This document provides an overview of worldwide product-based environmental regulations, with a focus on the ROHS and WEEE Directives in Europe. It discusses the background and motivations for these regulations, including the growing problem of electronic waste. The key points are:
- The ROHS Directive restricts the use of hazardous substances like lead, cadmium and mercury in electrical/electronic equipment in the EU. Compliance is required by July 2006.
- The WEEE Directive requires producers to manage post-consumer recycling and disposal of electronic products in the EU, effective August 2005.
- Similar regulations and restrictions exist or are being developed in the US, China, Korea and other countries/regions.
O documento descreve a cadeia de suprimentos da Arezzo&Co, desde o design até a distribuição final. A empresa controla todo o processo, da pesquisa de tendências até a produção em fábricas credenciadas, para garantir qualidade e eficiência. Sua localização próxima aos principais polos produtivos de calçados do Brasil permite flexibilidade e controle de custos.
O documento discute protocolos de comunicação, definindo-os e apresentando exemplos de seu uso. Apresenta o modelo OSI e funções de protocolos como controle de erros. Explica diferentes camadas e tipos de protocolos como ponto a ponto e TCP/IP. Conclui discutindo pesquisas para protocolos futuros priorizando segurança e eficiência.
Aula introdutória de sistemas de informação. Licença CC: Atribuição e CompartilhaIgual: Você deve dar o crédito apropriado, prover um link para a licença e indicar se mudanças foram feitas. Você deve fazê-lo em qualquer circunstância razoável, mas de maneira alguma que sugira ao licenciante a apoiar você ou o seu uso.
CompartilhaIgual — Se você remixar, transformar, ou criar a partir do material, tem de distribuir as suas contribuições sob a mesma licença que o original.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/br/
O documento descreve diferentes dispositivos de rede, incluindo switches, hubs, placas de rede, pontos de acesso sem fio, adaptadores sem fio e antenas USB para conexão sem fio. Explica as funções e características de cada dispositivo.
Este documento discute os conceitos fundamentais de instituições de canais de distribuição na logística. Ele aborda tópicos como o papel da logística, custos logísticos, sistemas logísticos e clientes, atacadistas versus varejistas, interface entre logística e gestão de canais, e tendências dos atacadistas. O documento também compara as abordagens tradicionais e da cadeia de suprimentos à gestão logística.
O documento fornece um resumo dos principais pontos sobre:
1) Apresenta o histórico da computação desde o ábaco até os computadores modernos;
2) Explica a arquitetura de Von Neumann e seus principais componentes como CPU, memória e entrada/saída;
3) Explora o funcionamento dos componentes centrais de um computador como CPU, memória, placa-mãe e hardware de entrada/saída.
UFCD_8507_Coordenação do processo de armazenagem_índiceManuais Formação
Este documento descreve os processos e estratégias de armazenagem e coordenação logística. Apresenta os objetivos e conteúdos da armazenagem, incluindo princípios gerais, tipos de armazéns, condições de armazenagem, estratégias de alocação e organização de mercadorias, equipamentos, sistemas de informação e gestão de estoques. O foco é supervisionar e coordenar a armazenagem e abastecimento de acordo com as especificidades dos produtos e necessidades operacionais.
TMS Frota - A Evolução no Sistema de Gerenciamento de TransportesStrada .
O TMS Strada permite que o uso de tecnologia seja aplicado diretamente às suas necessidades de crescimento do seu negócio.
*Gestão de Transporte e Logística
*Análise de Custo dos Pneus
*Análise de Custo x Benefício do Veículo
*Manutenção Preventiva Automatizada
* Automatização de Troca de Peças Dentro da Garantia
*Identificação de Melhores Modelos de Veículos
*Redução da Frequência de Acidentes
Quer saber mais? Acesse: http://www.stradasolucoes.com.br/tms-gestao-de-frotas-e-transporte
O documento descreve a cadeia de suprimentos da Arezzo&Co, desde o design até a distribuição final. A empresa controla todo o processo, da pesquisa de tendências até a produção em fábricas credenciadas, para garantir qualidade e eficiência. Sua localização próxima aos principais polos produtivos de calçados do Brasil permite flexibilidade e controle de custos.
O documento discute protocolos de comunicação, definindo-os e apresentando exemplos de seu uso. Apresenta o modelo OSI e funções de protocolos como controle de erros. Explica diferentes camadas e tipos de protocolos como ponto a ponto e TCP/IP. Conclui discutindo pesquisas para protocolos futuros priorizando segurança e eficiência.
Aula introdutória de sistemas de informação. Licença CC: Atribuição e CompartilhaIgual: Você deve dar o crédito apropriado, prover um link para a licença e indicar se mudanças foram feitas. Você deve fazê-lo em qualquer circunstância razoável, mas de maneira alguma que sugira ao licenciante a apoiar você ou o seu uso.
CompartilhaIgual — Se você remixar, transformar, ou criar a partir do material, tem de distribuir as suas contribuições sob a mesma licença que o original.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/br/
O documento descreve diferentes dispositivos de rede, incluindo switches, hubs, placas de rede, pontos de acesso sem fio, adaptadores sem fio e antenas USB para conexão sem fio. Explica as funções e características de cada dispositivo.
Este documento discute os conceitos fundamentais de instituições de canais de distribuição na logística. Ele aborda tópicos como o papel da logística, custos logísticos, sistemas logísticos e clientes, atacadistas versus varejistas, interface entre logística e gestão de canais, e tendências dos atacadistas. O documento também compara as abordagens tradicionais e da cadeia de suprimentos à gestão logística.
O documento fornece um resumo dos principais pontos sobre:
1) Apresenta o histórico da computação desde o ábaco até os computadores modernos;
2) Explica a arquitetura de Von Neumann e seus principais componentes como CPU, memória e entrada/saída;
3) Explora o funcionamento dos componentes centrais de um computador como CPU, memória, placa-mãe e hardware de entrada/saída.
UFCD_8507_Coordenação do processo de armazenagem_índiceManuais Formação
Este documento descreve os processos e estratégias de armazenagem e coordenação logística. Apresenta os objetivos e conteúdos da armazenagem, incluindo princípios gerais, tipos de armazéns, condições de armazenagem, estratégias de alocação e organização de mercadorias, equipamentos, sistemas de informação e gestão de estoques. O foco é supervisionar e coordenar a armazenagem e abastecimento de acordo com as especificidades dos produtos e necessidades operacionais.
TMS Frota - A Evolução no Sistema de Gerenciamento de TransportesStrada .
O TMS Strada permite que o uso de tecnologia seja aplicado diretamente às suas necessidades de crescimento do seu negócio.
