with earnings falling between 150-300% PL are subsidized by the state using a sliding scale.
The Massachusetts Healthcare Reform Act also saw the state expand its Insurance Partnership Program by providing incentives and subsidies to the employers to give and workers to enroll in the state's employer-sponsored insurance. In this respect, Massachusetts State subsidized insurance costs for the workers in the state who would otherwise be eligible for programs subsidized by the government. However, small businesses are only eligible for up to $1,000 in support per qualified worker who falls below the 300% FPL (Van der Wees et al., 2013). Under the program, the state government pays the portion of qualified workers' premiums that is equal to what the employees would be expected to pay if employees were on a subsidized plan. Additionally, under this new healthcare reform, any employer in the state who fails to provide health insurance to its workers is expected to pay what is called a ‘fair share' assessment to the government of up to $295 per worker ever.
Running head MASSACHUSETTS’ HEALTHCARE REFORMS1MASSACHUSE.docxtodd581
Running head: MASSACHUSETTS’ HEALTHCARE REFORMS 1
MASSACHUSETTS’ HEALTHCARE REFORMS 3
Memo
To: Prof. Thomas Smith
From: Student- Jane Doe
Reference: Health Care Policy
Date: March 18, 2018
Subject: Massachusetts’ Healthcare Reform Act
Massachusetts’ Healthcare Reform Act
Rationale
Massachusetts State is among the states that have made a number of attempts aimed at reforming the state's healthcare system to make access to quality healthcare available for its residents. Recently in 2006, Massachusetts passed the Healthcare Reform Act, which was later, signed into law by former Governor Mitt Romney (Van der Wees et al., 2013). The rationale for this healthcare reform was to provide near-universal health insurance coverage for Massachusetts’ residents.
Adoption of the Reform
The Massachusetts Healthcare Reform Act was passed by the State legislators after years of negotiation between Mitt Romney and the legislators with a compromise reached in 2006 resulting in the enactment of the reform that was effectively signed into law by Romney on 12 April 206. The reform has made several changes to its healthcare system in a move aimed at achieving a near-universal healthcare coverage for the residents of the state. The first change was made to the state's Medicaid program that was broadened by providing a MassHealth waiver, extending health insurance coverage to children in low-income families with up to 300% of the federal poverty level (FPL) (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2012). Massachusetts created what is called Commonwealth Care, which provides the residents of the state with access to subsidized health insurance for eligible individuals with earnings below 300% of FPL. Under this new healthcare reform, individuals with income below 150% of FPL also have the option of selecting a plan without a monthly premium and low-cost sharing. However, eligible individuals with earnings falling between 150-300% PL are subsidized by the state using a sliding scale.
The Massachusetts Healthcare Reform Act also saw the state expand its Insurance Partnership Program by providing incentives and subsidies to the employers to give and workers to enroll in the state's employer-sponsored insurance. In this respect, Massachusetts State subsidized insurance costs for the workers in the state who would otherwise be eligible for programs subsidized by the government. However, small businesses are only eligible for up to $1,000 in support per qualified worker who falls below the 300% FPL (Van der Wees et al., 2013). Under the program, the state government pays the portion of qualified workers' premiums that is equal to what the employees would be expected to pay if employees were on a subsidized plan. Additionally, under this new healthcare reform, any employer in the state who fails to provide health insurance to its workers is expected to pay what is called a ‘fair share' assessment to the government of up to $295 per worker ever.
1Dissertation Working Title Provide the working title .docxjesusamckone
1
Dissertation Working Title
Provide the working title for the study you plan to conduct. This should be no more than 12 words.
Proposed Working Title-The impact educational leadership has on retaining minority young men. (Please change if it needs more clarity-I really want to focus on minority young men in high school).
Answer the questions based on the working title.
Problem Statement
Provide one to two paragraphs that demonstrates a review of recent scholarly research that has relevance to the student’s topic and field of specialization. Provide three to five current key citations and ensure the topic fits your specialization (Education Leadership/Administration). In addition, the following is required based on the type of study:
1. Dissertation: Construct a logical argument, with supporting evidence, that there is a current gap in the research literature about practice that is meaningful to the area of professional practice.
Purpose Statement
Present a concise, one-paragraph statement on the overall purpose or intention of the study, which serves as the connection between the problem being addressed and the focus of the study.
· In quantitative studies, state what needs to be studied by describing two or more factors (variables) and a conjectured relationship among them related to the identified gap in practice or problem.
Possible Research Question(s)
List possible research questions that show potential to address your stated problem, which will lead to the development of what needs to be done in this study and how it will be accomplished. Recall that:
· The research question should not be too broad or too narrow.
· The research question must be researchable.
· The research question should be neutral and not leading.
· The research question must be directly investigable using the research tools at hand.
· The research question avoids yes/no questions no matter what the approach.
· Research questions often begin with “How” or “What.”
References
Include APA-formatted references for key research reviewed for the problem statement.
Running head: MASSACHUSETTS’ HEALTHCARE REFORMS 1
MASSACHUSETTS’ HEALTHCARE REFORMS 3
Memo
To: Prof. Thomas Smith
From: Student- Jane Doe
Reference: Health Care Policy
Date: March 18, 2018
Subject: Massachusetts’ Healthcare Reform Act
Massachusetts’ Healthcare Reform Act
Rationale
Massachusetts State is among the states that have made a number of attempts aimed at reforming the state's healthcare system to make access to quality healthcare available for its residents. Recently in 2006, Massachusetts passed the Healthcare Reform Act, which was later, signed into law by former Governor Mitt Romney (Van der Wees et al., 2013). The rationale for this healthcare reform was to provide near-universal health insurance coverage for Massachusetts’ residents.
Adoption of the Reform
The Massachusetts Healthcare Reform Act was passed by the St.
Report IIShawnette Jones MHA507Rea Burleson .docxaudeleypearl
Report II
Shawnette Jones
MHA/507
Rea Burleson
University of Phoenix
10/06/2019
Since the location of the highest widespread virus outbreaks have been recognized, it is important to know now what age group is mostly affected by the virus. Documenting these given age groups shall assist to determine the kinds of resources which shall be necessary at these locations to correctly treat these patients.
Age Groups Most Affected
Following the World Health Organization (2019) show that children, pregnant women and adults are particularly the ones who are vulnerable and take a relatively biggest share of the diseases load. The analysis of the given information, show that the progression of the age group most affected starting with the highest are under 18,61 and over 31-60 and finally 19-30 that correspond to the research of the World Health Organization on most vulnerable groups of individuals.
Age Groups Least Affected
The age groups least affected are the 19-30 years old in addition to those under 31- 60 years old. Generally, this kind of group comprises of the young adults as well as individuals in their middle ages. The reason why this group is probably least affected is due to the fact that this age brackets the body immune system is possibly more strong in preventing and fighting infections thus making the individual much healthier (Lesourd & Meaume, 1994).
Bar Graph Showing Ages Affected
Chart Evaluation
The bar graph above illustrates that the least age groups affected are ones between 19 to 30 years old. According to Morse (2001) explain that the observed age outlines can impact after intolerance diagnosing, identifying as well as cases recording, changes in exposure as well as variances invulnerability to the virus. Therefore by determining if change with age is contingent on exposure or vulnerability requires an evaluation of exposures in individual with and without the illness. Individual influences results to virus occurrences that can be recognized in nearly all incidents.
Prevalence Rates
The prevalence rate for this disease changes among the diverse age groups in every city. According to United States Census Bureau (2017) explanation the current population of the United States of America is 325,365,189 as of December 18, 2017. Therefore to determine the prevalence rate per 100,000 for this disease equals, the number of infection in the particular age group divided by the United States population, then multiplied by 100,000.
The following chart shows the prevalence rate for each age group in each of the top five cities affected by this disease.
City
<18 Prevalence Rate
19-30 Prevalence Rate
31-60 Prevalence Rate
61+ Prevalence Rate
Jacksonville
0.02858
0.00584
0.01875
0.04579
Miami
0.05225
0.00553
0.00922
0.02490
Phoenix
0.04457
0.00615
0.00984
0.02828
Austin
0.04641
0.00369
0.01199
0.02428
Houston
0.03012
0.00492
0.01598
0.03258
Conclusion
Finally, the study of age groups that are mainly affected and vulnera ...
Running head VERMONT HEALTH CARE REFORM2VERMONT HEALTH CARE.docxtoltonkendal
The Vermont Health Care Reform was established in 2011 after the state government passed a law allowing for a single-payer health care system. This created Green Mountain Care, a state-funded insurance pool providing universal coverage. However, it failed due to a lack of structured funding and political barriers. The complexity of establishing such a large reform demanded an effective funding structure and management system.
State Strategies (20 of grade)The purpose of this assignm.docxrafaelaj1
This document provides instructions for an assignment on state health policy reforms. Students must select a state innovation, describe the rationale behind it, how it was adopted, its funding structure, and available data on its impact. A 1-2 page memo summarizing these points is required. Examples given are Vermont's single-payer system and Massachusetts' reforms, which cannot be used. A rubric is also provided to evaluate the memos.
The document discusses health care reform in the United States, known as the Affordable Care Act or Obamacare. It was signed into law in 2010 with the main goal of ensuring affordable health insurance is available to all US citizens. Key aspects of the law include prohibiting denial of coverage due to pre-existing conditions for those under 19 and allowing coverage for children under parents' plans until age 26. The law also expanded Medicare and added new benefits while fighting fraud and improving care. Both positives and criticisms of the law are discussed.
This document discusses health care reform in the United States. It provides background on universal health care systems originating in Germany and Britain in the late 19th/early 20th centuries. It then discusses the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act passed in 2010 in the US, which aimed to expand health insurance coverage. The document notes criticisms of both the German and US healthcare systems. It argues the German system distributes care fairly through government involvement, unlike the US approach of developing mass assistance programs and stating government should not control them.
Running head MASSACHUSETTS’ HEALTHCARE REFORMS1MASSACHUSE.docxglendar3
Running head: MASSACHUSETTS’ HEALTHCARE REFORMS 1
MASSACHUSETTS’ HEALTHCARE REFORMS 3
Memo
To: Prof. Thomas Smith
From: Student- Jane Doe
Reference: Health Care Policy
Date: March 18, 2018
Subject: Massachusetts’ Healthcare Reform Act
Massachusetts’ Healthcare Reform Act
Rationale
Massachusetts State is among the states that have made a number of attempts aimed at reforming the state's healthcare system to make access to quality healthcare available for its residents. Recently in 2006, Massachusetts passed the Healthcare Reform Act, which was later, signed into law by former Governor Mitt Romney (Van der Wees et al., 2013). The rationale for this healthcare reform was to provide near-universal health insurance coverage for Massachusetts’ residents.
Adoption of the Reform
The Massachusetts Healthcare Reform Act was passed by the State legislators after years of negotiation between Mitt Romney and the legislators with a compromise reached in 2006 resulting in the enactment of the reform that was effectively signed into law by Romney on 12 April 206. The reform has made several changes to its healthcare system in a move aimed at achieving a near-universal healthcare coverage for the residents of the state. The first change was made to the state's Medicaid program that was broadened by providing a MassHealth waiver, extending health insurance coverage to children in low-income families with up to 300% of the federal poverty level (FPL) (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2012). Massachusetts created what is called Commonwealth Care, which provides the residents of the state with access to subsidized health insurance for eligible individuals with earnings below 300% of FPL. Under this new healthcare reform, individuals with income below 150% of FPL also have the option of selecting a plan without a monthly premium and low-cost sharing. However, eligible individuals with earnings falling between 150-300% PL are subsidized by the state using a sliding scale.
The Massachusetts Healthcare Reform Act also saw the state expand its Insurance Partnership Program by providing incentives and subsidies to the employers to give and workers to enroll in the state's employer-sponsored insurance. In this respect, Massachusetts State subsidized insurance costs for the workers in the state who would otherwise be eligible for programs subsidized by the government. However, small businesses are only eligible for up to $1,000 in support per qualified worker who falls below the 300% FPL (Van der Wees et al., 2013). Under the program, the state government pays the portion of qualified workers' premiums that is equal to what the employees would be expected to pay if employees were on a subsidized plan. Additionally, under this new healthcare reform, any employer in the state who fails to provide health insurance to its workers is expected to pay what is called a ‘fair share' assessment to the government of up to $295 per worker ever.
Running head MASSACHUSETTS’ HEALTHCARE REFORMS1MASSACHUSE.docxtodd581
Running head: MASSACHUSETTS’ HEALTHCARE REFORMS 1
MASSACHUSETTS’ HEALTHCARE REFORMS 3
Memo
To: Prof. Thomas Smith
From: Student- Jane Doe
Reference: Health Care Policy
Date: March 18, 2018
Subject: Massachusetts’ Healthcare Reform Act
Massachusetts’ Healthcare Reform Act
Rationale
Massachusetts State is among the states that have made a number of attempts aimed at reforming the state's healthcare system to make access to quality healthcare available for its residents. Recently in 2006, Massachusetts passed the Healthcare Reform Act, which was later, signed into law by former Governor Mitt Romney (Van der Wees et al., 2013). The rationale for this healthcare reform was to provide near-universal health insurance coverage for Massachusetts’ residents.
Adoption of the Reform
The Massachusetts Healthcare Reform Act was passed by the State legislators after years of negotiation between Mitt Romney and the legislators with a compromise reached in 2006 resulting in the enactment of the reform that was effectively signed into law by Romney on 12 April 206. The reform has made several changes to its healthcare system in a move aimed at achieving a near-universal healthcare coverage for the residents of the state. The first change was made to the state's Medicaid program that was broadened by providing a MassHealth waiver, extending health insurance coverage to children in low-income families with up to 300% of the federal poverty level (FPL) (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2012). Massachusetts created what is called Commonwealth Care, which provides the residents of the state with access to subsidized health insurance for eligible individuals with earnings below 300% of FPL. Under this new healthcare reform, individuals with income below 150% of FPL also have the option of selecting a plan without a monthly premium and low-cost sharing. However, eligible individuals with earnings falling between 150-300% PL are subsidized by the state using a sliding scale.
The Massachusetts Healthcare Reform Act also saw the state expand its Insurance Partnership Program by providing incentives and subsidies to the employers to give and workers to enroll in the state's employer-sponsored insurance. In this respect, Massachusetts State subsidized insurance costs for the workers in the state who would otherwise be eligible for programs subsidized by the government. However, small businesses are only eligible for up to $1,000 in support per qualified worker who falls below the 300% FPL (Van der Wees et al., 2013). Under the program, the state government pays the portion of qualified workers' premiums that is equal to what the employees would be expected to pay if employees were on a subsidized plan. Additionally, under this new healthcare reform, any employer in the state who fails to provide health insurance to its workers is expected to pay what is called a ‘fair share' assessment to the government of up to $295 per worker ever.
1Dissertation Working Title Provide the working title .docxjesusamckone
1
Dissertation Working Title
Provide the working title for the study you plan to conduct. This should be no more than 12 words.
Proposed Working Title-The impact educational leadership has on retaining minority young men. (Please change if it needs more clarity-I really want to focus on minority young men in high school).
Answer the questions based on the working title.
Problem Statement
Provide one to two paragraphs that demonstrates a review of recent scholarly research that has relevance to the student’s topic and field of specialization. Provide three to five current key citations and ensure the topic fits your specialization (Education Leadership/Administration). In addition, the following is required based on the type of study:
1. Dissertation: Construct a logical argument, with supporting evidence, that there is a current gap in the research literature about practice that is meaningful to the area of professional practice.
Purpose Statement
Present a concise, one-paragraph statement on the overall purpose or intention of the study, which serves as the connection between the problem being addressed and the focus of the study.
· In quantitative studies, state what needs to be studied by describing two or more factors (variables) and a conjectured relationship among them related to the identified gap in practice or problem.
Possible Research Question(s)
List possible research questions that show potential to address your stated problem, which will lead to the development of what needs to be done in this study and how it will be accomplished. Recall that:
· The research question should not be too broad or too narrow.
· The research question must be researchable.
· The research question should be neutral and not leading.
· The research question must be directly investigable using the research tools at hand.
· The research question avoids yes/no questions no matter what the approach.
· Research questions often begin with “How” or “What.”
References
Include APA-formatted references for key research reviewed for the problem statement.
Running head: MASSACHUSETTS’ HEALTHCARE REFORMS 1
MASSACHUSETTS’ HEALTHCARE REFORMS 3
Memo
To: Prof. Thomas Smith
From: Student- Jane Doe
Reference: Health Care Policy
Date: March 18, 2018
Subject: Massachusetts’ Healthcare Reform Act
Massachusetts’ Healthcare Reform Act
Rationale
Massachusetts State is among the states that have made a number of attempts aimed at reforming the state's healthcare system to make access to quality healthcare available for its residents. Recently in 2006, Massachusetts passed the Healthcare Reform Act, which was later, signed into law by former Governor Mitt Romney (Van der Wees et al., 2013). The rationale for this healthcare reform was to provide near-universal health insurance coverage for Massachusetts’ residents.
Adoption of the Reform
The Massachusetts Healthcare Reform Act was passed by the St.
Report IIShawnette Jones MHA507Rea Burleson .docxaudeleypearl
Report II
Shawnette Jones
MHA/507
Rea Burleson
University of Phoenix
10/06/2019
Since the location of the highest widespread virus outbreaks have been recognized, it is important to know now what age group is mostly affected by the virus. Documenting these given age groups shall assist to determine the kinds of resources which shall be necessary at these locations to correctly treat these patients.
