The document provides a risk assessment of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It identifies the main risks as health issues, infrastructure problems, and security threats. For health, the biggest concerns are water contamination, the Zika virus outbreak, and a lack of adequate medical staff and facilities. Infrastructure risks include incomplete construction of venues and transportation issues. Security risks involve high criminal activity and the potential for terrorism. The assessment rates these risks and provides recommendations, with a focus on improving health risks through measures to address water, Zika, and medical preparedness.
Virtual exercise - emergency response project for a potential cholera outbreakMhd Samer Alkarkoukly
The document outlines an emergency response project for a potential cholera outbreak in Deir Ezzor City, Syria. It provides background on cholera and recent outbreaks in the region. It then discusses the context in Deir Ezzor City, including health indicators, services, and factors that could contribute to an outbreak. The project would aim to prevent and control a potential outbreak through activities like providing safe drinking water, establishing health centers, training health workers, and raising community awareness. The target population is 111,421 people in Deir Ezzor City.
The document analyzes three IT security risks including default passwords, unprotected patient files, and lack of physical security for the data center. It recommends requiring stronger, regularly changed passwords, encrypting patient files and installing firewalls, and implementing keycard access, alarms, and police monitoring for the data center. The recommended mitigation plans provide necessary security upgrades and protections for sensitive data and systems.
The world’s biggest multi-sport event summer Olympics Games 2016 officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad, and commonly known as Rio 2016 due to take place Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5th to 21st August, 2016. More than 10,500 athletes from 206 National Olympic committees (NOCs) will take part.[1] These sporting events will take place at 33 venues in the host city Rio de Janeiro and at least 5 venues in the cities of Säo Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Salvador, Manaus and Brazil’s capital Brasilia. International Olympic Committee (IOC) have predicted around 4,80,000 tourists will arrive at Rio de Janeiro for this mega event.[2] Similar to the other tropical countries the tourists will be at risk of acquiring gastrointestinal illnesses and vector-borne infections.
Advisory regarding the risk of Zika and other diseases in Rio de Janeiroalanroth1
The document summarizes advisories regarding risks of Zika and other diseases in Rio de Janeiro in August and September 2016. While some advisories have stated risk is low during winter months, weather data and infection rates show risk can still be significant. Zika symptoms include fever and joint pain. Dengue is also a major threat. Steps to prevent mosquito bites include insect repellent and protective clothing. Vitamin D may offer some protection against viruses like Zika and Dengue, but taking too much poses risks of hypercalcemia. More research is still needed.
Coronavirus effects heighten fears of recession in the world economy. Stock exchanges have had a difficult week around the world and, in Europe, the recession seems inevitable. The paralysis in China weighs on domestic growth because the supply chains of multinationals need components made in Chinese factories to guarantee their production. Consumption in western countries will be strongly affected. Tourism, air transport, leisure are already suffering the consequences.
The document discusses the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) that has become a worldwide threat. It provides an overview of the virus for emergency clinicians, including its epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Key points are that the case fatality rate is approximately 4% but sampling error may be large, 29% of confirmed cases in China are healthcare workers suggesting alarming nosocomial spread, and gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhea are common and associated with worse outcomes. Lessons can be learned from early outbreak centers in preparing local healthcare systems for high patient volumes requiring respiratory support.
Mundo Offshore - Coronavirus update - Luigi Wewege article (English)Luigi Wewege
The world is already facing financial, social and personal security issues on an ever increasing scale. The Coronavirus is yet another challenge in this plethora of attacks on personal and financial freedom, so the experts of Mundo Offshore have decided to prepare a report. This report is intended to give advice so you can prepare yourself for the upcoming challenges that you will have to face both in a financial and a personal sense.
The WHO played both positive and controversial roles in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic:
- Positively, the WHO helped countries prepare and respond, provided accurate information to counter myths, ensured supplies reached health workers, trained health workers, and coordinated vaccine research. However, the pandemic was still preventable.
- Controversially, the WHO was slow to declare a global emergency and was accused of turning a blind eye to China's initial response. Early recommendations on face masks also caused confusion.
- An independent review found the WHO and countries' combined response was inadequate and the world remains vulnerable to future pandemics without changes to strengthen global health cooperation.
Virtual exercise - emergency response project for a potential cholera outbreakMhd Samer Alkarkoukly
The document outlines an emergency response project for a potential cholera outbreak in Deir Ezzor City, Syria. It provides background on cholera and recent outbreaks in the region. It then discusses the context in Deir Ezzor City, including health indicators, services, and factors that could contribute to an outbreak. The project would aim to prevent and control a potential outbreak through activities like providing safe drinking water, establishing health centers, training health workers, and raising community awareness. The target population is 111,421 people in Deir Ezzor City.