*Gestão de Transporte e Logística
*Análise de Custo dos Pneus
*Análise de Custo x Benefício do Veículo
*Manutenção Preventiva Automatizada
* Automatização de Troca de Peças Dentro da Garantia
*Identificação de Melhores Modelos de Veículos
*Redução da Frequência de Acidentes
Quer saber mais? Acesse: http://www.stradasolucoes.com.br/tms-gestao-de-frotas-e-transporte
O documento discute sistemas de informação gerencial (SIG), definindo-o como um sistema que auxilia na tomada de decisão fornecendo informações seguras e oportunas. É dividido em seções que abordam conceitos básicos de SIG, evolução, tipos de relatórios, importância e cuidados necessários na implementação, dando também exemplo de tecnologias e aplicativos de apoio.
O documento introduz conceitos básicos de sistemas de informação, incluindo definições de dados, informações, conhecimento, objetivos de sistemas de informação, classificações de sistemas de informação, modalidades e estruturas de sistemas de informação.
O documento discute logística de armazenagem, definindo-a como a atividade que compreende o planejamento, coordenação e controle das operações de armazenamento de materiais. Detalha objetivos, vantagens e desvantagens da armazenagem, tipos de depósitos, dimensionamento de espaços, definição de layouts e sistemas de identificação e armazenamento.
O documento descreve os principais componentes de uma infraestrutura de cabos estruturados de acordo com a norma ANSI/TIA/EIA-569-B, incluindo: instalações de entrada, sala de equipamentos, cabos verticais, instalações de telecomunicações, cabos horizontais e área de trabalho. A norma tem como objetivo padronizar a instalação de redes de computadores para garantir a expansão e atualização futuras dos sistemas.
O documento discute sistemas de informações logísticos, definindo dados e informações, e apresentando as visões de dois autores sobre como dividir os sistemas. Também aborda desafios na implementação de sistemas de informações e seus benefícios gerenciais.
1. O documento discute os problemas encontrados no setor de recebimento de uma empresa devido à falta de padronização das embalagens e cargas recebidas, como a necessidade de operar com quatro setores de armazenagem.
2. Ao concentrar todas as cargas no armazém 4, surgiram dificuldades com a localização de lotes incompletos e cargas antigas, mas organizar as cargas pelo número final de controle facilitou a operação.
3. A mudança para um único setor de armazenagem sem verticalização permitiu arma
Digital Supply Chain - Insights on Driving the Digital Supply Chain Transform...Lora Cecere
Executive Summary
It started with the internet, and the drum beat continues. Mobile. Social. Cloud. Digital Products. Telematics. The Internet of Things. The list of enablers is endless.
Over the last decade, digital marketing departments quickly took advantage of new technologies to power marketing capabilities. As a result, companies have new products and services; but, over the last decade there has been little change in supply chain processes.
There is a great divide in organizations today. There are digital teams in marketing while there are traditional supply chain processes in operations. Many supply chain leaders are asking how they digitize their supply chain practices. This report is designed to help. Here we share a five-step process to get started, and we provide insights from recent research on how to transform manufacturing processes.
What Is Digital Business?
Digitization transforms businesses. A digital business model uses new forms of technology to create new forms of revenue and business value. It is about the use of combinations of technologies to sense changes in real-time and shape a meaningful output.
Digital business is about much, much more than the redefinition of business processes for B2B and B2C. While e-business strategies are foundational, and necessary, it is about more than e-business. In today’s supply chain, while B2C models are well defined and new supply chain models have embraced and redefined e-commerce delivery, B2B processes lag B2C. Today, only 9% of B2B commerce business flows through business networks. There are no digital B2B officers. Companies have been slow to adopt new forms of B2B.
O documento discute os conceitos fundamentais da camada física em sistemas de comunicação, incluindo:
1) A transmissão de informação através de sinais em meios físicos como cabos;
2) Os tipos de transmissão de dados (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex);
3) A diferença entre informação analógica e digital e como a digitalização permite a detecção e correção de erros.
O documento discute as tecnologias da informação e comunicação, definindo termos como informática, hardware, software e áreas de aplicação das TIC como computadores, comunicação, controle e automação. Explica também a estrutura e funcionamento básico de um sistema informático, incluindo unidades centrais de processamento, memórias, dispositivos de entrada e saída.
O documento fornece uma introdução básica sobre computadores, incluindo sua história, gerações, componentes, unidades de medida de informação e glossário de termos.
Objetivos
Discutir os aspectos éticos necessários para o profissional de operações e logística nas organizações integrantes de uma cadeia de suprimentos.
Palestrante
Adm. Leonardo Ferreira
• Administrador de empresas, MBA em Gestão Empresarial, especialista lato sensu em Gestão Industrial e Gestão para Educação a Distância e Mestrando em Engenharia de Produção pela UNICAMP.
• Experiência profissional em gestão industrial em empresas nacionais e multinacionais (AMBEV, ARCOR, BOSCH, MWM e MOTOROLA);
• Sócio Proprietário da CONFRARIA CORPORATIVA - CONSULTORIA E TREINAMENTOS;
• Professor universitário (UNICAMP, PUC CAMPINAS, ANHANGUERA EDUCACIONAL);
• Membro do GE.LOG.
O documento introduz conceitos básicos de informática, incluindo processamento de dados, hardware, software e peopleware. Processamento de dados envolve transformar dados de entrada em informação de saída por meio de processamento. Hardware refere-se aos componentes físicos de um computador, enquanto software refere-se aos programas. Peopleware descreve os usuários de computadores.
O documento discute logística e armazenagem, definindo logística como a gestão de todas as etapas de recebimento e expedição de cargas. Descreve funções da armazenagem como manter produtos com capacidade adequada e movimentá-los através de recebimento, conferência, estocagem e expedição. Também discute tipos de sistemas de armazenagem como paletização, racks, flow racks e sistemas automáticos.
Tecnologia da informação aplicado à logísticaJoaz Souza
O documento discute como a tecnologia da informação pode ser aplicada à logística para melhorar os processos e tomada de decisão. Sistemas como ERP, WMS e RFID permitem maior integração, visibilidade e rastreabilidade ao longo da cadeia de suprimentos. Implementações bem-sucedidas podem reduzir custos e melhorar o atendimento ao cliente.
Os três principais componentes de um computador são: o processador, que processa informações armazenadas na memória; a memória, que armazena programas e dados; e os periféricos, que permitem a entrada e saída de dados entre o computador e o usuário.
O documento discute conceitos e métodos de distribuição física. Aborda definições de distribuição, tipos de canais de distribuição, objetivos, funções, propriedades, sistemas de distribuição um para um e um para muitos, roteirização de veículos e métodos de construção e melhoria de rotas.