Age Groups Most Affected
Following the World Health Organization (2019) show that children, pregnant women and adults are particularly the ones who are vulnerable and take a relatively biggest share of the diseases load. The analysis of the given information, show that the progression of the age group most affected starting with the highest are under 18,61 and over 31-60 and finally 19-30 that correspond to the research of the World Health Organization on most vulnerable groups of individuals.
Age Groups Least Affected
The age groups least affected are the 19-30 years old in addition to those under 31- 60 years old. Generally, this kind of group comprises of the young adults as well as individuals in their middle ages. The reason why this group is probably least affected is due to the fact that this age brackets the body immune system is possibly more strong in preventing and fighting infections thus making the individual much healthier (Lesourd & Meaume, 1994).
Bar Graph Showing Ages Affected
Chart Evaluation
The bar graph above illustrates that the least age groups affected are ones between 19 to 30 years old. According to Morse (2001) explain that the observed age outlines can impact after intolerance diagnosing, identifying as well as cases recording, changes in exposure as well as variances invulnerability to the virus. Therefore by determining if change with age is contingent on exposure or vulnerability requires an evaluation of exposures in individual with and without the illness. Individual influences results to virus occurrences that can be recognized in nearly all incidents.
Prevalence Rates
The prevalence rate for this disease changes among the diverse age groups in every city. According to United States Census Bureau (2017) explanation the current population of the United States of America is 325,365,189 as of December 18, 2017. Therefore to determine the prevalence rate per 100,000 for this disease equals, the number of infection in the particular age group divided by the United States population, then multiplied by 100,000.
The following chart shows the prevalence rate for each age group in each of the top five cities affected by this disease.
City
<18 Prevalence Rate
19-30 Prevalence Rate
31-60 Prevalence Rate
61+ Prevalence Rate
Jacksonville
0.02858
0.00584
0.01875
0.04579
Miami
0.05225
0.00553
0.00922
0.02490
Phoenix
0.04457
0.00615
0.00984
0.02828
Austin
0.04641
0.00369
0.01199
0.02428
Houston
0.03012
0.00492
0.01598
0.03258
Conclusion
Finally, the study of age groups that are mainly affected and vulnera ...
Running head VERMONT HEALTH CARE REFORM2VERMONT HEALTH CARE.docxtoltonkendal
The Vermont Health Care Reform was established in 2011 after the state government passed a law allowing for a single-payer health care system. This created Green Mountain Care, a state-funded insurance pool providing universal coverage. However, it failed due to a lack of structured funding and political barriers. The complexity of establishing such a large reform demanded an effective funding structure and management system.
State Strategies (20 of grade)The purpose of this assignm.docxrafaelaj1
This document provides instructions for an assignment on state health policy reforms. Students must select a state innovation, describe the rationale behind it, how it was adopted, its funding structure, and available data on its impact. A 1-2 page memo summarizing these points is required. Examples given are Vermont's single-payer system and Massachusetts' reforms, which cannot be used. A rubric is also provided to evaluate the memos.
The document discusses health care reform in the United States, known as the Affordable Care Act or Obamacare. It was signed into law in 2010 with the main goal of ensuring affordable health insurance is available to all US citizens. Key aspects of the law include prohibiting denial of coverage due to pre-existing conditions for those under 19 and allowing coverage for children under parents' plans until age 26. The law also expanded Medicare and added new benefits while fighting fraud and improving care. Both positives and criticisms of the law are discussed.
This document discusses health care reform in the United States. It provides background on universal health care systems originating in Germany and Britain in the late 19th/early 20th centuries. It then discusses the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act passed in 2010 in the US, which aimed to expand health insurance coverage. The document notes criticisms of both the German and US healthcare systems. It argues the German system distributes care fairly through government involvement, unlike the US approach of developing mass assistance programs and stating government should not control them.
The document discusses the history of health care reform debates in the United States. It provides background on past reform efforts and outlines some of the key provisions and goals of the Affordable Care Act signed into law in 2010, including expanding access to health insurance coverage and aiming to reduce overall health care costs. The document also notes that health care reform remains a vital political issue and that significant obstacles have prevented major changes since 1965.
The Theme of Love in Sulaby The Theme Of Love In Sula The Th.docxarnoldmeredith47041
The Theme of Love in Sula
by The Theme Of Love In Sula The Theme Of Love In Sula
Submission date: 28-Jan-2020 05:02AM (UTC-0500)
Submission ID: 1247614195
File name: The_Theme_of_Love_in_Sula.docx (15.72K)
Word count: 173
Character count: 894
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Running head: IMPACT OF THE ACA ON HEALTH CARE
1
IMPACT OF THE ACA ON HEALTH CARE
4
Impact of the ACA on Health Care
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Impact of the ACA on the Health Care
Affordable Care Act (ACA) is one of the legislative laws that played an important role in redefining the health sector in the United States. The Act has been instrumental in ensuring medical coverage to enable citizens to acquire affordable health care services. The paper examines the impact of the ACA in healthcare as well as the effect that would be experienced if the law is repealed.
The main goal of ACA was to expand both the private and Medicaid coverage to ensure that it covers more than 50 million citizens that were uninsured before the law was enacted (Eguia et al., 2020). Before the law was enacted, the United States government-insured its citizens through programs such as the Medicaid and Children’s health insurance. However, through these programs, those without children and some low-income parents remained uninsured. Therefore, the law ensures that all citizens are insured regardless of age, gender as well as income eligibility.
The law also contained provisions that intended to increase the accessibility of health insurance. When the law was enacted, it ensured that the coverage of children is extended to cover up to individuals of age 26 (Eguia et al., 2020). Therefore, the law led ensured led to increasing of medical coverage among the target population. Upon the enactment of the law, the number of young adults that got covered increased from one million to three million.
The new Act also contained provisions that prohibited denying or charging higher premiums due to the health conditions of an individual (Eguia et al., 2020). It enabled individuals to get insurance regardless of their health conditions and created a website where individuals could view their premiums and plan effectively for their payments. Finally, the law also imposed penalties on those who default the amount of their coverage as well as employers who failed to cover their employees. That helped in ensuring that most of the citizens in the employment sectors got insured.
Impact of Repealing the ACA
Repealing the Affordable Care Act by the federal state had a significant impact on the health care that included both negative and positive effects. For instance, repeali.
Student
Professor
English 102
March 6, 2016
Toulmin Argument Essay
There has always been a rise in cost of the health care thus various individuals are trying to understand the coverage options for their health coverage which has led them to search for various health care packages to save money. Amongst the controversial alternative that will enable citizens to safe money is the single payer health care. In this health package, citizens pays taxes for various health care services which are being issued by the government to every gentleman, lady as well as the child. For some times now, this system has been used in United States. Medicare, Medicaid, local state government benefits, and federal employees’ benefits all use single funds, which use private delivery.
Single-payer health care system services is a framework in which the state, instead of private organizations, are responsible for all insurance bills. This system of health contract for medicinal services administrating from private associations and to public responsibility enhanced by state governments. Single payer enables the patients to choose their physicians and continue to seem them even if their financial status or jobs changes. There is no other health care services that can assure this. There is continuity of nurses and doctors, who have got to know the care about their patients, and also is critical to quality. These health care services are accessible and affordable to all. The single payer uses the savings from the administrative wastes which is approximately over $350 billion in a year for funding the coverage for all uninsured as well as improving the benefits to the insured Americans. Heath care which is delayed or denied due to cost or increasingly issues of the insurers refusing to coverage.
There has always been a rise in cost of the health care thus various individuals are trying to understand the coverage options for their health coverage which has led them to search for various health care packages so as to save money. Amongst the controversial alternative that will enable citizens to save money is the single payer health care. In this health package, citizens pays taxes for various health care services which are being issued by the government.
The Affordable Care Act gives Americans better health conditions by giving incentives and security set up of medical coverage changes that will, Expand scope, Hold insurance agencies responsible, Guarantee decision making, Lower services costs and Enhance the nature manning all Americans. The Affordable Care Act really alludes to two separate bills of enactment both by president Obamas administration. Both the bills grow Medicaid scope to a great many low-salary Americans and makes various upgrades to both Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program.
Many nations in the world have single-payer health insurance programs. In Switzerland it is believed that the idea that health-care services should be paid for a.
Essay about Health Care Reform
Healthcare reform Essay
Health Care Reform Essay
Health Care Reform Essay
Health Care Reform Essay
Essay On Health Care Reform
The On Health Care Reform
Health Care Reform
Healthcare in the United States Essay
Essay Health Care Reform
This document discusses a data analysis task involving childhood obesity rates in different regions of the United States. The analysis will use data on the percentage of overweight and obese children ages 10-17 in each state. The states will be categorized into regions - East, South, Midwest, and West. A cluster analysis technique will be used to determine if there are trends in childhood obesity rates between different regions. If trends are found, government and healthcare organizations can focus obesity prevention programs on specific regions. The document provides background on the situation, data sources, and analysis methodology to be used.
Senior Seminar- Affordable Care Act Final SubmissionJesse Berwanger
The document discusses the history of healthcare reform efforts in the United States and provides background information on programs like Medicare and Medicaid. It then summarizes some of the key provisions of the Affordable Care Act, including expanding Medicaid eligibility and establishing health insurance exchanges. The document also outlines some of the drawbacks of implementing the ACA, such as rising costs to providers, insurers, and the government.
Running Head ROLE OF EXECUTIVE ORDER IN ACARole of Executiv.docxtodd521
Running Head: ROLE OF EXECUTIVE ORDER IN ACA
Role of Executive Order in ACA
2
Role of Executive Order in ACA
By: Ameki Lee
Dr. White
MPA6501 SU01 State and Local Government and Intergovernmental Relations
Role of Executive Order in ACA
Affordable Act Care has been a significant issue in Texas State for the past seven years. Texas governor, Greg Abbott has been on the frontline in fighting the implementation of the Act in Texas and America. The governor's office claims that the penalties related to avoiding the Act are unconstitutional and not democratic (Toussaint, 2017). Furthermore, the Governor argues that the Affordable Care Act should be put on halt while the cause is being liquidated. However, the governor does not concentrate on improving the policy rather than doing away with it. Greg Abbott believes the pre-existing conditions are the major barriers for the effectiveness of the act. The Affordable Care Act allows people to purchase the policy even with pre-existing conditions. In favor of the governor, the act should limit the purchase of the act during such conditions with the aim of reducing the cost as well as the rates of insurance. Therefore, an appeal can be made based on the governors value since most Americans are complaining about the same issue (Toussaint, 2017).
Affordable Act Care was implemented under the executive administrative policy. In America, an executive order is directed by the president on the managers of various federal governments with the aim of forcing policy to law. In 2013, former president of America Barack Hussein Obama issued a directive on the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (Rovner, 2018). The current President, Donald Trump began fighting the Act by attacking the executive committee and even dismantling it. An executive order is written, signed and published by the president's office and directed to various federal departments. The Executive order directed all agencies responsible under the Affordable Care Act provision that will provide a regulatory and fiscal burden on entities that will be reluctant on adopting a policy. Also, the Executive Order directs the same agencies to offer greater flexibilities and collaboration on implementing such healthcare policies.
Since the implementation of the Affordable Care Act in 2010, the policy has suffered various criticisms in its debate. For those who believed that the primary goal of the Act was to make insurance more affordable didn’t achieve their purpose. However, the policy has caused more Americans to have access to medical insurance hence fostering a healthy nation. Since the Act is applicable in improving the public health of all Americans, it includes various resources in healthcare like materials, funds, personnel and other things that can be utilized in the provision of healthcare service. The act is also responsible for ensuring all medical care institutions have the necessary resource for effective operations (Ba.
Past President Franklin Roosevelt and Lyndon B. Johnson enacted ACTS and legislation to help the United States Poor to ensure they has proper health care insurance. “The Social Security Act was passed by Congress as part of President Roosevelt’s Second New Deal agenda. In signing the Act into law on August 14, 1935, Roosevelt became the first president to advocate for and create legislation for the provision of governmental assistance for the elderly at the federal level” (CSU, 2015). Considering the new policies and new developments of the country to ensure that housing, food, and work was also available. Time was surely of the essence considering it was the turn of the century and the United States was implementing new changes and programs within the United States.
A single-payer healthcare system would cause further inefficiencies and be an economic burden for the United States. While increasing access to care, a single-payer system would lead to longer wait times like in Canada where 27% of people wait over 4 months for procedures compared to only 5% in the US. It would also decrease quality of care as seen in Canada where doctors are overworked and underpaid. Implementing such a system would require a tax increase of over 150% which would cripple the US economy, as seen when Vermont explored a single-payer plan. Competition in healthcare markets leads to lower costs and higher quality unlike a single-payer system, making it a step backwards for US healthcare.
The document discusses the effects and implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in the United States. It covers several topics:
- The goals of the ACA were to expand availability of health insurance and control costs, but it has faced many challenges in implementation.
- Hospitals and healthcare providers have had to change how they operate to focus more on quality of care rather than quantity of patients.
- The ACA could help address shortages in primary care doctors and nurses by increasing funding for education incentives, but it will take time for these measures to have an effect.
- Coverage expansions under the ACA have increased demand for care while supplies of doctors and other providers remain limited
Case analysis of the affordable care act power point, hcs410, hcs organizatio...Paige Catizone
The document discusses the history and implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in the United States. It passed in 2010 with the goals of expanding access to health insurance and reducing costs. While it helped reduce the uninsured rate, challenges remain around ensuring access to care, containing costs, and addressing shortages in healthcare providers and resources. Ongoing debates surround the impacts of the ACA on jobs and religious freedom. Solutions proposed include expanding provider networks, addressing compensation imbalances, and increasing incentives and funding for medical education.
The document discusses the history and implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in the United States. It passed in 2010 with the goals of increasing access to healthcare and reducing costs. While it helped reduce the uninsured rate, there have been ongoing issues with the healthcare exchanges and limited provider networks. The execution of the ACA has contributed to a shortage of primary care doctors due to compensation rates and impacted jobs and small businesses with its coverage mandates. Educating new doctors and nurses will take years to address the increased demand caused by the ACA.
This document analyzes the impact of Massachusetts' 2006 health care reform law, Chapter 58, on health insurance coverage rates using a differences-in-differences methodology. The study finds that total insurance coverage increased more for low-income and mid-income residents compared to high-income residents following the reform. Medicaid coverage increased significantly for low-income residents, while employer-sponsored insurance increased more for mid-income and high-income residents. Directly purchased insurance decreased or increased only modestly. The increases in coverage were largest in the first few years following reform and remained significant in subsequent years, indicating the reform had a stable impact.
The document discusses health care reform in the United States and Canada. It explains that the development of health insurance in the two countries started to diverge, with Canada adopting a universal health care system while the US maintained a private system. The US has struggled to pass significant reform due to political obstacles, while Canada implemented a system of public administration and universal access. The document analyzes the different societal and political factors that influenced the diverging paths each country took with health care reform and policy.
The Affordable Care Act has significantly reduced the uninsured rate in the United States and improved access to care, financial security, and health outcomes. Since the law was passed in 2010, the uninsured rate has declined by 43% due to reforms that expanded coverage. However, opportunities remain to further improve the US healthcare system by continuing to implement health insurance marketplaces and delivery system reforms, increasing subsidies, and reducing prescription drug costs. Overall experience with the ACA demonstrates that meaningful policy change is possible.
This document discusses the need for reform of the American healthcare system. It notes that the current system has outrageous costs that prevent many Americans from receiving needed care. While costs have increased, quality of coverage has not. The best path forward is to compare other countries' efficient, quality healthcare systems and adopt beneficial elements. The document explores the history of healthcare in the US and key players like doctors, patients, and the government. It also lists questions on issues and potential solutions, and disagrees with the idea that socialized healthcare would reduce quality or increase costs.
Case Study 1 Applying Theory to PracticeSocial scientists hav.docxcowinhelen
Case Study 1: Applying Theory to Practice
Social scientists have proposed a number of theories to explain juvenile delinquency. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses. For this assignment, go to the following Website, located at http://listverse.com/2011/05/14/top-10-young-killers/ and select one of the juvenile case studies.
After reading the case, select one (1) of the psychological theories discussed in Chapter 4 of the text.
Write a two to three (2-3) page paper in which you:
1. Summarize three (3) key aspects of the juvenile case study that you selected.
2. Highlight at least three (3) factors that you believe are important for one to understand the origins of the juvenile’s delinquent behavior.
3. Apply at least two (2) concepts from the theory that you chose from the text that would help explain the juvenile’s behavior.
4. Identify one (1) appropriate strategy geared toward preventing delinquency that is consistent with the theory you chose.
5. Use at least three (3) quality references. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Discussion-
"The Changing Family System"
Using what you’ve learned this week, respond to the following prompts in your post:
· Explain at least two (2) roles that different parenting styles play in shaping the overall behavior of children. Next, indicate the significant impacts that each role has in contributing to delinquent behavior among juveniles.
· Think about the following question: Should juvenile delinquents be removed from their home and parent(s) and placed in a foster home or group home if the child continues to commit criminal acts after repeated attempts at treatment and confinement? Based on this question, discuss your thoughts on this subject. Provide support for your response.
Discussion-
"Exploring Monopolies and Oligopolies"
Watch this video, Oligopolies and Monopolistic Competition, to help you prepare for this week’s discussion.
Reply to these prompts by using the company for which you currently work, a business with which your familiar, or a dream business you want to start:
· With your selected business in mind, determine if it is competitive, monopolistic competitive, an oligopoly, or pure monopoly. Explain how you drew your conclusion about its market structure.
· How does the business/firm in this industry determine the price it will charge for the products or services it sells?
Discussion-
"Considering Tradeoffs You Make Every Day"
Let's talk about two tradeoffs we face every day: how we spend our time and money.
We can only do two things with income: spend it or save it. Time is the ultimate resource. We can choose to spend time working to earn an income or we can do other things, broadly classified as leisure. Reply to these prompts to start your discussion:
· How does a change in interest rate affect your decision to spend or save? How would a change in the interest rate affect a firm's decision to invest or save?
· How might an increas.
Case Study - Option 3 BarbaraBarbara is a 22 year old woman who h.docxcowinhelen
Case Study - Option 3: Barbara
Barbara is a 22 year old woman who has recently graduated from college with a psychology degree. She is currently working as a waitress at a popular restaurant near campus, and says she has always planned to attend law school. Barbara was born in a New Orleans, Louisiana. Her mother is an African American who is an assistant manager at a grocery store. Her father is Caucasian and works at a department store. Barbara reports that she was a shy, unattractive child, but that in general her early childhood was "pretty happy." Barbara says that during elementary school, she was constantly harassed by classmates about being of mixed race. Still, she says that she felt very close to her family during this period. She now insists that "I am not black or white, I am me."
Barbara is sexually active and engages in sexual activity with different men at least 1 time a week. Barbara indicates that she does not need protection because she is on the pill. She says she is simply too young to settle down. During her junior year of high school, Barbara had her first serious boyfriend, Morris, who was a high school classmate. She describes the relationship as warm and supportive and they became sexually active during her senior year of high school. They broke up soon after the first sexual interaction. In college, Barbara has dated and she acknowledges some bisexual experimentation. Barbara says that she prefers heterosexual relationships, however.
Although Barbara appears to be a natural athlete, she leads a relatively sedentary lifestyle. She does not exercise regularly and indicates that it is just not enjoyable.
Barbara does not like her job at the restaurant, but seems unwilling to look for other employment. She says that she feels "very jittery" whenever she gets ready for work, and she uses any excuse to take days off. She also refuses to associate with fellow employees, and reports getting very anxious when she was given a surprise birthday party. Recently, she has lost interest in cleaning her house and seldom cooks for herself. She also attends less to her personal grooming.
Diagnosis – Social Anxiety Disorder/Minor Depression
DSM-5 – Diagnostic Criteria for Social Anxiety Disorder
1. Fear or anxiety specific to social settings, in which a person feels noticed, observed, or scrutinized.
2. Typically the individual will fear that they will display their anxiety and experience social rejection,
3. Social interaction will consistently provoke distress,
4. Social interactions are either avoided, or painfully and reluctantly endured,
5. The fear and anxiety will be grossly disproportionate to the actual situation,
6. The fear, anxiety or other distress around social situations will persist for six months or longer and
7. Cause personal distress and impairment of functioning in one or more domains, such as interpersonal or occupational functioning,
8. The fear or anxiety cannot be attributed to a medical disorder, s.
Case Study - Cyberterrorism—A New RealityWhen hackers claiming .docxcowinhelen
Case Study - Cyberterrorism—A New Reality:
When hackers claiming to support the Syrian regime of Bashar Al-Assad attacked and disabled the website of Al Jazeera, the Qatar-based satellite news channel, in September 2012, the act was another act of hacktivism, purporting to promote a specific political agenda over another. Hacktivism has become a very visible form of expressing dissent. Even though there have been numerous incidents reported by the media, the first case of hacktivism was documented in 1989 when a member of the Cult of the Dead Cow hacker collective named Omega coined the term in 1996. However, hacktivism is not the only form of cyber protest and conflict that has everyone from ICT professionals to governments scrambling for solutions. Individuals, enterprises, and governments alike rely in many instances almost completely on network computing technologies, including cloud computing. The international and ever-evolving nature of the Internet along with inadequate law enforcement and the anonymity the global architecture offers creates opportunities for hackers to attack vulnerable nodes for personal, financial, or political gain.
The Internet is also rapidly becoming the political and advocacy platform of choice, bringing with it both positive and negative consequences. Increasingly sophisticated off-the-shelf technologies and easy access to the Internet are significantly increasing incidents of cyberterrorism, netwars, and cyberwarfare. The following are a few examples.
• According to The Israel Electric Company, Israel is attacked 1,000 times a minute by cyberterrorists targeting the country’s infrastructure—water, electricity, communications, and other services.• The New York Times, quoting military officials, said there was a seventeen-fold increase in cyberattacks targeting the US critical infrastructure between 2009 and 2011.• The 2010 Data Breach Investigations Report has data recording more than 900 instances of computer hacking and other data breaches in the past seven years, resulting in some 900 million compromised records. In 2012, the same study listed 855 breaches, resulting in 174 million compromised records in 2011 alone, up from 4 million in 2010.• Another study of 49 breaches in 2011 reported that the average organizational cost of a data breach (including detection, internal response, notification, post notification cost) was $5.5 million. This number was down from $7.2 million in 2010.14 The Telegraph (London) reported that “India blamed a new ‘cyber-jihad’ by Pakistani militant groups for the exodus of thousands of people from India’s north-eastern minorities from its main southern cities in August after text messages warning them to flee went viral.”
There have been recorded instances of nations allegedly engaging in cyberwarfare. The Center for the Study of Technology and Society has identified five methods by which cyberwarfare can be used as a means of military action. These include defacing or di.
Case Study - APA paper with min 4 page content Review the Blai.docxcowinhelen
Case Study - APA paper with min 4 page content
Review the
Blaine
case on the capital structure by understanding the case well enough to help the CEO make informed analysis and decisions on the issues listed in the second paragraph.
I want you to, of course, show me that you understand the situation but then to add the
.
Case Study - Global Mobile Corporation Damn it, .docxcowinhelen
Case Study - Global Mobile Corporation
“Damn it, he's done it again!”
Charlie Newburg had to get up and walk around his office, he was so frustrated. He had been
reviewing the most recent design, parts, and assembly specifications for Global Mobile's latest
smart phone (code named: Nonphixhun) that had been released for production the previous
Thursday. The files had just come back to Charlie's engineering services department with a
caustic note that began, “This one can't be produced, either…” It was the fourth time production
had returned the design.
Newburg, director of engineering for the Global Mobile Corporation, was normally a quiet
person. But the Nonphixhun project was stretching his patience; it was beginning to appear like
several other new products that had hit delays and problems in the transition from design to
production during the eight months Charlie had worked for Global Mobile. These problems were
nothing new at Global Mobile's Asian factory; Charlie's predecessor in the engineering job had
run afoul of them, too, and had finally been fired for protesting too vehemently about the other
departments. But the Nonphixhun phone should have been different. Charlie and the firm's
president, Hannah Hoover, had video-conferenced two months earlier (on July 3, 2006) with the
factory superintendent, Tyson Wang, to smooth the way for the new phone's design. He thought
back to the meeting …
• “Now, we all know there's a tight deadline on the Nonphixhun,” Hannah Hoover said, “and
Charlie's done well to ask us to talk about its introduction. I'm counting on both of you to find
any snags in the system, and to work together to get that first production run out by October
2. Can you do it?” “We can do it in production if we get a clean design two weeks from
now, as scheduled,” answered Tyson Wang, the factory manager. “Charlie and I have already
talked about that, of course. I've spoken with our circuit board and other parts suppliers and
scheduled assembly capacity, and we'll be ready. If the design goes over schedule, though, I'll
have to fill in with other runs, and it will cost us a bundle to break in for the Nonphixhun.
How does it look in engineering, Charlie?” “I've just reviewed the design for the second
time,” Charlie replied. “If Marianne Price can keep the salespeople out of our hair, and avoid
any more last minute changes, we've got a shot. I've pulled my technical support people off of
three other overdue jobs to get this one out. But, Tyson, that means we can't spring engineers
loose to confer with your production people on other manufacturing problems.” “Well
Charlie, most of those problems are caused by the engineers, and we need them to resolve the
difficulties. We've all agreed that production problems come from both of us bowing to sales
pressure, and putting equipment into production before the designs are really ready. That's
just wh.
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The document discusses the history of health care reform debates in the United States. It provides background on past reform efforts and outlines some of the key provisions and goals of the Affordable Care Act signed into law in 2010, including expanding access to health insurance coverage and aiming to reduce overall health care costs. The document also notes that health care reform remains a vital political issue and that significant obstacles have prevented major changes since 1965.
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Running head: IMPACT OF THE ACA ON HEALTH CARE
1
IMPACT OF THE ACA ON HEALTH CARE
4
Impact of the ACA on Health Care
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Impact of the ACA on the Health Care
Affordable Care Act (ACA) is one of the legislative laws that played an important role in redefining the health sector in the United States. The Act has been instrumental in ensuring medical coverage to enable citizens to acquire affordable health care services. The paper examines the impact of the ACA in healthcare as well as the effect that would be experienced if the law is repealed.
The main goal of ACA was to expand both the private and Medicaid coverage to ensure that it covers more than 50 million citizens that were uninsured before the law was enacted (Eguia et al., 2020). Before the law was enacted, the United States government-insured its citizens through programs such as the Medicaid and Children’s health insurance. However, through these programs, those without children and some low-income parents remained uninsured. Therefore, the law ensures that all citizens are insured regardless of age, gender as well as income eligibility.
The law also contained provisions that intended to increase the accessibility of health insurance. When the law was enacted, it ensured that the coverage of children is extended to cover up to individuals of age 26 (Eguia et al., 2020). Therefore, the law led ensured led to increasing of medical coverage among the target population. Upon the enactment of the law, the number of young adults that got covered increased from one million to three million.
The new Act also contained provisions that prohibited denying or charging higher premiums due to the health conditions of an individual (Eguia et al., 2020). It enabled individuals to get insurance regardless of their health conditions and created a website where individuals could view their premiums and plan effectively for their payments. Finally, the law also imposed penalties on those who default the amount of their coverage as well as employers who failed to cover their employees. That helped in ensuring that most of the citizens in the employment sectors got insured.
Impact of Repealing the ACA
Repealing the Affordable Care Act by the federal state had a significant impact on the health care that included both negative and positive effects. For instance, repeali.
Student
Professor
English 102
March 6, 2016
Toulmin Argument Essay
There has always been a rise in cost of the health care thus various individuals are trying to understand the coverage options for their health coverage which has led them to search for various health care packages to save money. Amongst the controversial alternative that will enable citizens to safe money is the single payer health care. In this health package, citizens pays taxes for various health care services which are being issued by the government to every gentleman, lady as well as the child. For some times now, this system has been used in United States. Medicare, Medicaid, local state government benefits, and federal employees’ benefits all use single funds, which use private delivery.
Single-payer health care system services is a framework in which the state, instead of private organizations, are responsible for all insurance bills. This system of health contract for medicinal services administrating from private associations and to public responsibility enhanced by state governments. Single payer enables the patients to choose their physicians and continue to seem them even if their financial status or jobs changes. There is no other health care services that can assure this. There is continuity of nurses and doctors, who have got to know the care about their patients, and also is critical to quality. These health care services are accessible and affordable to all. The single payer uses the savings from the administrative wastes which is approximately over $350 billion in a year for funding the coverage for all uninsured as well as improving the benefits to the insured Americans. Heath care which is delayed or denied due to cost or increasingly issues of the insurers refusing to coverage.
There has always been a rise in cost of the health care thus various individuals are trying to understand the coverage options for their health coverage which has led them to search for various health care packages so as to save money. Amongst the controversial alternative that will enable citizens to save money is the single payer health care. In this health package, citizens pays taxes for various health care services which are being issued by the government.
The Affordable Care Act gives Americans better health conditions by giving incentives and security set up of medical coverage changes that will, Expand scope, Hold insurance agencies responsible, Guarantee decision making, Lower services costs and Enhance the nature manning all Americans. The Affordable Care Act really alludes to two separate bills of enactment both by president Obamas administration. Both the bills grow Medicaid scope to a great many low-salary Americans and makes various upgrades to both Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program.
Many nations in the world have single-payer health insurance programs. In Switzerland it is believed that the idea that health-care services should be paid for a.
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Essay Health Care Reform
This document discusses a data analysis task involving childhood obesity rates in different regions of the United States. The analysis will use data on the percentage of overweight and obese children ages 10-17 in each state. The states will be categorized into regions - East, South, Midwest, and West. A cluster analysis technique will be used to determine if there are trends in childhood obesity rates between different regions. If trends are found, government and healthcare organizations can focus obesity prevention programs on specific regions. The document provides background on the situation, data sources, and analysis methodology to be used.
Senior Seminar- Affordable Care Act Final SubmissionJesse Berwanger
The document discusses the history of healthcare reform efforts in the United States and provides background information on programs like Medicare and Medicaid. It then summarizes some of the key provisions of the Affordable Care Act, including expanding Medicaid eligibility and establishing health insurance exchanges. The document also outlines some of the drawbacks of implementing the ACA, such as rising costs to providers, insurers, and the government.
Running Head ROLE OF EXECUTIVE ORDER IN ACARole of Executiv.docxtodd521
Running Head: ROLE OF EXECUTIVE ORDER IN ACA
Role of Executive Order in ACA
2
Role of Executive Order in ACA
By: Ameki Lee
Dr. White
MPA6501 SU01 State and Local Government and Intergovernmental Relations
Role of Executive Order in ACA
Affordable Act Care has been a significant issue in Texas State for the past seven years. Texas governor, Greg Abbott has been on the frontline in fighting the implementation of the Act in Texas and America. The governor's office claims that the penalties related to avoiding the Act are unconstitutional and not democratic (Toussaint, 2017). Furthermore, the Governor argues that the Affordable Care Act should be put on halt while the cause is being liquidated. However, the governor does not concentrate on improving the policy rather than doing away with it. Greg Abbott believes the pre-existing conditions are the major barriers for the effectiveness of the act. The Affordable Care Act allows people to purchase the policy even with pre-existing conditions. In favor of the governor, the act should limit the purchase of the act during such conditions with the aim of reducing the cost as well as the rates of insurance. Therefore, an appeal can be made based on the governors value since most Americans are complaining about the same issue (Toussaint, 2017).
Affordable Act Care was implemented under the executive administrative policy. In America, an executive order is directed by the president on the managers of various federal governments with the aim of forcing policy to law. In 2013, former president of America Barack Hussein Obama issued a directive on the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (Rovner, 2018). The current President, Donald Trump began fighting the Act by attacking the executive committee and even dismantling it. An executive order is written, signed and published by the president's office and directed to various federal departments. The Executive order directed all agencies responsible under the Affordable Care Act provision that will provide a regulatory and fiscal burden on entities that will be reluctant on adopting a policy. Also, the Executive Order directs the same agencies to offer greater flexibilities and collaboration on implementing such healthcare policies.
Since the implementation of the Affordable Care Act in 2010, the policy has suffered various criticisms in its debate. For those who believed that the primary goal of the Act was to make insurance more affordable didn’t achieve their purpose. However, the policy has caused more Americans to have access to medical insurance hence fostering a healthy nation. Since the Act is applicable in improving the public health of all Americans, it includes various resources in healthcare like materials, funds, personnel and other things that can be utilized in the provision of healthcare service. The act is also responsible for ensuring all medical care institutions have the necessary resource for effective operations (Ba.
Past President Franklin Roosevelt and Lyndon B. Johnson enacted ACTS and legislation to help the United States Poor to ensure they has proper health care insurance. “The Social Security Act was passed by Congress as part of President Roosevelt’s Second New Deal agenda. In signing the Act into law on August 14, 1935, Roosevelt became the first president to advocate for and create legislation for the provision of governmental assistance for the elderly at the federal level” (CSU, 2015). Considering the new policies and new developments of the country to ensure that housing, food, and work was also available. Time was surely of the essence considering it was the turn of the century and the United States was implementing new changes and programs within the United States.
A single-payer healthcare system would cause further inefficiencies and be an economic burden for the United States. While increasing access to care, a single-payer system would lead to longer wait times like in Canada where 27% of people wait over 4 months for procedures compared to only 5% in the US. It would also decrease quality of care as seen in Canada where doctors are overworked and underpaid. Implementing such a system would require a tax increase of over 150% which would cripple the US economy, as seen when Vermont explored a single-payer plan. Competition in healthcare markets leads to lower costs and higher quality unlike a single-payer system, making it a step backwards for US healthcare.
The document discusses the effects and implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in the United States. It covers several topics:
- The goals of the ACA were to expand availability of health insurance and control costs, but it has faced many challenges in implementation.
- Hospitals and healthcare providers have had to change how they operate to focus more on quality of care rather than quantity of patients.
- The ACA could help address shortages in primary care doctors and nurses by increasing funding for education incentives, but it will take time for these measures to have an effect.
- Coverage expansions under the ACA have increased demand for care while supplies of doctors and other providers remain limited
Case analysis of the affordable care act power point, hcs410, hcs organizatio...Paige Catizone
The document discusses the history and implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in the United States. It passed in 2010 with the goals of expanding access to health insurance and reducing costs. While it helped reduce the uninsured rate, challenges remain around ensuring access to care, containing costs, and addressing shortages in healthcare providers and resources. Ongoing debates surround the impacts of the ACA on jobs and religious freedom. Solutions proposed include expanding provider networks, addressing compensation imbalances, and increasing incentives and funding for medical education.