Este documento resume os principais conceitos sobre redes de computadores, incluindo a definição de redes, a diferença entre clientes e servidores, os tipos de redes ponto a ponto e multiponto, os meios de transmissão de dados, os hardwares utilizados e os objetivos e segurança em redes.
Someswararao Cherukuri has over 20 years of experience as an ERP functional consultant specializing in JD Edwards Sales & Distribution and SAP SD & MM. He has extensive experience implementing, configuring, and supporting JD Edwards EnterpriseOne and SAP solutions. His experience includes managing projects, analyzing requirements, testing solutions, training users, and providing post-implementation support. He has worked with many clients in various industries across the US and Norway.
Informática descreve o conjunto de ciências da informação como computação, teoria da informação, processamento de dados e modelagem de conhecimento. A palavra surge da junção de "informação" e "automática" para designar o processamento automático de informações binárias, geralmente por computadores. Burótica refere-se aos métodos e ferramentas para tratar informações escritas, visuais ou sonoras em escritórios. Tecnologia da Informação cria, administra e mantém a gestão de dados através de dispositivos de acesso,
Este documento apresenta o cardápio de um restaurante, incluindo entradas, hamburgueres, pregos, especialidades, saladas, bebidas e sobremesas. Há uma variedade de opções como asinhas de frango, cachorrinhos à praça, hamburgueres como o Toscaio e o Bégueiro, pregos com diferentes recheios, a francesinha, e sobremesas como mousse de chocolate e cheesecake de morango. As bebidas incluem cervejas, vinhos, refrigerantes e destilados como gin e uís
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
Restriction of Hazardous Substances(RoHS) and REACHAmit Ghai
A historical perspective, current revisions and guidelines for RoHS and REACH compliance. Includes typical case studies, challenges and ways to overcome them
O documento discute sistemas de informação gerencial (SIG), definindo-o como um sistema que auxilia na tomada de decisão fornecendo informações seguras e oportunas. É dividido em seções que abordam conceitos básicos de SIG, evolução, tipos de relatórios, importância e cuidados necessários na implementação, dando também exemplo de tecnologias e aplicativos de apoio.
O documento introduz conceitos básicos de sistemas de informação, incluindo definições de dados, informações, conhecimento, objetivos de sistemas de informação, classificações de sistemas de informação, modalidades e estruturas de sistemas de informação.
O documento discute logística de armazenagem, definindo-a como a atividade que compreende o planejamento, coordenação e controle das operações de armazenamento de materiais. Detalha objetivos, vantagens e desvantagens da armazenagem, tipos de depósitos, dimensionamento de espaços, definição de layouts e sistemas de identificação e armazenamento.
O documento descreve os principais componentes de uma infraestrutura de cabos estruturados de acordo com a norma ANSI/TIA/EIA-569-B, incluindo: instalações de entrada, sala de equipamentos, cabos verticais, instalações de telecomunicações, cabos horizontais e área de trabalho. A norma tem como objetivo padronizar a instalação de redes de computadores para garantir a expansão e atualização futuras dos sistemas.
O documento discute sistemas de informações logísticos, definindo dados e informações, e apresentando as visões de dois autores sobre como dividir os sistemas. Também aborda desafios na implementação de sistemas de informações e seus benefícios gerenciais.
1. O documento discute os problemas encontrados no setor de recebimento de uma empresa devido à falta de padronização das embalagens e cargas recebidas, como a necessidade de operar com quatro setores de armazenagem.
2. Ao concentrar todas as cargas no armazém 4, surgiram dificuldades com a localização de lotes incompletos e cargas antigas, mas organizar as cargas pelo número final de controle facilitou a operação.
3. A mudança para um único setor de armazenagem sem verticalização permitiu arma
Digital Supply Chain - Insights on Driving the Digital Supply Chain Transform...Lora Cecere
Executive Summary
It started with the internet, and the drum beat continues. Mobile. Social. Cloud. Digital Products. Telematics. The Internet of Things. The list of enablers is endless.
Over the last decade, digital marketing departments quickly took advantage of new technologies to power marketing capabilities. As a result, companies have new products and services; but, over the last decade there has been little change in supply chain processes.
There is a great divide in organizations today. There are digital teams in marketing while there are traditional supply chain processes in operations. Many supply chain leaders are asking how they digitize their supply chain practices. This report is designed to help. Here we share a five-step process to get started, and we provide insights from recent research on how to transform manufacturing processes.
What Is Digital Business?
Digitization transforms businesses. A digital business model uses new forms of technology to create new forms of revenue and business value. It is about the use of combinations of technologies to sense changes in real-time and shape a meaningful output.
Digital business is about much, much more than the redefinition of business processes for B2B and B2C. While e-business strategies are foundational, and necessary, it is about more than e-business. In today’s supply chain, while B2C models are well defined and new supply chain models have embraced and redefined e-commerce delivery, B2B processes lag B2C. Today, only 9% of B2B commerce business flows through business networks. There are no digital B2B officers. Companies have been slow to adopt new forms of B2B.
O documento discute os conceitos fundamentais da camada física em sistemas de comunicação, incluindo:
1) A transmissão de informação através de sinais em meios físicos como cabos;
2) Os tipos de transmissão de dados (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex);
3) A diferença entre informação analógica e digital e como a digitalização permite a detecção e correção de erros.
O documento discute as tecnologias da informação e comunicação, definindo termos como informática, hardware, software e áreas de aplicação das TIC como computadores, comunicação, controle e automação. Explica também a estrutura e funcionamento básico de um sistema informático, incluindo unidades centrais de processamento, memórias, dispositivos de entrada e saída.
O documento fornece uma introdução básica sobre computadores, incluindo sua história, gerações, componentes, unidades de medida de informação e glossário de termos.
Objetivos
Discutir os aspectos éticos necessários para o profissional de operações e logística nas organizações integrantes de uma cadeia de suprimentos.
Palestrante
Adm. Leonardo Ferreira
• Administrador de empresas, MBA em Gestão Empresarial, especialista lato sensu em Gestão Industrial e Gestão para Educação a Distância e Mestrando em Engenharia de Produção pela UNICAMP.
• Experiência profissional em gestão industrial em empresas nacionais e multinacionais (AMBEV, ARCOR, BOSCH, MWM e MOTOROLA);
• Sócio Proprietário da CONFRARIA CORPORATIVA - CONSULTORIA E TREINAMENTOS;
• Professor universitário (UNICAMP, PUC CAMPINAS, ANHANGUERA EDUCACIONAL);
• Membro do GE.LOG.
O documento introduz conceitos básicos de informática, incluindo processamento de dados, hardware, software e peopleware. Processamento de dados envolve transformar dados de entrada em informação de saída por meio de processamento. Hardware refere-se aos componentes físicos de um computador, enquanto software refere-se aos programas. Peopleware descreve os usuários de computadores.