The document discusses the history and implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in the United States. It passed in 2010 with the goals of increasing access to healthcare and reducing costs. While it helped reduce the uninsured rate, there have been ongoing issues with the healthcare exchanges and limited provider networks. The execution of the ACA has contributed to a shortage of primary care doctors due to compensation rates and impacted jobs and small businesses with its coverage mandates. Educating new doctors and nurses will take years to address the increased demand caused by the ACA.
This document analyzes the impact of Massachusetts' 2006 health care reform law, Chapter 58, on health insurance coverage rates using a differences-in-differences methodology. The study finds that total insurance coverage increased more for low-income and mid-income residents compared to high-income residents following the reform. Medicaid coverage increased significantly for low-income residents, while employer-sponsored insurance increased more for mid-income and high-income residents. Directly purchased insurance decreased or increased only modestly. The increases in coverage were largest in the first few years following reform and remained significant in subsequent years, indicating the reform had a stable impact.
The document discusses health care reform in the United States and Canada. It explains that the development of health insurance in the two countries started to diverge, with Canada adopting a universal health care system while the US maintained a private system. The US has struggled to pass significant reform due to political obstacles, while Canada implemented a system of public administration and universal access. The document analyzes the different societal and political factors that influenced the diverging paths each country took with health care reform and policy.
The Affordable Care Act has significantly reduced the uninsured rate in the United States and improved access to care, financial security, and health outcomes. Since the law was passed in 2010, the uninsured rate has declined by 43% due to reforms that expanded coverage. However, opportunities remain to further improve the US healthcare system by continuing to implement health insurance marketplaces and delivery system reforms, increasing subsidies, and reducing prescription drug costs. Overall experience with the ACA demonstrates that meaningful policy change is possible.
This document discusses the need for reform of the American healthcare system. It notes that the current system has outrageous costs that prevent many Americans from receiving needed care. While costs have increased, quality of coverage has not. The best path forward is to compare other countries' efficient, quality healthcare systems and adopt beneficial elements. The document explores the history of healthcare in the US and key players like doctors, patients, and the government. It also lists questions on issues and potential solutions, and disagrees with the idea that socialized healthcare would reduce quality or increase costs.
Similar to Running head MASSACHUSETTS’ HEALTHCARE REFORMS1MASSACHUSE.docx (17)
Case Study 1 Applying Theory to PracticeSocial scientists hav.docxcowinhelen
Case Study 1: Applying Theory to Practice
Social scientists have proposed a number of theories to explain juvenile delinquency. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses. For this assignment, go to the following Website, located at http://listverse.com/2011/05/14/top-10-young-killers/ and select one of the juvenile case studies.
After reading the case, select one (1) of the psychological theories discussed in Chapter 4 of the text.
Write a two to three (2-3) page paper in which you:
1. Summarize three (3) key aspects of the juvenile case study that you selected.
2. Highlight at least three (3) factors that you believe are important for one to understand the origins of the juvenile’s delinquent behavior.
3. Apply at least two (2) concepts from the theory that you chose from the text that would help explain the juvenile’s behavior.
4. Identify one (1) appropriate strategy geared toward preventing delinquency that is consistent with the theory you chose.
5. Use at least three (3) quality references. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Discussion-
"The Changing Family System"
Using what you’ve learned this week, respond to the following prompts in your post:
· Explain at least two (2) roles that different parenting styles play in shaping the overall behavior of children. Next, indicate the significant impacts that each role has in contributing to delinquent behavior among juveniles.
· Think about the following question: Should juvenile delinquents be removed from their home and parent(s) and placed in a foster home or group home if the child continues to commit criminal acts after repeated attempts at treatment and confinement? Based on this question, discuss your thoughts on this subject. Provide support for your response.
Discussion-
"Exploring Monopolies and Oligopolies"
Watch this video, Oligopolies and Monopolistic Competition, to help you prepare for this week’s discussion.
Reply to these prompts by using the company for which you currently work, a business with which your familiar, or a dream business you want to start:
· With your selected business in mind, determine if it is competitive, monopolistic competitive, an oligopoly, or pure monopoly. Explain how you drew your conclusion about its market structure.
· How does the business/firm in this industry determine the price it will charge for the products or services it sells?
Discussion-
"Considering Tradeoffs You Make Every Day"
Let's talk about two tradeoffs we face every day: how we spend our time and money.
We can only do two things with income: spend it or save it. Time is the ultimate resource. We can choose to spend time working to earn an income or we can do other things, broadly classified as leisure. Reply to these prompts to start your discussion:
· How does a change in interest rate affect your decision to spend or save? How would a change in the interest rate affect a firm's decision to invest or save?
· How might an increas.
Case Study - Option 3 BarbaraBarbara is a 22 year old woman who h.docxcowinhelen
Case Study - Option 3: Barbara
Barbara is a 22 year old woman who has recently graduated from college with a psychology degree. She is currently working as a waitress at a popular restaurant near campus, and says she has always planned to attend law school. Barbara was born in a New Orleans, Louisiana. Her mother is an African American who is an assistant manager at a grocery store. Her father is Caucasian and works at a department store. Barbara reports that she was a shy, unattractive child, but that in general her early childhood was "pretty happy." Barbara says that during elementary school, she was constantly harassed by classmates about being of mixed race. Still, she says that she felt very close to her family during this period. She now insists that "I am not black or white, I am me."
Barbara is sexually active and engages in sexual activity with different men at least 1 time a week. Barbara indicates that she does not need protection because she is on the pill. She says she is simply too young to settle down. During her junior year of high school, Barbara had her first serious boyfriend, Morris, who was a high school classmate. She describes the relationship as warm and supportive and they became sexually active during her senior year of high school. They broke up soon after the first sexual interaction. In college, Barbara has dated and she acknowledges some bisexual experimentation. Barbara says that she prefers heterosexual relationships, however.
Although Barbara appears to be a natural athlete, she leads a relatively sedentary lifestyle. She does not exercise regularly and indicates that it is just not enjoyable.
Barbara does not like her job at the restaurant, but seems unwilling to look for other employment. She says that she feels "very jittery" whenever she gets ready for work, and she uses any excuse to take days off. She also refuses to associate with fellow employees, and reports getting very anxious when she was given a surprise birthday party. Recently, she has lost interest in cleaning her house and seldom cooks for herself. She also attends less to her personal grooming.
Diagnosis – Social Anxiety Disorder/Minor Depression
DSM-5 – Diagnostic Criteria for Social Anxiety Disorder
1. Fear or anxiety specific to social settings, in which a person feels noticed, observed, or scrutinized.
2. Typically the individual will fear that they will display their anxiety and experience social rejection,
3. Social interaction will consistently provoke distress,
4. Social interactions are either avoided, or painfully and reluctantly endured,
5. The fear and anxiety will be grossly disproportionate to the actual situation,
6. The fear, anxiety or other distress around social situations will persist for six months or longer and
7. Cause personal distress and impairment of functioning in one or more domains, such as interpersonal or occupational functioning,
8. The fear or anxiety cannot be attributed to a medical disorder, s.
Case Study - Cyberterrorism—A New RealityWhen hackers claiming .docxcowinhelen
Case Study - Cyberterrorism—A New Reality:
When hackers claiming to support the Syrian regime of Bashar Al-Assad attacked and disabled the website of Al Jazeera, the Qatar-based satellite news channel, in September 2012, the act was another act of hacktivism, purporting to promote a specific political agenda over another. Hacktivism has become a very visible form of expressing dissent. Even though there have been numerous incidents reported by the media, the first case of hacktivism was documented in 1989 when a member of the Cult of the Dead Cow hacker collective named Omega coined the term in 1996. However, hacktivism is not the only form of cyber protest and conflict that has everyone from ICT professionals to governments scrambling for solutions. Individuals, enterprises, and governments alike rely in many instances almost completely on network computing technologies, including cloud computing. The international and ever-evolving nature of the Internet along with inadequate law enforcement and the anonymity the global architecture offers creates opportunities for hackers to attack vulnerable nodes for personal, financial, or political gain.
The Internet is also rapidly becoming the political and advocacy platform of choice, bringing with it both positive and negative consequences. Increasingly sophisticated off-the-shelf technologies and easy access to the Internet are significantly increasing incidents of cyberterrorism, netwars, and cyberwarfare. The following are a few examples.
• According to The Israel Electric Company, Israel is attacked 1,000 times a minute by cyberterrorists targeting the country’s infrastructure—water, electricity, communications, and other services.• The New York Times, quoting military officials, said there was a seventeen-fold increase in cyberattacks targeting the US critical infrastructure between 2009 and 2011.• The 2010 Data Breach Investigations Report has data recording more than 900 instances of computer hacking and other data breaches in the past seven years, resulting in some 900 million compromised records. In 2012, the same study listed 855 breaches, resulting in 174 million compromised records in 2011 alone, up from 4 million in 2010.• Another study of 49 breaches in 2011 reported that the average organizational cost of a data breach (including detection, internal response, notification, post notification cost) was $5.5 million. This number was down from $7.2 million in 2010.14 The Telegraph (London) reported that “India blamed a new ‘cyber-jihad’ by Pakistani militant groups for the exodus of thousands of people from India’s north-eastern minorities from its main southern cities in August after text messages warning them to flee went viral.”
There have been recorded instances of nations allegedly engaging in cyberwarfare. The Center for the Study of Technology and Society has identified five methods by which cyberwarfare can be used as a means of military action. These include defacing or di.
Case Study - APA paper with min 4 page content Review the Blai.docxcowinhelen
Case Study - APA paper with min 4 page content
Review the
Blaine
case on the capital structure by understanding the case well enough to help the CEO make informed analysis and decisions on the issues listed in the second paragraph.
I want you to, of course, show me that you understand the situation but then to add the
.
Case Study - Global Mobile Corporation Damn it, .docxcowinhelen
Case Study - Global Mobile Corporation
“Damn it, he's done it again!”
Charlie Newburg had to get up and walk around his office, he was so frustrated. He had been
reviewing the most recent design, parts, and assembly specifications for Global Mobile's latest
smart phone (code named: Nonphixhun) that had been released for production the previous
Thursday. The files had just come back to Charlie's engineering services department with a
caustic note that began, “This one can't be produced, either…” It was the fourth time production
had returned the design.
Newburg, director of engineering for the Global Mobile Corporation, was normally a quiet
person. But the Nonphixhun project was stretching his patience; it was beginning to appear like
several other new products that had hit delays and problems in the transition from design to
production during the eight months Charlie had worked for Global Mobile. These problems were
nothing new at Global Mobile's Asian factory; Charlie's predecessor in the engineering job had
run afoul of them, too, and had finally been fired for protesting too vehemently about the other
departments. But the Nonphixhun phone should have been different. Charlie and the firm's
president, Hannah Hoover, had video-conferenced two months earlier (on July 3, 2006) with the
factory superintendent, Tyson Wang, to smooth the way for the new phone's design. He thought
back to the meeting …
• “Now, we all know there's a tight deadline on the Nonphixhun,” Hannah Hoover said, “and
Charlie's done well to ask us to talk about its introduction. I'm counting on both of you to find
any snags in the system, and to work together to get that first production run out by October
2. Can you do it?” “We can do it in production if we get a clean design two weeks from
now, as scheduled,” answered Tyson Wang, the factory manager. “Charlie and I have already
talked about that, of course. I've spoken with our circuit board and other parts suppliers and
scheduled assembly capacity, and we'll be ready. If the design goes over schedule, though, I'll
have to fill in with other runs, and it will cost us a bundle to break in for the Nonphixhun.
How does it look in engineering, Charlie?” “I've just reviewed the design for the second
time,” Charlie replied. “If Marianne Price can keep the salespeople out of our hair, and avoid
any more last minute changes, we've got a shot. I've pulled my technical support people off of
three other overdue jobs to get this one out. But, Tyson, that means we can't spring engineers
loose to confer with your production people on other manufacturing problems.” “Well
Charlie, most of those problems are caused by the engineers, and we need them to resolve the
difficulties. We've all agreed that production problems come from both of us bowing to sales
pressure, and putting equipment into production before the designs are really ready. That's
just wh.
Case Study #3Apple Suppliers & Labor PracticesWith its h.docxcowinhelen
Case Study #3
Apple Suppliers & Labor Practices
With its highly coveted line of consumer electronics, Apple has a cult following among loyal consumers. During the 2014 holiday season, 74.5 million iPhones were sold. Demand like this meant that Apple was in line to make over $52 billion in profits in 2015, the largest annual profit ever generated from a company’s operations. Despite its consistent financial performance year over year, Apple’s robust profit margin hides a more complicated set of business ethics. Similar to many products sold in the U.S., Apple does not manufacture most its goods domestically. Most of the component sourcing and factory production is done overseas in conditions that critics have argued are dangerous to workers and harmful to the environment.
For example, tin is a major component in Apple’s products and much of it is sourced in Indonesia. Although there are mines that source tin ethically, there are also many that do not. One study found workers—many of them children—working in unsafe conditions, digging tin out by hand in mines prone to landslides that could bury workers alive. About 70% of the tin used in electronic devices such as smartphones and tablets comes from these more dangerous, small-scale mines. An investigation by the BBC revealed how perilous these working conditions can be. In interviews with miners, a 12-yearold working at the bottom of a 70-foot cliff of sand said: “I worry about landslides. The earth slipping from up there to the bottom. It could happen.”
Apple defends its practices by saying it only has so much control over monitoring and regulating its component sources. The company justifies its sourcing practices by saying that it is a complex process, with tens of thousands of miners selling tin, many of them through middle-men. In a statement to the BBC, Apple said “the simplest course of action would be for Apple to unilaterally refuse any tin from Indonesian mines. That would be easy for us to do and would certainly shield us from criticism. But that would also be the lazy and cowardly path, since it would do nothing to improve the situation. We have chosen to stay engaged and attempt to drive changes on the ground.”
In an effort for greater transparency, Apple has released annual reports detailing their work with suppliers and labor practices. While more recent investigations have shown some improvements to suppliers’ working conditions, Apple continues to face criticism as consumer demand for iPhones and other products continues to grow.
Essay directions –
Students will have to identify and analyze the above ethical dilemma. Write a 750 – 1000 word, double-spaced paper, and APA style.
Students are expected to identify the key stakeholders, discussion of the implications of the ethical dilemma, and answer the case study questions. Each paper should have the following sections: • Introduction of the case• The ethical dilemma • Stakeholders • Questions • Conclusions • References .
CASE STUDY (Individual) Scotland In terms of its physical l.docxcowinhelen
CASE STUDY (Individual): Scotland
* In terms of its physical landscape, where is the region that is experiencing a devolutionary process located and what type of climate is prevalent? (use Figure 2.5 and 2.4 of the textbook).
* According to the sources you have consulted, do these physical/natural characteristics have played any role in the historical background for this devolutionary process? How?
* How do the people that inhabit the region you are studying speak about their relationship to the land and the environment? Do they express any ideas on biodiversity conservation?
* Do they say anything about their homeland? If the region you are studying has a website (official or not), what role do maps play on their web site/s?
* Is this region located close to or far from the center of power of the country (the national capital city)?
* Does this condition have any impact on the reasons why they would like to gain at-least more autonomy to make their own decisions?
* According to the source/s you have consulted, what are the main reason/s why this population would like to break-up from the country in which they live in?
Do this/these source/s mention any explanation/s based on cultural or ethnic characteristics? For example, speaking a different language? Which one? Professing a different religion? Which one? Economic disparities
.
Case Study #2 T.D. enjoys caring for the children and young peop.docxcowinhelen
Case Study #2
T.D. enjoys caring for the children and young people in the schools where she works, but sometimes she is faced with tough situations such as suspected child abuse and neglect, teen pregnancy, and alcohol and drug use among teenagers. She works hard to ensure that the children in her schools receive the best care possible.
Question:
Several third graders reports having received no breakfast at home for more than a week. T.D. is exercising Advocacy for the students under her care. What type of actions she might be doing to exercise advocacy for the students?
Discuss this:
Moral distress is a frequent situation where health care providers should face. Please define and discuss a personal experience where you have faced Moral distress in your practice.
Discuss how health promotion relates to morality.
Discuss your insights about your own communication strengths and weaknesses. Identify situations in which it may be difficult for you to establish or terminate a therapeutic relationship.
*
formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources.
.
CASE STUDY #2 Chief Complaint I have pain in my belly”.docxcowinhelen
CASE STUDY #2
Chief Complaint:
“I have pain in my belly”
History of Present Illness (HPI):
A 25-year-old female presents to the emergency room (ER) with complaints of severe abdominal pain for 2 weeks . The pain is sharp and crampy It hurts if I run, sit down hard, or if I have sex
PMH:
Patient denies
Drug Hx:
Birth control
Allergies:
NKA
Subjective:
Nausea and vomiting, Last menstrual period 5 days ago, New sexual partner about 2 months ago, No condoms, he hates them No pain, blood or difficulty with urination
Objective Data:
PE:
B/P 138/90; temperature 99°F; (RR) 20; (HR) 110, regular; oxygen saturation (PO2) 96%; pain 5/10
General:
acute distress and severe pain
HEENT:
Atraumatic, normocephalic, PERRLA, EOMI, conjunctiva and sclera clear; nares patent, nasopharynx clear, good dentition. Piercing in her right nostril and lower lip.
Lungs:
CTA AP&L
Card:
S1S2 without rub or gallop
Abd:
INSPECTION: no masses or thrills noted; no discoloration and skin is warm to; no tattoos or piercings; abdomen is nondistended and round
• AUSCULTATION: bowel sounds (BS) are normal in all four quadrants, no bruits noted
• PALPATION: on palpation, abdomen is tender to touch in four quadrants; tenderness noted on light palpation, deep palpation reveals no masses, spleen and liver unremarkable
• PERCUSSION: tympany heard in all quadrants, no dullness noted in abdominal area
GU:
• EXTERNAL: mature hair distribution; no external lesions on labia
• INTROITUS: slight green-gray discharge, no lesions
• VAGINAL: normal rugae; moderate amount of green discharge on vaginal walls
• CERVIX: nulliparous os with small amount of purulent discharge from os with positive cervical motion tenderness (CMT)
• UTERUS: ante-flexed, normal size, shape, and position
• ADNEXA: bilateral tenderness with fullness; both ovaries without masses
• RECTAL: deferred
• VAGINAL DISCHARGE: green in color
Ext:
no cyanosis, clubbing or edema
Integument:
intact without lesions masses or rashes
Neuro:
No obvious deficits and CN grossly intact II-XII
Then answer the following questions:
What other subjective data would you obtain?
What other objective findings would you look for?
What diagnostic exams do you want to order?
Name 3 differential diagnoses based on this patient presenting symptoms?
Give rationales for your each differential diagnosis.
-
Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources.
.
Case Study #1Jennifer is a 29-year-old administrative assistan.docxcowinhelen
Case Study #1
Jennifer is a 29-year-old administrative assistant married to Antonio, an Italian engineer, whom Jennifer met four years earlier while on a business trip for her marketing company. The couple now lives in Nebraska, where Antonio works for the county's transportation department and Jennifer commutes an hour each way to her marketing office. They have been trying to start a family for over a year. Eight months ago, Jennifer miscarried in her second month of pregnancy. Antonio's parents love Jennifer and often ask her if she is expecting again, hoping to encourage her to focus on her next baby. Jennifer's mother passed away two years ago and her father's health is rapidly deteriorating. Jennifer faces the probability of placing her father in a skilled nursing care facility within the next few months, against his wishes.
At work, Jennifer runs a tight ship. She is organized and prepares lists to assure that everything is done according to schedule. Everyone counts on Jennifer and she takes pride in never letting people down.
Jennifer has visited her physician numerous times in the last six months, complaining of headaches, backaches, and indigestion. Jennifer insists that she is happy and is not feeling stressed, yet she finds herself making more mistakes at work, unable to keep up with housework, and feeling tired and overwhelmed; she has begun to question her effectiveness as an employee, wife, daughter, and potential mother. Her pains seem to be increasing, but her doctor cannot find a physical cause for her discomfort.
Case Study #2
Michael is a 40-year-old airline pilot who has recently begun to experience chest pains. The chest pains began when Michael signed his final divorce papers, ending his 15-year marriage. He fought for joint custody of his two children, ages 12 and 10, but although he wants to be with them more frequently, he only sees them every two weeks. This schedule is, in great part, a result of his employer's announcement that budget constraints would result in layoffs. Michael worries that without his job he will be unable to support his children and lose the new townhouse that he purchased. Michael's chest pains are becoming more frequent and he fears that he may be dying.
Review case studies 1 and 2.
Choose one case study.
Complete the following questions in 150 to 200 words each. Be as detailed as possible and use the information you have learned throughout this course.
• What are the causes of stress in Michael’s or Jennifer’s life? How is stress affecting Michael’s or Jennifer’s health?
• How are these stressors affecting Michael’s or Jennifer’s self-concept and self-esteem?
• How might Michael’s or Jennifer’s situation illustrate adjustment? How might this situation become an opportunity for personal growth?
• What defensive coping methods is Michael or Jennifer using? What active coping methods might be healthier for Michael or Jennifer to use? Explain why you would recom.
Case Study # 2 –Danny’s Unhappy DutyEmployee ProfilesCaro.docxcowinhelen
Case Study # 2 –Danny’s Unhappy Duty
Employee Profiles
:
Carol Brown, Danny Winthrop, Thomas Fletcher
Carol, the Department Secretary for Purchasing and General Stores, has been
working at St. Louis Memorial Hospital for sixteen years, four of which have
been for the present Manager, Dan Winthrop. Carol likes her Boss, who gives
his employees more leeway than most. Carol’s main interests are her work and
her home—traits also typical of the other people who work in the Department.
Carol feels she is part of a close, cooperative group of employees.
Dan, or Danny, as he likes to be called, arrived at St. Louis Memorial four years
ago as a replacement for a Department manager who had been at the Hospital
for a number of years. Danny’s predecessor, Bill Taylor, was very strict in
everything from insisting that employees take exactly one-half hour for lunch
breaks to not having a coffee pot in the Department. When Danny came on
board as a Department Manager, his management style was much less strict.
The result was that Danny’s employees were much happier, and began to meet
and exceed expectations in getting their work done. St. Louis Memorial’s
previous CEO was a good friend and frequently complimented Danny on his
efficient and effective staff. Now a new CEO, Thomas Fletcher, has been hired
by the Hospital’s Board of Directors. Things are about to change.
Thomas Fletcher, new CEO and a recent graduate from a superior school of
hospital management, has always believed in “doing things by the book”.
Thomas originally had wanted to become a doctor, but decided two years into
the process that it was going to take him too long, and that he would be better
off becoming an administrator. He likes the idea of being an administrator,
and wants to be a good one. He has decided to start out his career at St. Louis
Memorial, of the smaller hospitals in the St. Louis area, but hopes to progress to a
a much larger facility in about four years, once he develops a track record at
St. Louis Memorial.
The Challenge: Communication, Criticism and Discipline, Leadership, Motivation,
Rules and Policies
Danny knows his employees quite well. They are generally a happy, cohesive, and cooperative group. They joke around a lot among themselves, but get the work done more than satisfactorily. All of them seem to give a
gr.
Case Study – Multicultural ParadeRead the Case below, and answe.docxcowinhelen
This document provides a case study about a school's multicultural day celebration that resulted in confusion and exclusion. The school encouraged students to participate in a culture parade by wearing clothing representing their ethnic heritage. However, when two students - an African American girl and a white girl - brought everyday clothing, they were not allowed to participate. The teacher was worried others would be confused by their inclusion or that the girls would be ridiculed for misunderstanding the instructions. This highlighted differences between concepts like culture, ethnicity, and nationality.
Case Study THE INVISIBLE SPONSOR1BackgroundSome execut.docxcowinhelen
Case Study : THE INVISIBLE SPONSOR1
Background
Some executives prefer to micromanage projects whereas other executives
are fearful of making a decision because, if they were to make the wrong
decision, it could impact their career. In this case study, the president of the company assigned one of the vice presidents to act as the project sponsor on a project designed to build tooling for a client. The sponsor, however, was reluctant to make any decisions.
Assigning the VP
Moreland Company was well-respected as a tooling design-and-build
company. Moreland was project-driven because all of its income came
from projects. Moreland was also reasonably mature in project management.
When the previous VP for engineering retired, Moreland hired an executive from a manufacturing company to replace him. The new VP for engineering, Al Zink, had excellent engineering knowledge about tooling but had worked for companies that were not project-driven. Al had very little knowledge about project management and had never functioned as a project sponsor. Because of Al’s lack of experience as a sponsor, the president decided that Al should “get his feet wet” as quickly as possible and assigned him as the project sponsor on a mediumsized project. The project manager on this project was Fred Cutler. Fred was an engineer with more than twenty years of experience in tooling design and manufacturing. Fred reported directly to Al Zink administratively.
Fred's Dilemma
Fred understood the situation; he would have to train Al Zink on how to
function as a project sponsor. This was a new experience for Fred because subordinates usually do not train senior personnel on how to do their job. Would Al Zink be receptive?
Fred explained the role of the sponsor and how there are certain project documents that require the signatures of both the project manager and the project sponsor. Everything seemed to be going well until Fred informed Al that the project sponsor is the person that the president eventually holds accountable for the success or failure of the project. Fred could tell that Al was
quite upset over this statement.
Al realized that the failure of a project where he was the sponsor could damage his reputation and career. Al was now uncomfortable about having to act as a sponsor but knew that he might eventually be assigned as a sponsor on other projects. Al also knew that this project was somewhat of a high risk. If Al could function as an invisible sponsor, he could avoid making any critical decisions.
In the first meeting between Fred and Al where Al was the sponsor, Al asked Fred for a copy of the schedule for the project. Fred responded: I’m working on the schedule right now. I cannot finish the schedule until you tell me whether you want me to lay out the schedule based upon best time, least cost, or least risk.
Al stated that he would think about it and get back to Fred as soon as possible.
During the middle of the next week, Fred and Al m.
CASE STUDY Experiential training encourages changes in work beha.docxcowinhelen
CASE STUDY: Experiential training encourages changes in work behavior and growth in one’s abilities, which is accomplished through a multitude of methods. Experiential training has proven to be cost-effective while motivating employees as well as improving self-awareness, personal accountability, teamwork skills, and communication skills (Ritchie, 2011). Additionally, the training methods provide trainees with direct experience, the opportunity to reflect on that experience, and share models to help trainees to deduce using both present and past experience, while accommodating learning styles and strengths (Ritchie, 2011). Valkanos and Fragoulis identify several reasons why experiential training provides value:
1. Ongoing advances in technology requiring changes in knowledge, skills, and abilities
2. Divergence between theory and practice
3. Mergers and acquisitions of enterprises which tend to bring new jobs, organizational culture, and work content
4. Constant environment of change, from working conditions to processes and procedures relating to organizational issues, quality, and new products or services, and requiring new competencies, duties, or work content (Valkanos & Fragoulis, 2007, p. 22).
Method
Description
On-the-job Training
Receives instructions on the functions of their job in their assigned workplace.
Simulators
Teaches employees on how to operate equipment in a given context
Role Playing
Developing interpersonal and business skills, such as decision-making, communication, conflict resolution, and solving complex problems.
Case Study
Develops critical thinking skills to include analytical, higher-level skills, and exploring and resolving complex problems.
Games
Develops general business and organizational principles addressing application in a variety of situations.
Behavior Modeling
Used when learning goals are a rule and inflexible procedures. Provides skills and practice to modify and model behavior.
In-basket Techniques
A variety of items placed in an envelope that reflects what might be found in an inbox. This activity is used to assist trainees in developing and applying their strategic and operational skills.
(Blanchard & Thacker, 2013, pp. 222-223)
References:
· Blanchard, P. N., & Thacker, J. W. (2013). Effective training: Systems, strategies, and practices (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
· Valkanos, E., & Fragoulis, I. (2007). Experiential learning – its place in in‐house education and training. Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal, 21(5), 21-23. doi:10.1108/14777280710779454
Discussion Question--Choose one perspective in which to respond.
Non-HR Perspective: Your department is not meeting performance expectations. What steps do you take to resolve the issue? Is training a possible solution; if so, which of the above training methods would be the most effective in addressing the issue? Would you, at any point, involve HR--if so, at what point and why?.
Case Study Hereditary AngioedemaAll responses must be in your .docxcowinhelen
Case Study: Hereditary Angioedema
All responses must be in your own words. Answers that have been copied and pasted will not receive credit.
1. Translate “angioedema”. [Note: I am not looking for a description of the disorder. Rather, I would like you to translate the medical term itself.]
2. The complement system is described as a ‘cascade system’. How does the system fit into this description of being a cascade? [Suggestion: Google the definition of cascade, then think about the complement system in light of the definition]
3. Is complement involved in the innate, or the adaptive immune system, or both? Please explain you answer.
4. What role does C1INH play in the complement system? Why is it so important?
5. What was the physiologic cause of Richard’s abdominal pain?
6. How can one distinguish the swelling of HAE from the swelling of allergic angioedema?
7. What is bradykinin’s role in HA?
8. Do you think Richard’s infancy colic was related to his HA? No need to research this. Just use your intuition. Explain your thinking.
9. What is typically used to treat attacks of HAE?
10. Swelling in the extremities is not dangerous. What other areas of the body are subject to swelling? What is the most dangerous location for swelling to occur and why is it the most dangerous?
2018
BUS 308 Week 2 Lecture 1
Examining Differences - overview
Expected Outcomes
After reading this lecture, the student should be familiar with:
1. The importance of random sampling.
2. The meaning of statistical significance.
3. The basic approach to determining statistical significance.
4. The meaning of the null and alternate hypothesis statements.
5. The hypothesis testing process.
6. The purpose of the F-test and the T-test.
Overview
Last week we collected clues and evidence to help us answer our case question about
males and females getting equal pay for equal work. As we looked at the clues presented by the
salary and comp-ratio measures of pay, things got a bit confusing with results that did not see to
be consistent. We found, among other things, that the male and female compa-ratios were fairly
close together with the female mean being slightly larger. The salary analysis showed a different
view; here we noticed that the averages were apparently quite different with the males, on
average, earning more. Contradictory findings such as this are not all that uncommon when
examining data in the “real world.”
One issue that we could not fully address last week was how meaningful were the
differences? That is, would a different sample have results that might be completely different, or
can we be fairly sure that the observed differences are real and show up in the population as
well? This issue, often referred to as sampling error, deals with the fact that random samples
taken from a population will generally be a bit different than the actual population parameters,
but will be “close” enough to the actual.
case studieson Gentrification and Displacement in the Sa.docxcowinhelen
case studies
on Gentrification and Displacement
in the San Francisco Bay Area
Authors:
Miriam Zuk and Karen Chapple
Chapter 3: Nicole Montojo
Chapter 4: Sydney Cespedes, Mitchell Crispell, Christina Blackston, Jonathan Plowman, and
Edward Graves
Chapter 5: Logan Rockefeller Harris, Mitchell Crispell, Fern Uennatornwaranggoon, and Hannah Clark
Chapter 6: Nicole Montojo and Beki McElvain
Chapter 7: Celina Chan, Viviana Lopez, Sydney Céspedes, and Nicole Montojo
Chapter 8: Alexander Kowalski, Julia Ehrman, Mitchell Crispell and Fern Uennatornwaranggoon
Chapter 9: Mitchell Crispell
Chapter 10: Logan Rockefeller Harris and Sydney Cespedes
Chapter 11: Mitchell Crispell
Partner Organizations:
Causa Justa :: Just Cause, Chinatown Community Development Center, Marin Grassroots, Monument
Impact, People Organizing to Demand Environmental & Economic Rights (PODER), San Francisco
Organizing Project / Peninsula Interfaith Action , Working Partnerships USA
Acknowledgements:
Research support was provided by Maura Baldiga, Julian Collins, Mitchell Crispell, Julia Ehrman, Alex
Kowalski, Jenn Liu, Beki McElvain, Carlos Recarte, Maira Sanchez, Mar Velez, David Von Stroh, and
Teo Wickland. Report layout and design was done by Somaya Abdelgany.
Additional advisory support was provided by Carlos Romero. This case study was funded in part by
the Regional Prosperity Plan1 of the Metropolitan Transportation Commission as part of the “Regional
Early Warning System for Displacement” project and from the California Air Resources Board2 as part
of the project “Developing a New Methodology for Analyzing Potential Displacement.”
The Center for Community Innovation (CCI) at UC-Berkeley nurtures effective solutions that expand
economic opportunity, diversify housing options, and strengthen connection to place. The Center
builds the capacity of nonprofits and government by convening practitioner leaders, providing techni-
cal assistance and student interns, interpreting academic research, and developing new research out
of practitioner needs.
communityinnovation.berkeley.edu
July 2015
Cover Photographs: Robert Campbell, Ricardo Sanchez, David Monniaux, sanmateorealestateonline.com/Redwood-City, marinretail-
buzz.blogspot.com, trulia.com/homes/California/Oakland , bloomingrock.com, sharks.nhl.com/club/gallery, panoramio.com
1 The work that provided the basis for this publication was supported by funding under an award with the U.S. Department of Hous-
ing and Urban Development. The substance and findings of the work are dedicated to the public. The author and publisher are solely
responsible for the accuracy of the statements and interpretations contained in this publication. Such interpretations do not neces-
sarily reflect the views of the Government.
2 The statements and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the California Air Resources
Board. The mention of commercial products, their source, or their u.
Case Studt on KFC Introduction1) Identify the type of .docxcowinhelen
Case Studt on KFC
Introduction
1) Identify the type of business organization and strategies
2) Key players
Body
1. Opportunities
2. Threats
Closing/Conclusion
1. Make recommendations
2. Offer a plan for implementation
.
Case Study Crocs Revolutionizing an Industry’s Supply Chain .docxcowinhelen
Case Study Crocs: Revolutionizing an Industry’s Supply Chain Model for
Competitive Advantage
If the products sell extremely well, we will
build more in season, and will be back on the
shelves in a few weeks. And we’ll build even
more, and even more, and even more, in that
same season. We’re not going to wait with a
hot new product until next year, when hope-
fully the same trend is alive.