O documento discute logística e armazenagem, definindo logística como a gestão de todas as etapas de recebimento e expedição de cargas. Descreve funções da armazenagem como manter produtos com capacidade adequada e movimentá-los através de recebimento, conferência, estocagem e expedição. Também discute tipos de sistemas de armazenagem como paletização, racks, flow racks e sistemas automáticos.
Tecnologia da informação aplicado à logísticaJoaz Souza
O documento discute como a tecnologia da informação pode ser aplicada à logística para melhorar os processos e tomada de decisão. Sistemas como ERP, WMS e RFID permitem maior integração, visibilidade e rastreabilidade ao longo da cadeia de suprimentos. Implementações bem-sucedidas podem reduzir custos e melhorar o atendimento ao cliente.
Os três principais componentes de um computador são: o processador, que processa informações armazenadas na memória; a memória, que armazena programas e dados; e os periféricos, que permitem a entrada e saída de dados entre o computador e o usuário.
O documento discute conceitos e métodos de distribuição física. Aborda definições de distribuição, tipos de canais de distribuição, objetivos, funções, propriedades, sistemas de distribuição um para um e um para muitos, roteirização de veículos e métodos de construção e melhoria de rotas.
Este documento resume os principais conceitos sobre redes de computadores, incluindo a definição de redes, a diferença entre clientes e servidores, os tipos de redes ponto a ponto e multiponto, os meios de transmissão de dados, os hardwares utilizados e os objetivos e segurança em redes.
Someswararao Cherukuri has over 20 years of experience as an ERP functional consultant specializing in JD Edwards Sales & Distribution and SAP SD & MM. He has extensive experience implementing, configuring, and supporting JD Edwards EnterpriseOne and SAP solutions. His experience includes managing projects, analyzing requirements, testing solutions, training users, and providing post-implementation support. He has worked with many clients in various industries across the US and Norway.
Informática descreve o conjunto de ciências da informação como computação, teoria da informação, processamento de dados e modelagem de conhecimento. A palavra surge da junção de "informação" e "automática" para designar o processamento automático de informações binárias, geralmente por computadores. Burótica refere-se aos métodos e ferramentas para tratar informações escritas, visuais ou sonoras em escritórios. Tecnologia da Informação cria, administra e mantém a gestão de dados através de dispositivos de acesso,
Este documento apresenta o cardápio de um restaurante, incluindo entradas, hamburgueres, pregos, especialidades, saladas, bebidas e sobremesas. Há uma variedade de opções como asinhas de frango, cachorrinhos à praça, hamburgueres como o Toscaio e o Bégueiro, pregos com diferentes recheios, a francesinha, e sobremesas como mousse de chocolate e cheesecake de morango. As bebidas incluem cervejas, vinhos, refrigerantes e destilados como gin e uís
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
Restriction of Hazardous Substances(RoHS) and REACHAmit Ghai
A historical perspective, current revisions and guidelines for RoHS and REACH compliance. Includes typical case studies, challenges and ways to overcome them
RoHS, REACH, and Other Environmental Requirements Enviropass
This presentation delves into critical environmental regulations and requirements, focusing on the European Union's RoHS and REACH directives. It outlines the fundamental aspects of the RoHS directive, including its scope, basic rules, exemptions, technical documentation, and the CE mark.
RoHS
The gist of the European Union (EU) RoHS Directive:
https://www.getenviropass.com/europe-rohs/
- The scope
- Basic rules
- Exemptions list
- Technical documentation
- CE mark
Countries with RoHS regulations outside of the EU
EU REACH
What is it? How does REACH apply to articles?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnnoY4Byt8s&t=2s
• Article 33
• Substances of Very High Concern - SVHC
• The once an article, always an article principle
• The SCIP database and notification process (https://echa.europa.eu/scip)
• Annex XVII
Other Product Environmental Requirements
They include:
• Substance restrictions in products.
• Obligations to declare substance above certain thresholds.
• Declarations of products places into a specific market and Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equiment (WEEE)
• Energy efficiency.
• Conflict Mineralsè.
• Standards like ISO 14001 and IEC QC 080000
How to Comply with Substances Control
This section compares:
• analytical testing, such as the X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) method for the detection of heavy metals; and
• documentary review, following standard IEC 63000
The presentation has been meticulously prepared by Aury Hathout from Enviropass, a leading expert in environmental compliance. For more information, visit: https://www.getenviropass.com/contact/
Infosys - RoHS Compliance Management | WEEE Directive White PaperInfosys
Companies must have a sustainability and compliance management strategy to comply with Restriction of Use of Certain Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) directives
This is a presentation that I pulled together in 2006. Most of it is still accurate. Some updates are that IPC-4101B is now released. Also, multiple colors of legend ink are now available.
This document discusses challenges and methods for standardized legal compliance management in electronics production. It provides the following key points:
- Legal frameworks governing substance usage in electronics have become increasingly complex, creating challenges for companies. Standardization of reporting and data exchange is needed.
- Relevant regulations including REACH, RoHS, and TSCA are outlined. Standards like IPC-175x and IEC-62474 have emerged to help standardize material declarations and data exchange.
- A software-based compliance management system called iPoint Compliance Agent is introduced. It allows automated data collection, checks, integration with other systems, and report generation to help streamline the compliance process.
The document discusses several UK environmental protection acts and regulations:
- The Environmental Protection Act 1990 defines the structure for waste management and emissions control. It covers waste disposal, contaminated land, and genetically modified organisms.
- The Hazardous Waste Regulations aim to reduce hazardous waste generation and properly manage such waste.
- The Pollution Prevention and Control Act 1999 controls industries that emit significant pollution to all environmental media.
- The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations require proper treatment and disposal of electronic waste without environmental harm.
The document summarizes several US and international laws and directives governing electronic waste recycling and management. It discusses mandates from laws like RCRA, CERCLA, and HIPAA that make organizations responsible for the proper disposal and security of electronic waste and data. Regulations like the WEEE Directive and RoHS restrict hazardous materials in electronics and require manufacturers to finance electronic waste collection and recycling. The document also outlines the recycling process for components like CRTs.
This document provides guidance for companies transitioning their manufacturing processes to comply with the upcoming RoHS directive which bans the use of lead and other hazardous substances. It discusses key issues companies need to consider such as planning the transition, changes to assembly processes like reflow soldering and wave soldering, reliability testing of lead-free solders, and ensuring components and materials meet the new compliance standards. The directive applies to all those involved in electronic equipment manufacturing and will require changes throughout the entire supply chain. Careful planning is needed to address issues around new processes, component changes, stock management and potential obsolescence as the industry moves to lead-free production by July 2006.