—Ronald Snyder, CEO of Crocs, Inc.1
On May 3, 2007, Crocs, Inc. released its results for the
first quarter of the year. The footwear company,
which had sold its first shoes in 2003, reported reve-
nues of $142 million for the quarter, more than three
times its sales for the first quarter of 2006. Net in-
come, at $0.61 per share was more than 17 percent
of sales, nearly four times higher than the previous
year.2 These results far exceeded market expecta-
tions, which had been for earnings of $0.49 per share
on $114 million of revenue.3 As part of the earnings
release, the company announced a two-for-one stock
split. Immediately after the announcement, the stock
price jumped 15 percent.
The growth and profitability of Crocs, which made
funky, brightly colored shoes using an extremely com-
fortable plastic material, had been astounding. Much
of this growth had been made possible by a highly
flexible supply chain which enabled the company to
build additional product to fulfill new orders quickly
within the selling season, allowing it to respond to un-
expectedly high demand—a capability that was previ-
ously unheard of in the footwear industry. This ability
to fulfill the needs of retailers also made the company
a very popular supplier to shoe sellers.
This success also raised questions about how
the company should grow in the future. Should it
vertically integrate or grow through product line
extension? Should it grow organically or through ac-
quisition? Would potential growth paths exploit
Crocs’ core competencies or defocus them?
CROCS, INC.
In 2002, three friends from Boulder, Colorado went
sailing in the Caribbean. One brought a pair of foam
clog shoes that he had bought from a company in
Canada. The clogs were made from a special mate-
rial that did not slip on wet boat decks, was easy
to wash, prevented odor, and was extremely com-
fortable. The three, Lyndon “Duke” Hanson, Scott
Seamans, and George Boedecker, decided to start a
business selling these Canadian shoes to sailing en-
thusiasts out of a leased warehouse in Florida, as
Hanson said, “so we could work when we went on
sailing trips there.”4 The founders wanted to name
the shoes something that captured the amphibious
nature of the product. Since “Alligator” had already
been taken, they chose to name the shoes “Crocs.”
The shoes were an immediate success, and word
of mouth expanded the customer base to a wide
range of people who spent much of their days stand-
ing, such as doctors and gardeners. In October 2003,
as the business began to grow, th.
Case Studies Student must complete 5 case studies as instructed.docxcowinhelen
Case Studies: Student must
complete 5 case studies
as instructed by course
materials. Fill out form below for 5 different people (imaginary is okay).
Master Herbalist Questionnaire
Date: _____________________
Name: _________________________________ Age: ______ Birth date:_____________
Address: ________________________________________________________________
Home Phone: _________________________ Work Phone:________________________
Height: _________ Weight: _________ 1 year ago:__________ 5 years ago:_________
Occupation: _______________________________________ Full Time Part Time
Living situation: Alone Friends Partner Spouse Parents Children Pets
What are your major health concerns and intentions for your visit today?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Please list any other health care providers or consultants you are currently working with:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Please list any current health conditions diagnosed by a medical doctor:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Please use this form
as a source of
reference when
conducting your
Case-Studies.
Treat this part as information only as you are not to treat or prescribe treatment for any specific diseases
It is important to know if the client is receiving treatment from other practitioners and what these entail
Since legally you are not allowed to diagnose disease, it is helpful to get one from an MD
When was your last physical exam?
________________________________________________________________________
Please list all herbs, vitamins, and dietary supplements you are currently taking, includingdosage and frequency:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
List all medication.
Case Studies in Telehealth AdoptionThe mission of The Comm.docxcowinhelen
Case Studies in Telehealth Adoption
The mission of The Commonwealth
Fund is to promote a high performance
health care system. The Fund carries
out this mandate by supporting
independent research on health care
issues and making grants to improve
health care practice and policy. Support
for this research was provided by
The Commonwealth Fund. The views
presented here are those of the author
and not necessarily those of The
Commonwealth Fund or its directors,
officers, or staff.
For more information about this study,
please contact:
Andrew Broderick, M.A., M.B.A.
Codirector, Center for Innovation
and Technology in Public Health
Public Health Institute
[email protected]
The Veterans Health Administration:
Taking Home Telehealth Services to
Scale Nationally
Andrew Broderick
ABSTRACT: Since the 1990s, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has used infor-
mation and communications technologies to provide high-quality, coordinated, and com-
prehensive primary and specialist care services to its veteran population. Within the VHA,
the Office of Telehealth Services offers veterans a program called Care Coordination/
Home Telehealth (CCHT) to provide routine noninstitutional care and targeted care man-
agement and case management services to veterans with diabetes, congestive heart fail-
ure, hypertension, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other conditions. The program uses
remote monitoring devices in veterans’ homes to communicate health status and to cap-
ture and transmit biometric data that are monitored remotely by care coordinators. CCHT
has shown promising results: fewer bed days of care, reduced hospital admissions, and
high rates of patient satisfaction. This issue brief highlights factors critical to the VHA’s
success—like the organization’s leadership, culture, and existing information technology
infrastructure—as well as opportunities and challenges.
OVERVIEW
Since the 1990s, information and communications technologies—including tele-
health—have been at the core of the Veterans Health Administration’s (VHA’s)
successful system-level transformation toward providing continuous, coordinated,
and comprehensive primary and specialist care services. The VHA’s leadership
and culture; underlying health information technology infrastructure; and strong
commitment to standardized work processes, policies, and training have all con-
tributed to the home telehealth program’s success in meeting the chronic care
needs of a population of aging veterans and reducing their use of institutional
care and its associated costs. The home teleheath model also encourages patient
activation, self-management, and helps in the early detection of complications.
To learn more about new publications
when they become available, visit the
Fund's website and register to receive
Fund email alerts.
Commonwealth Fund pub. 1657
Vol. 4
January 2013
www.commonwealthfund.org
www.commonwealthfund.org
mailto:[email pro.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
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हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Running head MASSACHUSETTS’ HEALTHCARE REFORMS1MASSACHUSE.docx
1. Running head: MASSACHUSETTS’ HEALTHCARE REFORMS
1
MASSACHUSETTS’ HEALTHCARE REFORMS 3
Memo
To: Prof. Thomas Smith
From: Student- Jane Doe
Reference: Health Care Policy
Date: March 18, 2018
Subject: Massachusetts’ Healthcare Reform Act
Massachusetts’ Healthcare Reform Act
Rationale
Massachusetts State is among the states that have made a
number of attempts aimed at reforming the state's healthcare
system to make access to quality healthcare available for its
residents. Recently in 2006, Massachusetts passed the
Healthcare Reform Act, which was later, signed into law by
former Governor Mitt Romney (Van der Wees et al., 2013). The
rationale for this healthcare reform was to provide near-
universal health insurance coverage for Massachusetts’
residents.
Adoption of the Reform
The Massachusetts Healthcare Reform Act was passed by the
State legislators after years of negotiation between Mitt
Romney and the legislators with a compromise reached in 2006
resulting in the enactment of the reform that was effectively
signed into law by Romney on 12 April 206. The reform has
made several changes to its healthcare system in a move aimed
at achieving a near-universal healthcare coverage for the
residents of the state. The first change was made to the state's
Medicaid program that was broadened by providing a
MassHealth waiver, extending health insurance coverage to
2. children in low-income families with up to 300% of the federal
poverty level (FPL) (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2012).
Massachusetts created what is called Commonwealth Care,
which provides the residents of the state with access to
subsidized health insurance for eligible individuals with
earnings below 300% of FPL. Under this new healthcare reform,
individuals with income below 150% of FPL also have the
option of selecting a plan without a monthly premium and low-
cost sharing. However, eligible individuals with earnings falling
between 150-300% PL are subsidized by the state using a
sliding scale.
The Massachusetts Healthcare Reform Act also saw the state
expand its Insurance Partnership Program by providing
incentives and subsidies to the employers to give and workers to
enroll in the state's employer-sponsored insurance. In this
respect, Massachusetts State subsidized insurance costs for the
workers in the state who would otherwise be eligible for
programs subsidized by the government. However, small
businesses are only eligible for up to $1,000 in support per
qualified worker who falls below the 300% FPL (Van der Wees
et al., 2013). Under the program, the state government pays the
portion of qualified workers' premiums that is equal to what the
employees would be expected to pay if employees were on a
subsidized plan. Additionally, under this new healthcare reform,
any employer in the state who fails to provide health insurance
to its workers is expected to pay what is called a ‘fair share'
assessment to the government of up to $295 per worker every
year (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2012).
The reform also created what is called the Commonwealth
Health Insurance Connector whose primary aim is to link those
without access to employer-sponsored insurance and companies
with 50 or fewer employees that provide insurance coverage for
its workers. According to this health reform, small businesses
with 50 of fewer employees have the option of buying insurance
coverage on their own or via the Connector (Rapoza, 2012).
3. Funding Structure
Although Romney and the state legislators agreed on most of
the components of the bill, agreeing on how this healthcare
reform would be financed was a major issue as it was clear that
financing the reform would result in an increase in healthcare
cost. However, following a compromise that was reached, the
state legislators agreed that the reform would be financed by
individuals, employers and the government. First, the
Massachusetts Healthcare Reform is funded by the existing
$320 million obtained in hospital assessments and covered
levies (Van der Wees et al., 2013). Second, the Massachusetts
state legislators agreed that the health reform would also be
financed through by federal safety-net payments of $610 million
as well as federal matching payments on the MassHealth
expansion. Additionally, part of the money to be used in
financing the health care reform is to come from rate increases
projected at $299 million. Further, $295 fair assessment for
employers per employee and the Free Rider Surcharge also
generates revenue used to finance the ambitious health care
reform in Massachusetts (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2012).
Impacts
The impacts of this Massachusetts Healthcare Reform Act have
been so profound. The first major achievement of this
healthcare reform is that it has increased access to affordable
coverage to residents of Massachusetts. Because the law
requires all residents of Massachusetts to have a health
insurance or pay a fine, the law had seen more that 99% of the
residents of the state now get health insurance coverage up from
90% before this healthcare reform was introduced. According to
Rapoza (2012), prior to 2006, more than 24% of low-income
residents of Massachusetts had no health insurance. However,
by 2012, only 8% of low-income adults in the state were still
without healthcare coverage. Overall, about 650,000
Massachusetts residents who lacked health insurance are now
covered.
Another significant achievement of the Massachusetts health
4. insurance is that it has increased insurance status of higher
income persons for the self-employed who did not qualify for
MassHealth. According to Urban Institute, the population of
higher income earners who were without health insurance before
2006 has dropped from 5% then to below 1% three years after
the reform (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2012).
The only notable shortcoming of this healthcare reform is the
cost burden associated with its implementation. The health cost
in the state has risen to a historic high following the
introduction of this healthcare reform was introduced. By 2007,
just one year after the reform, Massachusetts healthcare
expenditure accounted for about 15.2% of its GDP, which is
higher than the nation's average of 13.7% as a whole (Kaiser
Family Foundation, 2012).
References
Kaiser Family Foundation. (2012). Massachusetts health care
reform: Six years later. Retrieved from
https://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/831
1.pdf
Rapoza, K. (2012, Jan. 20). If ObamaCare is so bad, how does
RomneyCare survive? Forbes p. 1
https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2012/01/20/romney-
care-massachusetts-healthcare-reform/#3d6701195b00
Van der Wees, P. J., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Ayanian, J. Z. (2013).
Improvements in health status after Massachusetts health care
reform. The Milbank Quarterly, 91(4), 663–689.
Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29 (2005), 436–445.
Blackwell Publishing. Printed in the USA.
Copyright C! 2005 Division 35, American Psychological
Association. 0361-6843/05
5. ATTITUDES TOWARD TRADITIONAL
AND NONTRADITIONAL PARENTS
Victoria L. Brescoll and Eric Luis Uhlmann
Yale University
Three studies investigated attitudes toward traditional parents
(stay-at-home mothers and employed fathers) and nontra-
ditional parents (stay-at-home fathers and employed mothers)
among adult men and women. Using a between-subjects
design, Study 1 found that nontraditional parents were liked
significantly less than traditional parents. Participants
also believed that stay-at-home fathers were not regarded highly
by others. Study 2 replicated these results using a
within-subjects design, suggesting that participants felt little
compunction about expressing negative attitudes toward
nontraditional parents. Study 3 further found that employed
mothers were less disliked when described as working out
of financial necessity rather than for personal fulfillment. Both
male and female participants reported negative evalu-
ations of employed mothers and stay-at-home fathers,
suggesting that prescriptive gender role stereotypes represent a
consensual ideology shared by men and women.
For the past three decades, conservatives have argued that
feminism has caused society to devalue women’s tradi-
tional roles, such as homemaking and caring for children
(Robertson, 2000; Schlafly, 2003). Recently, some have even
asserted that society has stigmatized stay-at-home mothers
because they are not pursuing careers outside the home.
“Stay-at-home moms are used to the silent snubs they re-
ceive from mothers who decide to pursue careers—as if
they were nothing but pre-feminist breeders who don’t
lead worthwhile lives” (Miller & Ponnuru, 2001). According
to this perspective, society’s stigmatization of stay-at-home
mothers has discouraged women from staying home to raise
6. their children and, more generally, has contributed to the
devaluing of the traditional American family.
Psychological theories of gender take a starkly different
position by hypothesizing that people respond negatively
to men and women who do not conform to traditional
gender roles (Deaux & Major, 1987; Eagly & Karau,
2002; Glick & Fiske, 1996, 2001; Prentice & Carranza, 2002;
Rudman, 1998; Rudman & Glick, 1999; Russo, 1976;
Silverstein, 1996). This is because gender stereotypes do
Victoria L. Brescoll and Eric Luis Uhlmann, Department of Psy-
chology, Yale University.
Both authors were supported by graduate research fellowships
from the National Science Foundation while this research was
conducted.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Victoria
Brescoll, Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2
Hillhouse
Ave., New Haven, CT 06520. E-mail: [email protected]
not just describe how men and women behave, but also
prescribe gender appropriate behavior. For example, when
women lead in a masculine manner (e.g., authoritatively)
they are judged more harshly than men who lead in the
same way (Eagly, Makhijani, & Klonsky, 1992). Likewise,
women who self-promote and behave agentically are liked
less than women who behave in stereotypically feminine
ways, and agentic women suffer a “backlash effect” as a
result (Rudman, 1998; Rudman & Glick, 1999).
Mothers who are employed full-time outside the home
and fathers who stay home to care for children occupy non-
traditional gender roles. Contemporary psychological the-
ories predict that they would be stigmatized, as are agen-
7. tic, “masculine” women (Eagly et al., 1992; Rudman, 1998;
Rudman & Glick, 1999), because these nontraditional par-
ents are violating prescriptive gender stereotypes.
Previous research has examined people’s beliefs about
and perceptions of mothers but has not directly addressed
whether certain types of parents, such as stay-at-home
mothers and fathers, are disliked or stigmatized (Bridges &
Etaugh, 1995; Bridges & Orza, 1993; Etaugh & Poertner,
1992; Etaugh & Nekolny, 1990; Etaugh & Folger, 1998;
Etaugh & Moss, 2001; Etaugh & Petroski, 1985). This re-
search has varied women’s marital status (divorced vs. sin-
gle vs. married), work status (full-time vs. part-time; con-
tinuously employed vs. interrupted employment), prestige
of job (moderate vs. low), and parental status (children
vs. no children) and has revealed a number of interest-
ing findings. For example, married women are seen as
better adjusted and more nurturant than divorced women
(Etaugh & Nekolny, 1990; Etaugh & Poertner, 1992, 1991)
436
Attitudes Toward Parents 437
and mothers are seen as more nurturant but less compe-
tent than nonmothers (Etaugh & Poertner, 1991, 1992).
Furthermore, continuously employed mothers are evalu-
ated more negatively than mothers who interrupted their
employment to care for their children because people view
continuously employed mothers as less committed to their
maternal role (Bridges & Etaugh, 1995). These findings
suggest that people’s evaluations of mothers depend on their
perceived level of commitment to their children.
8. The present research builds upon and extends this previ-
ous work in six major ways. First, past studies have focused
primarily on documenting people’s stereotypes and beliefs
about parents, rather than their attitudes toward them. This
emphasis on cognition at the expense of affect is unfortu-
nate given that attitudes predict discriminatory judgments
and behavior more effectively than do stereotypes (Fiske,
1998; Stangor, Sullivan, & Ford, 1991; for a meta-analytic
review, see Dovidio, Brigham, Johnson, & Gaertner, 1996).
Accordingly, the present studies explored people’s affective
reactions to mothers and fathers who occupy traditional and
nontraditional roles. We expected that individuals who vio-
late prescriptive gender stereotypes (i.e., employed moth-
ers and stay-at-home fathers) would elicit negative affective
reactions.
Second, we examined reactions to stay-at-home and em-
ployed fathers. Prior research was primarily concerned with
how responses to mothers vary based on their employment
status (see Bridges, Etaugh, & Barnes-Farrell, 2002, for
an exception). To some extent, this emphasis is reason-
able because there are far more employed mothers than
there are stay-at-home fathers (U.S. Census Bureau, 2002).
However, the number of fathers who stay at home to care
for the children while their wife works outside the home
is steadily increasing, rising 18% since 1994 (U.S. Cen-
sus Bureau, 2002). Moreover, personal and social preju-
dices against stay-at-home fathers are directly relevant to
women’s options because they may make fathers unwilling
to assume a homemaker role while their wife works outside
the home. Indeed, the stigma against stay-at-home fathers
may contribute to some fathers’ unwillingness to stay home
full-time with their children out of fear that they may en-
counter problems when trying to re-enter the workplace
(Duindam, 1999; “Stay-at-home dads,” 2003).
9. Third, we assessed people’s beliefs about society’s re-
action to nontraditional parents. Perceived cultural norms
have been shown to predict behavior above and beyond
personal attitudes (Ajzen, 1996), moderate the expression
of personally endorsed attitudes (Sechrist & Stangor, 2001),
and strongly influence automatic judgments and behaviors
(Correll, Park, Judd, & Wittenbrink, 2002; Devine, 1989;
Livingston, 2002). To the extent that it is perceived as cul-
turally normative to lack respect for stay-at-home fathers
and/or employed mothers, sexist individuals should be more
likely to express their attitudes, nonsexist individuals should
be more likely to “go along” with sexist social norms, and au-
tomatic “gut” responses are likely to be gender biased. Thus,
it is important to know not only people’s personal reactions
to nontraditional parents but also their beliefs about how
most other people regard such individuals.
Fourth, we investigated the extent to which people feel
a sense of compunction about expressing negative atti-
tudes toward nontraditional parents. Previous work has
shown that people feel strong internal and external pres-
sures not to express racial prejudice or endorse racial stereo-
types (Devine, Monteith, Zuwerink, & Elliot, 1991; Dunton
& Fazio, 1997; Gaertner & Dovidio, 1986; Monteith,
Ashburn-Nardo, Voils, & Czopp, 2002; Plant & Devine,
1998). In fact, discrimination based on race occurs mainly
under ambiguous circumstances when racial biases are eas-
iest to rationalize and justify (Gaertner & Dovidio, 1986;
Hodson, Dovidio, & Gaertner, 2002). However, there is rea-
son to believe that such pressures are considerably weaker
when it comes to gender role stereotypes. Because many
men are dependent on women for child rearing and sex-
ual companionship, stereotypes regarding women’s behav-
ior are often more prescriptive than stereotypes of racial
groups (Fiske & Stevens, 1993; Glick & Fiske, 1996, 2001).
10. Notably, one recent study found that while people antic-
ipate feeling guilty at having judged a Black person in a
stereotypical manner, they react with amusement at having
stereotyped a woman (Czopp & Monteith, 2003). Thus, in
Study 2 we employed a within-subjects design, presenting
participants with side-by-side descriptions of employed and
stay-at-home mothers and fathers and asking them to pro-
vide their attitudes toward each target. We were particularly
interested in whether participants would express negative
attitudes toward nontraditional parents when such a bias
would be blatant and obvious.
Fifth, we examined the effects of motivations for work-
ing outside the home on attitudes toward both mothers and
fathers (Study 3). Extensive work in the field of moral judg-
ment indicates that people receive less blame for socially
undesirable acts when the behavior is externally compelled
(Weiner, 1995, 1996). Because women who work out of
financial necessity are violating prescriptive gender stereo-
types for situational (i.e., external) reasons, we hypothesized
that they would provoke less negative reactions than women
who seek employment for reasons of personal fulfillment. In
contrast, motivation should have little impact on attitudes
toward employed fathers because, whatever their reason
for employment, they are fulfilling their traditional role.
Although earlier work has shown that mothers who work
outside the home out of financial necessity are perceived
as more communal than employed mothers whose motive
is personal fulfillment (Bridges & Orza, 1992), the present
research is the first to look at attitudes and to use fathers as
well as mothers as targets.
Finally, the present research fills an important gap in the
literature because we used a racially diverse adult sample
(average age = 38 years) rather than college students. Our
participants thus had considerable experience with parent-
11. ing and working. Moreover, because prejudice varies greatly
across different cohorts (Judd, Park, Ryan, Brauer, & Kraus,
1995; Sears, 1986), adult samples may be necessary to obtain
438 BRESCOLL AND UHLMANN
a complete picture of attitudes toward parents (cf. Bridges
et al., 2002). Although a few other studies have examined
adult women’s attitudes toward parents, to our knowledge
the present studies are the first to assess those of adult men.
In summary, three studies examined adult men’s and
women’s affective reactions to traditional parents (em-
ployed fathers and stay-at-home mothers) and nontra-
ditional parents (employed mothers and stay-at-home
fathers). Also investigated were: perceptions of other peo-
ple’s responses to nontraditional parents (Study 1), the ex-
tent to which people feel a sense of compunction about
reporting negative attitudes toward stay-at-home fathers
and employed mothers (Study 2), and the effects of moth-
ers’ and fathers’ motivations for working (Study 3). Taken
together, these studies were designed to investigate prej-
udices against nontraditional parents and explore some of
the potential parameters of such biases.
While in part an effort to build upon and extend prior
work on prescriptive gender stereotyping and perceptions
of parents, the present studies also make important novel
contributions. First, the present work is the first to empir-
ically investigate attitudes toward stay-at-home fathers, a
stigmatized category that has received no attention in the
stereotyping and prejudice literature. Second, the present
research points to a double-standard regarding women’s and
men’s reasons for working. Specifically, in Study 3, we inves-
12. tigate whether mothers are evaluated more negatively for
choosing to work out of personal fulfillment than fathers
who do the same.
STUDY 1
Study 1 presented participants with a description of either
an employed mother, an employed father, a stay-at-home
mother, or a stay-at-home father. Each paragraph described
either a man’s or a woman’s decision to either stay home to
care for his or her children or to work outside the home. The
target individual was described as being married with two
children who recently had another baby. Participants an-
swered a series of questions about these individuals, includ-
ing an assessment of their affective reaction to the person.
We hypothesized an interaction between gender of target
and decision to work versus stay at home. That is, those who
violated traditional gender roles (i.e., stay-at-home fathers
and employed mothers) were expected to be more nega-
tively evaluated than those who conformed to traditional
gender roles (i.e., stay-at-home mothers and employed
fathers).
In addition to assessing participants’ personal attitudes
toward the target persons, we were interested in measuring
participants’ beliefs about other people’s reactions to em-
ployed and stay-at-home mothers and fathers. Perceived so-
cial norms are powerful influences on judgment and behav-
ior (Ajzen, 1996; Correll et al., 2002; Devine, 1989; Sechrist
& Stangor, 2001). For example, a man who believes that
stay-at-home fathers are not respected may be reluctant
to assume a homemaker role, even though his personal at-
titudes toward staying at home while his wife works are
positive.
13. In fact, there are reasons to expect stay-at-home fathers
to be held in lower social regard than employed mothers.
Among the most powerful prescriptive stereotypes directed
at men are those that emphasize avoiding “effeminate” be-
haviors (e.g., playing with dolls for young boys, failing to
defend one’s honor for adult men; Cohen, Nisbett, Bowdle,
& Schwarz, 1996; Muller & Goldberg, 1980). Stay-at-home
fathers, by adopting a traditionally feminine role, may thus
incur a steep drop in perceived social regard. In contrast,
while an employed woman might be disliked for violating
prescriptive stereotypes, her adoption of the high-status,
traditionally male role of breadwinner may win her some of
the social respect and regard associated with that role (for
a discussion of the distinction between perceived warmth
and perceived competence, see Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu,
2002).
Method
Participants
Seventy-three adults (44 males and 29 females) between the
ages of 17 and 79 years (M = 31.33, SD = 16.64) were re-
cruited from a public park in Connecticut. Seventy-seven
percent of the sample was European American. The re-
maining 23% were African American, Asian, and Hispanic.
Participants were largely middle class (the median income
level was $40,000 per year). Participants were given a lot-
tery ticket, a drink, or paid $1.00 in exchange for participa-
tion in the study. Data from two participants were excluded
because they were not sufficiently fluent in English to com-
plete the survey.
Procedure and Measures
Participants were randomly assigned to read one of four
14. paragraph-long descriptions. Each paragraph described ei-
ther a man’s or a woman’s decision to either stay home
to care for his or her children (including an infant) or to
work outside the home. A situation in which parents have
an infant to care for was chosen as particularly relevant
to prescriptive stereotypes regarding maternal care of chil-
dren (Russo, 1976). We used two names, John and Jennifer,
which were pretested for comparability. The four para-
graphs were identical in every way except for the decision
made and whether it was a man or a woman making the
decision, yielding a 2 (stay home vs. work outside home) "
2 (male target vs. female target) design. With this design, it
was possible to compare participants’ reactions to stay-at-
home mothers, employed mothers, stay-at-home fathers,
and employed fathers in a between-subjects manner.
Participants answered seven questions assessing their at-
titudes and beliefs about the person described in the para-
graph. These seven items fell into two groups: personal
Attitudes Toward Parents 439
affective evaluations of the target and beliefs about others’
opinions of the target.
Affective evaluations. Five items assessed participants’
affective evaluations of the target. Two items pertained to
whether participants thought the target was a good par-
ent (“John [Jennifer] is a good parent”) and whether the
target was contributing equally to the family’s well-being
(“John [Jennifer] is contributing equally to the family’s well-
being”). Two items assessed beliefs that were especially rel-
evant to employed mothers and stay-at-home fathers. In
particular, it is frequently suggested that employed mothers
15. are more selfish than stay-at-home mothers (Russo, 1976).
Therefore we included an item assessing this particular be-
lief (“John [Jennifer] is selfish”). Another item focused on
participants’ attitudes toward the target’s decision (“John’s
[Jennifer’s] decision to work was a good one”). These four
items were assessed with 9-point Likert-type scales (1 =
completely disagree, 9 = completely agree). The final item
in this set consisted of a feeling thermometer for the target
person (“On a scale from 0–100, how warmly or coldly do
you feel toward this person? [0 = extremely cold, 50 = neu-
tral, 100 = extremely warm]). Feeling thermometers have
been widely used as a measure of affective evaluation (e.g.,
Eagly, Mladinic, & Otto, 1991; Haddock & Zanna, 1994).
Others’ opinions. Using 9-point Likert-type scales
(1 = completely disagree, 9 = completely agree), two items
were included to assess participants’ perceptions of whether
these roles are stigmatized differently by gender (“John
[Jennifer] is the type of person that others see as success-
ful” and “John’s [Jennifer’s] coworkers will respect his [her]
decision to stay at home with his [her] children”). We refer
to these items throughout as measures of perceived social
regard.
Last, participants completed demographic information,
including gender, race/ethnicity, and age. Participants were
then thanked and debriefed.
Results
We performed a factor analysis on the items so as to de-
scribe the variables more parsimoniously. Visual inspection
of the scree plot and varimax factor analysis revealed two
distinct factors. All of the items had factor loadings over .41
and were therefore retained for further analysis. The first
factor contained the Affective Evaluations items while the
16. second factor contained the Others’ Opinions items. The
two subscales had moderate internal reliability. Cronbach’s
alpha was .70 for the Affective Evaluation items and .46 for
the two Others’ Opinions items. Taken together, these two
factors accounted for 55% of the total variance. The reason
the Others’ Opinions alpha was low was at least partially
because there were only two items in this measure. It is
common for measures with few items to have reliabilities
in this range (e.g., Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). Moreover, the
relatively low reliability of this measure, while certainly not
desirable, does provide a conservative test of our hypoth-
esis that scores would differ significantly by condition. At
the same time, it should be acknowledged that the relia-
bility of this measure is below what is generally considered
psychometrically acceptable, potentially qualifying some of
the present findings.
Affective Evaluations
The five affective evaluation items were standardized and
summed to form a single index. We predicted that partic-
ipants would hold more negative attitudes toward nontra-
ditional parents (i.e., employed mothers and stay-at-home
fathers) than traditional parents (i.e., employed fathers and
stay-at-home mothers). This prediction was tested with a
2 (target gender) " 2 (target role: stay-at-home vs. em-
ployed outside the home) " 2 (participant gender) analysis
of variance (ANOVA) on the Affective Evaluations index.
There were no significant effects involving the gender of
participants so all the data were collapsed across this vari-
able. As predicted, we did not find main effects for tar-
get gender or target role. However, and also as predicted,
results revealed the expected target gender " target role
interaction, F(1, 68) = 4.37, p < .05. Specifically, the non-
traditional parents (employed mother M = #.27, SD = .64;
17. stay-at-home father M = #.08, SD = .58) were evaluated
more negatively than traditional parents (employed father
M = .09, SD = .77; stay-at-home mother M = .21, SD =
.61). Notably, by using the terms nontraditional versus tra-
ditional parents, we are describing not a main effect, but the
interaction between target role and target gender because
the overlap between these two independent variables cre-
ates the categories nontraditional and traditional parents.
Individual Item Analysis
We also examined each item individually to further explore
our hypotheses. The item that measured pure affect, the
feeling thermometer, revealed the same expected pattern of
results as the overall affective evaluations index. Specifically,
the interaction between target gender and target role was
significant, F(1, 68) = 11.36, p < .01. No main effects were
found for target gender or target role. Participants felt less
warmly toward employed mothers (M = 64.01, SD = 17.30)
and stay-at-home fathers (M = 68.74, SD = 18.11) than
employed fathers (M = 75.28, SD = 19.20) and stay-at-
home mothers (M = 84.11, SD = 11.45).
A planned contrast on the item “Jennifer [John] is a good
parent,” suggested that participants believed that the stay-
at-home father was a worse parent (M = 6.63, SD = 2.00)
than the stay-at-home mother (M = 7.47, SD = 1.84), em-
ployed mother (M = 7.44, SD = 1.55), or the employed
father (M = 7.68, SD = 1.60), t(69) = 1.91, p = .06. As pre-
dicted, a planned contrast also suggested that participants
viewed the employed mother as more selfish (M = 6.50,
SD = 2.42) than the stay-at-home mother (M = 7.48, SD =
1.86), employed father (M = 7.32, SD = 2.03), or
18. 440 BRESCOLL AND UHLMANN
stay-at-home father (M = 7.89, SD = 1.66), t(69) = 1.88,
p = .06. However, both of these effects were only marginally
significant. We also predicted that for the item, “John’s
[Jennifer’s] decision to work was a good one,” partici-
pants would view the nontraditional parents’ decision as
worse than the traditional parents’ decision. A 2 " 2
(employed vs. stay-at-home " mother vs. father) ANOVA
supported this hypothesis. The interaction between target
gender and target role was significant, F(1, 69) = 1.64,
p < .05, meaning that the mothers’ decision to work (M =
7.11, SD = 1.67) was seen as worse than the fathers’ deci-
sion to work (M = 7.89, SD = 1.35). Again, no main effects
for target gender or target role were found. Finally, partici-
pants did not rate the target parents significantly differently
on the item, “John [Jennifer] is contributing equally to the
family’s well-being” (p > .05 for all).
Others’ opinions. We standardized the two items as-
sessing others’ opinions and summed them to form a sin-
gle index of perceived social regard. The overall one-way
ANOVA was significant, F(3, 69) = 9.22, p < .001. More
important, the planned contrasts were significant, t(69) =
5.03, p < .001. As expected, participants perceived less so-
cial regard for stay-at-home fathers (M = 4.42, SD = 1.79)
than employed fathers (M = 6.26, SD = 1.31), stay-at-home
mothers (M = 6.03, SD = 1.48), or employed mothers
(M = 6.87, SD = 1.16).
Discussion
Study 1 supported our hypotheses that people hold more
negative attitudes toward nontraditional parents than to-
ward traditional parents. Contradicting claims that modern
society stigmatizes stay-at-home mothers (Robertson, 2000;
19. Schlafly, 2003), but supporting theories of prescriptive gen-
der stereotyping (e.g., Glick & Fiske, 1996, 2001; Prentice
& Carranza, 2002; Rudman & Glick, 1999), stay-at-home
mothers and employed fathers were evaluated more pos-
itively than stay-at-home fathers and employed mothers.
Presumably because they violate stereotypic prescriptions
for how men and women are supposed to behave and the
roles they ought to fill, nontraditional parents were disliked
relative to traditional parents.
An item analysis provided some potential insights into
people’s perceptions of employed mothers, stay-at-home
fathers, employed fathers, and stay-at-home mothers. Par-
ticipants tended to perceive the stay-at-home father as the
worst parent. Although speculative, it seems possible that
participants saw fathers as lacking the skills to be the pri-
mary caretaker for young children. Also, employed mothers
were seen as more selfish than stay-at-home mothers, em-
ployed fathers, and stay-at-home fathers. Because women’s
prescribed role is to care for children, abandoning this role
may be perceived as an especially selfish act. In contrast, it
seems possible that stay-at-home fathers are seen as rela-
tively unselfish because they are adopting a low-status, stig-
matized role for the sake of the family. So while employed
mothers and stay-at-home fathers were both perceived as
having made a bad decision, somewhat different impres-
sions may underlie this belief (i.e., perceived selfishness
on the part of employed mothers, perceived lack of ability
on the part of stay-at-home fathers). Of course this inter-
pretation is speculative and additional work is required to
clarify the specific cognitions that underlie responses to
nontraditional mothers and fathers.
Interestingly, perceived social regard was lowest for stay-
at-home fathers. Despite evaluating employed mothers
20. negatively, participants felt that other people would re-
spect employed mothers and perceive them as successful—
perhaps because by assuming the traditionally male “bread-
winner” role they gain some of the social status associated
with that role. This finding is consistent with the distinction
of Fiske et al. (2002) between the perceived warmth and
competence of social targets. Apparently, employed moth-
ers are disliked but respected, whereas stay-at-home fathers
are neither liked nor respected. Fathers appear to be aware
of this stigmatization of stay-at-home fathers because they
report that one of the major reasons they do not take pater-
nity leave is due to the stigma that it will carry (Duindam,
1999). This reluctance on the part of fathers to assume a
homemaker role (even temporarily) may limit mothers’ em-
ployment opportunities and serve as an important barrier
to gender equality both in the home and in the workplace.