What Is RoHS And What Is RoHS Compliance.pdfTaraFactocert
RoHS and RoHS compliance testing in Denmark aims to restrict hazardous materials in electrical and electronic devices to protect the environment and public health. RoHS certification testing ensures products do not exceed permitted levels of restricted substances like lead, mercury, and others. Testing methods like X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy evaluate if products meet RoHS standards before being imported or sold in Denmark.
The document discusses extended producer responsibility (EPR) directives in the European electric and electronic equipment industry. It summarizes key EU directives including WEEE, RoHS, batteries, and others. It defines what is meant by a "producer" and discusses the scope and requirements of directives like WEEE, which makes producers financially responsible for managing waste from their products. RoHS bans certain hazardous substances in electric and electronic products. The document outlines exemptions and difficulties in complying with EPR directives within complex supply chains.
SAP Sapphire 2019: WEEE- SAP Recycling AdministrationVedant Borse
This document summarizes a presentation on the WEEE Directive for electrical waste compliance in Europe. The new directive expands the scope of covered products and replaces the 10 categories with 6 new categories effective August 2018. It will require producers to correctly classify their electrical products and report them to compliance schemes in European countries. SAP REA (Recycling Administration) was presented as a software solution to help companies like Agilent Technologies comply with the new directive through an integrated SAP system for recycling declarations, fee calculation, and reporting across regulations globally. Benefits of SAP REA include single system for WEEE declarations, master data management for regulations, and addressing multiple recycling compliance schemes.
The US does not have a federal law equivalent to the EU's RoHS Directive, but several states have adopted laws that incorporate or are similar to RoHS. California and New Jersey require RoHS compliance for some electronic products. Several other states require manufacturers to disclose whether their products comply with RoHS. Additionally, some states have restrictions on mercury in batteries, lead and phthalates in children's products, and bisphenol-A and brominated flame retardants in certain children's products. At the federal level, the Consumer Product Safety Commission and Environmental Protection Agency regulate hazardous substances in consumer products, though their authority is more limited than the EU's RoHS Directive.
Dwight Clark presented on challenges in product stewardship and management of waste electronics. He discussed how electronic waste is one of the fastest growing waste streams and contains toxic materials like lead and mercury. While recycling can recover valuable materials, improper handling during recycling can cause environmental and health issues. Regulations around electronic waste management vary between federal, state, and international levels. Effective recycling requires properly handling, disassembling, and exporting waste to responsible parties.
Ginsbourg.com - Presentation of Medical Device ROHS2 Challenges in 2014Shay Ginsbourg
The document discusses the challenges medical device companies will face in complying with the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive and RoHS 2. It notes that medical devices will be included in RoHS 2 starting in 2014. It identifies conducting conformity assessments and using software tools to manage compliance information as two key ways for companies to meet the compliance challenge posed by the new regulations.
39
مبادرة
#تواصل_تطوير
المحاضرة التاسعة والثلاثون من المبادرة مع
الأستاذ الدكتور/ هاني أحمد منيب
أستاذ الهندسة الميكانيكية بهندسة المطرية جامعة حلوان
بعنوان
"إدارة المخلفات الاليكترونية
ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT"
التاسعة مساء بتوقيت مكة المكرمة الأربعاء
05 أغسطس2020
وذلك عبر تطبيق زووممن خلال الرابط
https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZwtc-GtqzItHdTaBG4OpAaXJwc6aohwit8i
علما ان هناك بث مباشر للمحاضرة على وقناة يوتيوب
https://www.youtube.com/user/EEAchannal
للتواصل مع إدارة المبادرة عبر قناة تيليجرام
الرابط
https://t.me/EEAKSA
رابط اللينكدان والمكتبة الالكترونية
www.linkedin.com/company/eeaksa-egyptian-engineers-association/
رابط التسجيل العام للمحاضرات
https://forms.gle/vVmw7L187tiATRPw9
Presented by Mr. Douglas Johnson, Senior Director, Technology Policy & International Affairs, Consumer Electronics Association (CEA), USA, at the IEA DSM Programme workshop in New Delhi, India on 2 April 2008.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
RoHS_WEEE Presentation Sept06.ppt
1. Washington Laboratories (301) 417-0220 web: www.wll.com 7560 Lindbergh Dr. Gaithersburg, MD 20879
ROHS and WEEE
Directives
-After the Deadline-
September 2006
Berri Remenick
Washington Laboratories, Ltd.
2. Overview
Worldwide Product Based
Environmental Requirements
ROHS Requirements and
Issues
WEEE Requirements and
Issues
FAQ
3. Background
As electronics have become
more common throughout
the world, concerns have
developed as to what the
effect is of filling landfills
with electronics products.
Many of these electronic
products contain hazardous
substances.
Therefore, product based
environmental regulations
are becoming more
common worldwide.
4. Background
• Americans discard over 100 million computers, cell phones, and
other electronic devices each year.*
• An estimated 60 million PCs
• have already been buried in
• US landfills.*
• Between 2004 and 2009,
• 250 million computers will
• become obsolete or
• 136,000 computers a day!!! *
• Electronic waste is accumulating almost 3 times faster than
ordinary household trash.*
• *E-Gad, Elizabeth Royte, Conformity Magazine, November 2005
5. Europe
• RoHS DIRECTIVE (2002/95/EC): Restriction of Hazardous
Substances
• Limits use of Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Hexavalent Chromium, PBB
and PBDE in electronic products effective July 1, 2006.
• WEEE DIRECTIVE (2002/96/EC): Waste Electrical & Electronic
Equipment
• Requires producers to manage post-consumer recycling and disposal
of electronic products effective August 13, 2005.
• EuP DIRECTIVE (2005/32/EC): Energy Using Products
• Requires producers to design products to meet specific eco-design
criteria over entire life cycle effective 2007 for certain specific products.
Regulates products that have sales of over 200,000 units per year in
the EU, have a significant environmental impact over their entire life
cycle, and have a wide range of environmental performance between
different units with equivalent functionality.
• REACH DIRECTIVE: Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of
Chemicals
• Requires registration and risk assessment of chemical substances
effective 2007.
6. USA
• Nearly all states either already have some
regulations for restricting substances or for
electronics recycling requirements or they have some
pending legislation.
• A national system for electronics recycling has been
proposed but is not near approval yet.
• Website with a detailed list of requirements for each
state:
• http://www.newark.com/services/rohs/documents/Ew
aste_Legislation.xls
7. USA
• California: The current California ROHS covers displays greater than 4
inches and is effective 1/1/07. Pending Legislation for AB2202 is one step
closer to the EU RoHS directive. AB2202, passed the California Assembly
on May 31, 2006. Recently updated, the bill would expand the current
restricted substance requirements to cover all products listed in Annex 1A
of the WEEE directive. The scope of products covered was further
clarified to harmonize with the EU RoHS Directive's Article 2. The
enforcement deadline has been moved out to January 1, 2010 to provide
manufacturers with a realistic amount of time to retool.
• Washington State: Has enacted legislation that will establish an
electronics recycling program requiring electronics manufacturers to pay
for the collection, transportation and recycling of computers, monitors and
televisions from consumers, small businesses, schools, small
governments and charities. Manufacturers required to register with the
state by January 1, 2007, and the recycling program comes into effect as
of January 1, 2009.
• Rhode Island: Proposed legislation that would prohibit the manufacture
and sale of products containing more than one-tenth of one percent of
pentaBDE or octaBDE, and more than one percent of "deca" mixtures.
8. China
• - Effective 3/1/07
• - Has requirements similar to RoHS and WEEE.
• - Has new energy efficiency standards for certain products.
• - Packaging must be non-toxic, biodegradable and
• Recyclable. Packaging must be marked with material content.
• - RoHS materials (Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, PBB, PBDE) are banned from
• January, 2006.
• - Products must be labeled with:
names, content levels, and recyclability of harmful materials;
recyclability (fully, partially and non-recyclable);
product safety periods (date range product is safe to use).
• - Producers must contract with local recyclers to recover products after
• safety period.
• - Producers must finance recycling.
9. Korea
• The South Korean government is reportedly moving to adopt
RoHS/WEEE-like legislation that will take effect July 1, 2007.
•
• The proposed “Act for Resource Recycling of Electrical/Electronic
Products and Automobiles” includes virtually anything electrical or
electronic within the scope of its requirements. While specifics on
restricted materials are not yet available, the Korea Ministry of
Environment has indicated that consistency with the provisions of the
European Union’s RoHS Directive can be expected.
•
• The proposed legislation does spell out penalties for non-compliance.
For example, failure to provide data requested by government officials
regarding material composition can result in a fine of up to $50,000 and
a year in jail.
10. RoHS Directive
• Scope
• The directive covers all equipment
dependent on electrical currents or
electromagnetic fields in 8 categories:
• - IT / Telecommunications
• - Electrical and Electronic Tools
• - Consumer Equipment
• - Large Household Appliances
• - Small Household Appliances
• - Lighting Equipment
• - Toys, Leisure and Sport
• - Automatic Dispenser
11. RoHS Directive
Is a 95/EC Directive: Requirements are the same for all
member states in the European Union (not the case for WEEE).
No product marking requirements.
Allows for Self Certification.
No harmonized standards or test methods currently (some in
progress).
No specified compliance method (each manufacturer must
decide on their own method).
Download RoHS Directive at: http://europa.eu.int/eur-
lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2003/l_037/l_03720030213en00190023.pdf
12. RoHS Limits
• Homogenous material can contain a maximum of:
• 0.1% lead by weight.
• 0.1% mercury by weight.
• 0.01% cadmium by weight.
• 0.1% hexavalent chromium by weight.
• 0.1% polybrominated biphenyls by weight.
• 0.1% polybrominated diphenyl ethers by weight.
• Homogeneous material = materials of uniform
composition which cannot be mechanically disjointed
into different materials. For example, an IC has
silicon chip, wires, solder, pins, casing.
13. RoHS Directive
Compliance Methods
Destructive vs non-destructive testing
Materials testing using X-Ray Flourescent screening
(EDXF or XRF)
Detailed Materials testing using Gas Chromatography
or Mass Spectroscopy
Rely on Suppliers Declaration of Conformity
14. RoHS Directive
• Suppliers Declaration of Conformity (SDoC)
Many different formats out there
Without a standard format, there is confusion and
extra work figuring out each of the multiple formats a
supplier gets.
IPC1751/1752 Material and substance declaration
form available.
If you can show you have taken all reasonable steps
and exercised all due diligence you stand a better
chance.
You need an extensive paper trail of information
demanded from the supplier, steps taken to verify the
information, and if there are any indications that the
information should be disbelieved.
15. RoHS Directive
• Who is responsible?
• The Producer
• Producer: any person who:
• 1. manufactures and sells electrical and electronic
equipment under his own brand;
• 2. resells under his own brand equipment produced
by other suppliers; or
• 3. imports or exports electrical and electronic
equipment on a professional basis into a member
state.
16. RoHS - Exemptions
Mercury in lamps
Lead in the glass of cathode ray tubes (CRT's), electronic components,
and fluorescent tubes
Lead in certain steel, aluminum, and copper alloys
Lead in high melting-temperature solders containing over 85% lead by
weight
Lead in solders used for servers, storage, and storage array systems
Lead in solders used for network infrastructure equipment
Lead in electronic ceramic parts
Cadmium and cadmium compounds in electrical contacts and cadmium
plating that isn't banned by Directive 76/769/EEC
Hexavalent chromium as an anti-corrosion agent in absorption
refrigerators
Lead in compliant pin connector systems
Lead as a coating for the thermal conduction module c-ring
Lead and cadmium in optical and filter glass
17. RoHS - Exemptions
RoHS does not apply to batteries (see Directives 91/157/EEC and 98/101/EC).
The Battery Directive permits lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries to be used
in electrical and electronic equipment as long as they contain less than 0.0005%
by weight of mercury. Button cells and batteries made from button cells are
permitted to contain up to 2% mercury by weight.
RoHS does not apply to electrical and electronic equipment "intended
specifically to protect national security and/or for military purposes“
RoHS does not currently apply to medical equipment or laboratory equipment -
being reviewed – this will be changed soon!
Process exists for applying for an exemption, several applications for exemption
are currently under consideration.
Items would be given exemptions where substitute materials have not been
discovered or adequately verified.
Exemptions are reviewed every 4 years. If no action is taken, the exemptions
will stay in place.
18. Exemptions
• Applying for an exemption:
• - Submit request to the European Commission.
• - Must be precise and refer to a specific application of the
substances restricted.
• - Must provide all technical evidence supporting the request.
• - Article 5(1)(b) of the RoHS Directive is the only criteria to be
followed for an argument.
• - Once a number of requests deemed worthy are collected, the
Commission summits the requests to a public stakeholder
consultation for minimum of 8 weeks.
• - The request is then assessed by an independent consultant.
Report issued in about 3 months.
• - If still considered possible, it is then presented to the Technical
Adaptation Committee (TAC) for vote.
• - If it passes, it comes legally into force on publication in the OJ.
19. RoHS - Enforcement
EC has published an enforcement guidance
document
Enforcement authorities have been appointed.