An alternative explanation for the present results is that
the statistical infrequency of stay-at-home fathers may ex-
plain why people react to them negatively. Indeed, research
on the mere exposure effect shows that increased familiarity
with a stimulus can increase liking of the stimulus (Zajonc,
1980). Although we certainly do not rule out the possibility
that a lack of familiarity makes some contribution to atti-
tudes toward stay-at-home fathers, this is not a satisfying
explanation for the present results. While employed moth-
ers are far more statistically frequent than stay-at-home fa-
thers, they were not better liked. Stay-at-home fathers were
only rated more negatively than employed mothers when
it came to perceptions of other people’s beliefs. There is
no evidence that familiarity with a stimulus has a greater
influence on perceptions of other people’s attitudes toward
the stimulus than it does on one’s own attitudes. Theories of
prescriptive stereotyping provide a much better account of
the present data than an explanation based on the statistical
frequency of the groups in question.
21. STUDY 2
Study 1 leaves open the question of whether participants
feel any sense of compunction about expressing negative
attitudes toward nontraditional parents. Previous work has
documented that White people often feel guilty and self-
critical when they have stereotypical reactions to Black
people (Devine et al., 1991; Monteith et al., 2002). Racial
discrimination is rare when such a bias is obvious and,
Attitudes Toward Parents 441
in general, under circumstances that promote socially
desirable responding (Evans, Garcia, Garcia, & Baron,
2003; Gaertner & Dovidio, 1986; Hodson et al., 2002).
However, additional research suggests that people are much
less concerned about discriminating based on gender than
on race (Czopp & Monteith, 2003). In Study 2, we employed
a within-subjects design to determine whether participants
would continue to report negative reactions to stay-at-home
fathers and employed mothers, relative to employed fathers
and stay-at-home mothers, when their evaluations were
assessed at the same time. Under such circumstances, a
bias based on the gender of the employed or stay-at-home
parent would be blatantly obvious. Therefore, any preju-
dice against nontraditional parents that participants express
must occur with relatively little compunction.
Method
Participants
Seventy-nine adults (46 males and 33 females) between the
22. ages of 17 and 53 years (M = 30.11, SD = 12.62) were re-
cruited from a public park in Connecticut. Participants were
given a lottery ticket, a drink, or paid $1.00 in exchange for
participation in the study. Sixty-five participants were
European American and the remaining 15 participants were
African American, Asian, and Hispanic. None of the partic-
ipants under the age of 30 had children whereas 65% of
the participants over 30 years of age reported having one or
more children. Additionally, 91.14% of the participants re-
ported that they were currently working outside the home,
ranging from 8 hours per week to 65 hours per week (M =
38.22, SD = 13.29).
Procedure and Measures
Participants read four descriptions of parents: an employed
father, an employed mother, a stay-at-home father, and
a stay-at-home mother. These materials were identical to
those used in Study 1 and were presented in a random or-
der. In Study 1, the feeling thermometer rating correlated
.89 with the entire affective evaluation index.
Participants then completed demographic information
(including gender, race/ethnicity, and age) and were then
thanked and debriefed.
Results and Discussion
We expected that even using a within-subjects design, in
which participants evaluated stay-at-home and employed
mothers and fathers at the same time, more positive affect
would be reported toward traditional than nontraditional
parents. These predictions were tested with a mixed model,
within- and between-subjects (with gender of participant as
the between-subjects factor) ANOVA on the feeling ther-
mometer ratings.
23. There were no significant effects involving the gender of
participants, so all the data were collapsed across participant
gender. However, as predicted, the within-subjects ANOVA
was significant, F(3, 231) = 10.60, p < .01. Within-subjects
contrasts revealed that participants reported significantly
more positive attitudes toward traditional than nontradi-
tional parents. Specifically, attitudes toward stay-at-home
mothers (M = 79.00, SD = 19.10) were significantly more
positive than attitudes toward stay-at-home fathers (M =
65.40, SD = 24.75), F(1, 77) = 19.93, p < .001, and em-
ployed mothers (M = 71.55, SD = 23.96), F(1, 77) = 5.22,
p < .05. Likewise, attitudes toward employed fathers (M =
84.82, SD = 19.01) were significantly more positive than at-
titudes toward employed mothers (M = 71.55, SD = 23.96),
F(1, 77) = 22.30, p < .001, and stay-at-home fathers (M =
65.40, SD = 24.75), F(1, 77) = 27.93, p < .001. As predicted,
attitudes toward the two traditional parents (stay-at-home
mothers and employed fathers) were not significantly differ-
ent from each other nor were attitudes toward the two non-
traditional parents. Notably, participants reported nearly
the same pattern of attitudes in this within-subjects design
as in the between-subjects design in Study 1. Although di-
rect statistical comparisons cannot be made across studies,
assessing attitudes toward parents using a within-subjects
design clearly did not eliminate participants’ self-reported
dislike for nontraditional parents.
STUDY 3
Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that people generally hold
more positive attitudes toward traditional than nontradi-
tional parents. Study 2 further indicated that people will re-
port negative attitudes toward nontraditional parents even
under conditions that enhance social desirability concerns.
24. When participants evaluated stay-at-home and employed
mothers and fathers side-by-side, in a within-subjects de-
sign, they continued to report more negative attitudes to-
ward employed mothers and stay-at-home fathers. This
complements research suggesting that people feel little
compunction about stereotyping based on gender (Czopp
& Monteith, 2003).
Study 3 built on Studies 1 and 2 by investigating whether
attitudes toward employed parents would vary based on
the reasons that parents provide for working outside the
home. In Study 3, the target parent was said to work outside
the home either for personal fulfillment or out of financial
necessity. Bridges and Orza (1992) examined reactions to
employed and unemployed mothers while varying their em-
ployment motive. They found that participants perceived an
employed mother who worked out of personal fulfillment
as less communal than the employed mother who worked
out of financial need. We extend this work by looking at at-
titudes rather than trait attributions and further examining
the effects of motivation on reactions to fathers.
Because women who work out of financial necessity are
violating prescriptive gender stereotypes for reasons be-
yond their control, we hypothesized that they would pro-
voke less negative reactions than women who work outside
442 BRESCOLL AND UHLMANN
the home for reasons of personal fulfillment. Research on
moral judgment indicates that actors are blamed less for
engaging in socially undesirable behaviors when the act is
externally compelled or otherwise outside of their control
(Weiner, 1995, 1996). Women who work for personal ful-
25. fillment may be perceived as willfully neglecting gender
prescriptions such as the “Motherhood Mandate,” which
demands that women always be available to their children
(Russo, 1976). They should therefore receive more moral
censure than women who work outside of the home be-
cause their family’s financial circumstances leave them lit-
tle option. However, motivation should have little impact
on evaluations of employed fathers because, whatever their
reason for employment, they are fulfilling their traditional,
expected role.
Method
Participants
One hundred twelve adults (51 males and 61 females) be-
tween the ages of 18 and 75 years (M = 34.50, SD = 14.74)
were recruited from a public park in Connecticut. Eighty
percent of the sample was European American. The re-
maining 20% were African American, Asian, and Hispanic.
Participants were given a lottery ticket, a drink, or paid $1.00
in exchange for participation in the study.
Procedure and Measures
Participants were randomly assigned to read one of six
paragraph-long descriptions. Each paragraph described ei-
ther a father’s or a mother’s decision to work outside the
home and one of two motives (personal fulfillment or fi-
nancial necessity) for why the target parent made that deci-
sion. A third, control condition did not describe the parent’s
motivation for his or her decision. The six paragraphs were
identical in every way except for the gender of the parent
and the motive for working outside the home, yielding a
2 (participant gender) " 2 (target gender) " 3 (motive:
financial, personal fulfillment, none mentioned) design.
26. Participants answered seven questions assessing their at-
titudes and beliefs about the parent. Five of these seven
items were identical to the affective evaluation items used
in Study 1 and two additional items assessed participants’
beliefs about the level of dedication the target parent pos-
sessed (“John is a dedicated father”) and perceptions of
the warmth of the target parent (“John is a warm person”),
using 9-point Likert-type scales (1 = completely disagree,
9 = completely agree). We added these two items to bet-
ter assess affective reactions to the targets. As predicted, a
factor analysis with a varimax rotation revealed one distinct
factor tapping affective evaluations for these seven items
(Cronbach’s alpha = .58).
Last, participants completed demographic information,
including gender, race/ethnicity, and age. Participants were
then thanked and debriefed.
Results and Discussion
The seven affective evaluation items were standardized and
summed to form a single index. We predicted that partici-
pants would hold the most negative attitudes toward moth-
ers who worked outside the home for personal fulfillment,
compared to mothers who worked outside the home out
of financial necessity and fathers who worked outside the
home regardless of motive. We also predicted that partici-
pants would hold equally positive attitudes toward fathers
who work outside the home for personal fulfillment or fi-
nancial necessity. In other words, for fathers, the reason
given for working outside the home should not have an im-
pact on participants’ attitudes.
These predictions were tested with a 2 " 2 " 3 ANOVA
and planned contrasts on the Affective Evaluations index.
27. Consistent with Studies 1 and 2, there were no signifi-
cant effects involving the gender of participants, so all the
data were collapsed across participant gender. Results were
consistent with our hypotheses, F(5, 102) = 3.34, p < .01.
Specifically, planned contrasts revealed that participants re-
ported the most negative attitudes toward mothers who
worked outside the home for personal fulfillment, com-
pared to all other types of employed parents. Simple effects
analyses revealed that fathers were evaluated the same re-
gardless of the reason stated for their working outside the
home.
Examining the feeling thermometer item separately
from the other Affective Evaluation items revealed the same
pattern of results (see Table 1). Specifically, participants felt
most coldly toward women who worked outside the home
for personal fulfillment compared to all other types of em-
ployed parents, t(103) = 3.52, p < .01. The evaluation of
employed fathers was not impacted by the stated reason
for their working outside the home, while the evaluation of
employed mothers was affected by the stated reasons for
their working outside the home, F(2, 53) = 3.67, p < .05.
GENERAL DISCUSSION
All three studies reveal that people report more negative at-
titudes toward nontraditional parents (i.e., employed moth-
ers and stay-at-home fathers) than toward traditional par-
ents (i.e., stay-at-home mothers and employed fathers).
This finding is consistent with other research showing that
Table 1
Mean Feeling Thermometer Ratings of Employed
Mothers and Fathers by Employment Motive (Study 3)
28. Gender of Target
Reason for Employment Father Mother
Financial need 69.21 (18.65) 66.06 (12.74)
Personal fulfillment 66.50 (23.16) 47.84 (25.20)
No reason given (control) 63.24 (15.30) 56.58 (20.35)
Attitudes Toward Parents 443
people dislike those who violate prescriptive stereotypes
(e.g., Rudman & Glick, 1999) and prior studies of the
trait attributions made about traditional and nontraditional
parents (Bridges & Etaugh, 1995; Bridges & Orza, 1993;
Etaugh & Folger, 1998; Etaugh & Moss, 2001; Etaugh
& Nekolny, 1990; Etaugh & Petroski, 1985; Etaugh &
Poertner, 1992). However, the present research is the first
to empirically document prejudice against stay-at-home fa-
thers, a stigmatized category that has received insufficient
attention in the literature.
Participants’ beliefs about other people’s reactions to
stay-at-home and employed mothers and fathers were fur-
ther examined in Study 1, revealing that perceived social
regard was lowest for stay-at-home fathers. The perceived
social stigmatization of male homemakers may represent a
major barrier to mothers’ opportunities if it makes fathers
reluctant to stay at home with the children while their wife
works outside the home. Notably, perceived social regard
for employed mothers was just as high as for traditional
parents. It may be that by assuming the traditionally male
breadwinner role, employed women accrue some of the so-
cial respect and regard associated with that role. Thus, em-
ployed women may be simultaneously disliked and socially
29. respected. This highlights the distinction between percep-
tions of competence and warmth drawn by previous re-
searchers (Fiske et al., 2002; Rudman, 1998; Rudman &
Glick, 1999).
Participants apparently felt little compunction about ex-
pressing negative attitudes toward nontraditional parents.
People generally experience guilt and self-criticism about
their negative feelings toward racial minorities (Devine
et al., 1991). Other work indicates that people are most
likely to discriminate based on race under ambiguous cir-
cumstances, when their prejudices are easy to rationalize
and justify (Gaertner & Dovidio, 1986; Hodson et al., 2002).
However, even in Study 2’s within-subjects design, where
gender-biased judgments were blatantly obvious, partici-
pants continued to evaluate nontraditional parents more
negatively than traditional parents. These results are con-
sistent with those of Czopp and Monteith (2003), who found
that people feel guilty at the thought of stereotyping a Black
person, but amused at the thought of stereotyping a woman.
As Fiske and Stevens (1993) note, gender stereotypes may
be more strongly prescriptive, and therefore normative,
than stereotypes of other groups. As a consequence, people
may not fear social censure for expressing gender stereo-
types to the same extent that they do for racial stereotypes.
The effects of motivations for working on attitudes to-
ward employed mothers and fathers were investigated in
Study 3. Participants reported more negative attitudes to-
ward mothers who worked out of personal fulfillment than
toward mothers who worked out of financial necessity or
mothers who did not mention a reason for employment.
However, motivation for working outside the home did not
affect people’s attitudes toward employed fathers. This find-
ing suggests that mothers are subjected to an unfair double
30. standard in that they are required to have a socially accept-
able reason for working outside the home while fathers are
not. If employed mothers are thought to work outside the
home for personal fulfillment, they may be perceived as
failing to fulfill the role of the selfless mother, thus causing
people to dislike them (Russo, 1976).
Remarkably, no gender differences in attitudes toward
traditional and nontraditional parents were observed. One
might expect that female participants would feel more pos-
itively toward employed mothers and stay-at-home fathers,
given that women should be less likely to endorse and act
on prescriptive stereotypes that are detrimental to their
own life opportunities. However, these results are consis-
tent with theories in which consensual ideologies, adopted
by both dominant and subordinate group members, pro-
mote social inequality (Jost & Banaji, 1994; Glick & Fiske,
1996, 2001; Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). For example, Jost
and Banaji’s (1994) system justification theory proposes
that due to implicit socialization by the dominant culture,
members of low status groups adopt stereotypes and be-
lief systems that perpetuate their low social position. For
example, many African Americans endorse the Protestant
Work Ethic, which implies that laziness is the primary cause
of poverty (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). Similarly, women of-
ten endorse ideologies such as benevolent sexism, which
holds that “good” women who fulfill their traditional roles
as mothers and wives should be “put on a pedestal” (Glick &
Fiske, 1996, 2001). Indeed, many women likely enjoy the
special status traditional gender roles accord the “weaker
sex.” However, they may do so at the cost of limiting their
personal options and those of women as a whole.
It is equally important to note that men’s life choices
are also limited by restrictive gender roles and prescriptive
gender stereotypes. Some men may want to care for their
31. children full-time rather than working outside the home,
but the stigma attached to being a stay-at-home father may
prevent them from doing so. Prescriptive gender stereo-
types and the stigma attached to violations of them limit and
restrict both men’s and women’s opportunities and lives.
Previous research that has examined the consequences
of prescriptive stereotype violations generally has not fo-
cused on whether men who violate prescriptive gender
stereotypes experience similar “backlash” effects as women
who violate gender norms. The media, however, has re-
cently paid a great deal of attention to the stigma that stay-at-
home fathers face. For example, a recent article in the Wall
Street Journal (“Stay-at-home dads,” 2003) reported that
employers view stay-at-home fathers either with disdain or
confusion. Sometimes employers even “wonder whether
‘stay-at-home dad’ is a cover for ‘couldn’t find work.’” (“Stay-
at-home dads,” 2003). Anecdotal reports have even sur-
faced of parents not allowing their children to socialize with
the children of stay-at-home fathers and employed mothers
(“Your career,” 2001). To our knowledge, the present studies
are the first to document this stigmatization of stay-at-home
fathers.
444 BRESCOLL AND UHLMANN
One limitation of the present research is worth noting.
The present studies examined attitudes toward parents with
an infant. This scenario was selected as particularly relevant
to prescriptive gender stereotypes regarding care of chil-
dren. However, only future research can reveal whether
the present findings generalize to parents whose children
are older.
32. Future research should further seek to understand the
reasons why people dislike nontraditional parents and, more
generally, why people dislike those who violate prescrip-
tive gender stereotypes. Perhaps reactions to nontraditional
parents are negative because people generally dislike indi-
viduals who violate social norms (Cialdini & Trost, 1998).
However, this only raises the issue of how and why such
norms developed in the first place. Prescriptive stereotypes
may serve the system-justifying function of keeping women
“in their place,” such that they do not act in ways that dis-
rupt the social order (Glick & Fiske, 1996, 2001; Jost &
Banaji, 1994; Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). That is, people may
dislike employed mothers because they (consciously or un-
consciously) perceive these women as trying to increase
their power and status, thereby rejecting a subordinate role.
Initial submission: December 30, 2003
Initial acceptance: December 14, 2004
Final acceptance: April 5, 2005
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