Investigations based on:
- Market intelligence
- Random selection
- Products known to contain materials of high concern
- High volume products
- Short life products
- Consumer products unlikely to be recycled
- Tips from external parties
- Tips from other member states.
Show due diligence!
20. ROHS - Enforcement
• Penalties for non-compliance vary by
country.
• Examples:
• UK: Max of $9500
• France: Max of $1900
• Ireland: Max of $19.2 Million
21. Solder Issues
• Tin whiskers
• are electrically conductive, hair-like strands of single tin crystals
that sometimes grow from surfaces where tin is used as a final
finish. Tin is only one of several metals that are known to be
capable of growing whiskers. Other examples include zinc,
cadmium, indium and antimony. Whisker sizes vary, and some
have grown to lengths of several millimeters (mm) and in a few
cases up to 10 mm. Two of the more common finishes that are
being considered are nickel/palladium/gold (NiPdAu) and some
composition involving tin (Sn). Of these two materials, NiPdAu
does not grow tin whiskers, while tin in both its pure and
composition forms have shown tin whisker growth.
22. Solder Issues
• Solder temperatures
• - For lead free solder temperatures are higher than traditional
solder.
• - It is not completely clear what the effect is going to be in the
long term using lead-free solder, the effect certainly should be
considered in the product design.
• - In transitioning to lead-free wave soldering, alloy selection will
be the primary choice that will impact solder joint quality,
reliability and production yields.
• - Most assemblers are choosing tin-silver-copper alloys (SAC)
for leaded solder replacement. On a global basis Sn96.5 Ag3.0
Cu0.5 has been the favored solder recipe. This alloy also known
as SAC305 has melting range of 217-220 C; the traditional alloy
63/37 has a melting point of 183 C. These alloys have higher
melting temperatures but also have higher surface tensions.
23. Solder Issues
• Lead Solder Replacements
• - Some manufacturers are choosing Sn/Cu alloys such as 99.3
tin/ 0.7 lead, some with small additions of nickel, silver, bismuth,
germanium, and other elements.
• - Due to the lack of silver in these alloys, costs are substantially
less than processes using SAC alloys.
• - Sn/Cu alloys melt at 227 C but may require longer contact
times at the wave solder to achieve hole-fill. The melting
temperature being higher will also require slightly hotter pot
temperatures.
• SAC alloys can be run at 255- 260 C
• Sn/Cu will require 260-270 C.
• - In some cases some assemblers are using as high as 275 C
for Tin-Copper based solders. These higher temperatures may
put a strain on both board and bottom-side component reliability.
24. Solder Issues
• Lead-free Wave Soldering
• - Has been done in a large scale in Asia for some time
• - Equipment upgrade may be required because the tin may
cause the leaching of iron and could required replacement of the
solder pot, impeller, and ducts.
• - Alloy selection will impact quality and reliability
• - Flux selection critical. Fluxes used for leaded solder will not
give adequate hole-fill without increasing flux volumes or longer
contact times.
• - Fluxes with higher activity and higher solid content perform
better with lead-free solders.
• - The use of VOC-free fluxes in conjunction with lead-free
solders offer a “green” wave solder operation.
• - Board and component finish also impacts reliability. Matte tin
finish gives the best soldering results. Gold over nickel finishes
and immersion silver also solder well.
• - Bare copper boards are difficult to solder with lead-free solder.
25. Solder Issues
• Summary of possible issues
• - Tin whiskers
• - Thermal fatigue of solder joints
• - Delamination of multi-layer boards
• - Damage to plated through holes
• - PCB warping
• - Damaging heat sensitive components
• - More difficult repair or rework
26. WEEE Directive
• Scope
• The directive covers all equipment dependent
on electrical currents or electromagnetic fields
in 10 categories:
• - IT / Telecommunications
• - Electrical and Electronic Tools
• - Consumer Equipment
• - Large Household Appliances
• - Small Household Appliances
• - Lighting Equipment
• - Toys, Leisure and Sport
• - Automatic Dispenser
• - Medical Devices
• - Monitoring and Control Equipment
27. WEEE Directive
• Requires the producer, within one year of putting any electrical/
electronic equipment on the European market, to provide reuse
centers, treatment facilities, and recycling facilities with:
• Lists of components and materials it contains.
• Locations of dangerous substances.
• Encourages producers to design electrical and electronic equipment:
• For repair.
• For possible upgrading.
• For reuse.
• For disassembly.
• For recycling.
• To integrate recycled material into new equipment.
• Download WEEE Directive at: http://europa.eu.int/eur-
lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2003/l_037/l_03720030213en00240038.pdf
28. WEEE Directive
• Is not a single market directive (not a new approach directive).
• Member states set their own requirements for registration and
compliance.
• Requirements are different for each member state in the
European Union!
• Each member state has its own agency for registration and
collection.
• The Producer is responsible.
29. WEEE Directive
Requires each country in the European Union to set up facilities for the
separate collection of waste electrical and electronic equipment.
Came into effect August 13, 2005 (implementation is behind schedule)
December 31, 2006 is date to meet recovery and recycling targets.
The actual processing may be done by the company itself, or by
participating in a producers' compliance scheme.
The producer must provide financial guarantees that they will pay for
the handling of their waste equipment, by participating in a collective
group for this financing, recycling insurance, or a blocked bank
account.
30. WEEE Marking
Wheelie Bin Symbol required
to be marked on product (or
the instructions and warranty
or the packaging) per
EN50419:2005
Date of shipment to Europe or
the black line required.
Manufacturers name or
trademark required on
product.
31. WEEE Directive
• Household WEEE
• Producers pay according the their market
share.
• Non-household WEEE
• Producers must collect, treat, and recycle one
equivalent item when they supply a new
product. Any additional WEEE is the
responsibility of the last user.
32. WEEE Directive
Actions required
Register with the appropriate agency in each
member state (where possible) & pay the
required fees.
Provide sales data by weight to authorities.
Provide information required by recyclers
Provide financial guarantees for products that
will be household WEEE.
33. WEEE Directive
• Exclusions:
• - Equipment part of a larger product
(i.e. electronics installed in a train)
• - Military Equipment
• - Equipment used a integral parts of
large-scale stationary industrial tools
34. WEEE - Latest status
WEEE registration authorities have been setup in
most Countries.
New WEEE legislation in the works due to difficulty
implementing programs and since 3 countries still
have not adopted any laws regarding WEEE.
Compliance schemes available – companies that will
handle all the registrations and reporting for you.
35. FAQ on RoHS and WEEE
• Q: What is the difference between exemption and exclusion?
• A: The WEEE has no exemptions; only exclusions. This means
that certain types of equipment are out of the scope of WEEE
entirely. The RoHS takes its scope from the WEEE except for
Categories 8 & 9. These are "excluded" from the scope of
RoHS. So if your equipment is covered by WEEE, it is covered
by RoHS, unless it is a medical device or a monitoring and
control instrument. The "exemptions" are a series of
applications of banned substances that are exempted from
some of the RoHS requirements. The legislation allows the EU
to add or remove exemptions based on technological progress.
36. FAQ on RoHS and WEEE
• Q: What are my chances of getting a RoHS exemption?
• A: A good proportion of industry exemption requests get thrown out.
• - Understand the two criteria that the EU is allowed to take into account Technical feasibility
(Substitution is not possible, or is possible under such conditions as to be unfeasible in
practice) and Environmental impact (The negative environmental impact of not allowing the
exemption would outweigh the positive environmental impact of the ban. This might be
because of increased waste resulting from predictably higher failures, or because the
substitutes are as toxic as the banned substances, etc).
• - Cost or cost/benefit is not a vaild argument. The EU legislation does not permit cost to be
taken into account in making a decision on exemptions. This does not mean that you cannot
refer to the costs; indeed many EU regulators will be interested. It’s just not a valid legal
reason for exempting.
• - Need more time is not a valid argument. Unless you can relate it to industry-wide
problems, EU authorities are likely to take a dim view of this line of argument, since the
legislation was being discussed as long as ten years ago and was adopted in 2002.
•
• - Supply chain would need to be changed is not a valid argument. This is ground-breaking
EU environmental legislation that aims to change the world. They are very proud of that, and
expect it to cause pain.
• - Refer to existing exemptions that follow similar logic or have similar characteristics.
37. FAQ on RoHS and WEEE
• Q: Can my distributors continue to sell non-RoHS
compliant products I shipped to Europe before July 1,
2006?
• A: Technically yes. If they are on the European
market prior to July 1 they can be freely sold in
Europe. However, many member states will not allow
the products into their states if not RoHS compliant
(from one member state to another). Some
distributors are refusing to sell non-RoHS products
even if they were there prior to July 1.
38. FAQ on RoHS and WEEE
• Q: I sell systems not discrete products – Am I
affected by WEEE?
• A: Yes. WEEE applies to any product in the
ten categories. It makes little distinction
between products put on a retail shelf and
products custom made for an end customer.
Many systems fall under the IT category.
39. FAQ on RoHS and WEEE
• Q: Do I have to register for WEEE if I have no legal
presence in Europe?
• A: Your legal obligations are not defined by reference
to whether you have a legal presence in the EU or in
any particular EU country, but by whether you are the
“producer” of equipment put on the EU market.
However in practice, in many EU countries the WEEE
registration systems are new and have not been set
up in such a way as to allow foreign companies to
register. There are some notable exceptions,
including Germany and Portugal.
40. FAQ on RoHS and WEEE
• Q: What if I sell via distributors or direct to
businesses or direct to consumers?
• A: Generally the manufacturer is the producer and
must register. In countries where US businesses are
not allowed to register, then the distributor can
register. If you sell direct to business customers, they
can register for you.
• The WEEE applies to products put on the market in
Europe. If you sell directly to consumers via a US
website or mail order the directive most likely does
not apply.
41. FAQ on RoHS and WEEE
• Q: How do I register for WEEE?
• A: Use a compliance scheme company or contact the
registration authorities in each country. Contact info can be
found at: http://www.buyusa.gov/europeanunion/weee.html
•
• Q: My product is bolted down in use, is it a fixed installation?
• A: No. The intention for the fixed installation exclusion is that
the product becomes part of the building and likely to be left in
place. Lights, electric doors, gates are fixed installations.
Kitchen appliances, large fixed equipment, cctv camera systems
are not.
• Q: Are servers and network infrastructure exempt from RoHS?
• A: No. The exemptions for servers and network equipment are
only for lead in the solder, the rest of the product still must
comply with RoHS.
42. FAQ on RoHS and WEEE
• Q: Are RFID chips and tags required to meet
• RoHS.
• A: Yes. These are considered products in
themselves.
• Q: Can I import for my own company use.
• A: No. That is still placing on the market.
• Q: Should the wheelie bin symbol be placed on a
PCB?
• A: No. PCB’s are considered components and there
is no legal requirement to label components.
43. FAQ on RoHS and WEEE
• Q: Are cables included in the RoHS scope.
• A: Yes. The present view is that cables both included with
equipment and sold separately fall with RoHS.
• Q: Does packaging need to comply with RoHS?
• A: Packaging discarded is not. Packaging or cases that may
remain with the product and may be disposed of with the
product may have to comply.
• Q: Are GPS units required to meet RoHS?
• A: They would most likely be considered part of a radio network
system under the IT category and therefore must comply.
44. FAQ on RoHS and WEEE
• Q: I manufacture a device that is built into equipment and has
someone else’s logo, who is responsible for the recycling?
• A: The brand owner.
• Q: Who takes the producer liability when a piece of equipment
is refurbished?
• A: It is refurbished but otherwise unchanged, the original
producer remains responsible for recycling at the end of life.
• Q: Are the different RoHS type legislations (Europe, China,
Korea, California, etc) all the same?
• A: The limitation requirements are similar. The main differences
are in product categories, reporting and proof of compliance.
•
45. FAQ on RoHS and WEEE
• Q: What about spare parts?
• A: You can place spare parts that don’t comply with RoHS on
the market if they are for equipment placed on the market prior
to July 1, 2006. Spare parts for equipment placed on the market
after July 1, 2006 must comply.
• Q: What is the difference between lead-free and RoHS
compliant?
A. While lead (Pb) is the most widely used toxic substance in
electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), the term "lead-free" is
often wrongly adopted to refer to all of the substances specified
in the RoHS Directive. However, RoHS restricts a total of six
substances. To be truly compliant with this legislation, the
presence of each of these substances must be reduced below
their proposed maximum concentration values (MCV).
46. Washington Laboratories, Ltd.
• ROHSWEEE Compliance Assessment Program (RW CAP)
Performed on-site at your facility
Includes:
• Orientation training for RoHS and WEEE Directives
• Assisting you in determining the applicability of
• the RoHS/WEEE requirements
• Assisting you in reviewing products for
• compliance
• Assisting you in registering with EU member
• countries for WEEE
• Assisting you in developing a ROHS compliance program
47. Washington Laboratories, Ltd.
• Give us a call or send us info about your
product - we’re here to help!
• www.wll.com
• Berri Remenick, N.C.E.
• Product Safety Manager
• Phone: 301-473-1255
• Fax: 301-473-1257
• E-mail: berrir@wll.com