The document analyzes three IT security risks including default passwords, unprotected patient files, and lack of physical security for the data center. It recommends requiring stronger, regularly changed passwords, encrypting patient files and installing firewalls, and implementing keycard access, alarms, and police monitoring for the data center. The recommended mitigation plans provide necessary security upgrades and protections for sensitive data and systems.
The world’s biggest multi-sport event summer Olympics Games 2016 officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad, and commonly known as Rio 2016 due to take place Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5th to 21st August, 2016. More than 10,500 athletes from 206 National Olympic committees (NOCs) will take part.[1] These sporting events will take place at 33 venues in the host city Rio de Janeiro and at least 5 venues in the cities of Säo Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Salvador, Manaus and Brazil’s capital Brasilia. International Olympic Committee (IOC) have predicted around 4,80,000 tourists will arrive at Rio de Janeiro for this mega event.[2] Similar to the other tropical countries the tourists will be at risk of acquiring gastrointestinal illnesses and vector-borne infections.
Advisory regarding the risk of Zika and other diseases in Rio de Janeiroalanroth1
The document summarizes advisories regarding risks of Zika and other diseases in Rio de Janeiro in August and September 2016. While some advisories have stated risk is low during winter months, weather data and infection rates show risk can still be significant. Zika symptoms include fever and joint pain. Dengue is also a major threat. Steps to prevent mosquito bites include insect repellent and protective clothing. Vitamin D may offer some protection against viruses like Zika and Dengue, but taking too much poses risks of hypercalcemia. More research is still needed.
Coronavirus effects heighten fears of recession in the world economy. Stock exchanges have had a difficult week around the world and, in Europe, the recession seems inevitable. The paralysis in China weighs on domestic growth because the supply chains of multinationals need components made in Chinese factories to guarantee their production. Consumption in western countries will be strongly affected. Tourism, air transport, leisure are already suffering the consequences.
The document discusses the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) that has become a worldwide threat. It provides an overview of the virus for emergency clinicians, including its epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Key points are that the case fatality rate is approximately 4% but sampling error may be large, 29% of confirmed cases in China are healthcare workers suggesting alarming nosocomial spread, and gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhea are common and associated with worse outcomes. Lessons can be learned from early outbreak centers in preparing local healthcare systems for high patient volumes requiring respiratory support.
Mundo Offshore - Coronavirus update - Luigi Wewege article (English)Luigi Wewege
The world is already facing financial, social and personal security issues on an ever increasing scale. The Coronavirus is yet another challenge in this plethora of attacks on personal and financial freedom, so the experts of Mundo Offshore have decided to prepare a report. This report is intended to give advice so you can prepare yourself for the upcoming challenges that you will have to face both in a financial and a personal sense.
The WHO played both positive and controversial roles in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic:
- Positively, the WHO helped countries prepare and respond, provided accurate information to counter myths, ensured supplies reached health workers, trained health workers, and coordinated vaccine research. However, the pandemic was still preventable.
- Controversially, the WHO was slow to declare a global emergency and was accused of turning a blind eye to China's initial response. Early recommendations on face masks also caused confusion.
- An independent review found the WHO and countries' combined response was inadequate and the world remains vulnerable to future pandemics without changes to strengthen global health cooperation.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from its discovery in the 1500s to modern times. Key events included the Portuguese founding the city in 1565, the discovery of gold and diamonds which led to growth in the late 1600s, an influx of Portuguese and African populations in the 1800s, Brazil gaining independence in 1822 with Rio de Janeiro as the capital, and infrastructure developments in the early 1900s as the city expanded southward. Rio lost its status as national capital between 1960-1975 but remains an economically and culturally important city.
This document summarizes a research paper that surveys the use of deep learning and medical image processing techniques for detecting and responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. It discusses how deep learning has been applied to medical image analysis for various healthcare applications. It then reviews state-of-the-art research applying deep learning to COVID-19 medical imaging for detection and diagnosis. It also presents examples of this approach being used in China, Korea, and Canada. Finally, it discusses challenges and opportunities for further improving deep learning for COVID-19 medical imaging.
As we explore the links between COVID-19 and climate change, we can only say that knowledge is power and responsible behaviour is the solution. Stay informed, stay safe and act.
Tourism Industry amid Pandemics Comparative Assessment of Past Outbreaks and ...ijtsrd
Covid 19 has reportedly shattered all previous records of outbreaks. Never a one expected the outbreak, which began in late December 2019, to spread quickly all across the globe, be devastating, and turn the global business upside down. SARS, Ebola Virus Disease EVD , MERS CoV, and other diseases brought about modest casualities in a smaller geographic area, therefore, Covid 19 was predicted to behave similarly at first. But this was not the case. Humans continuously lost their lives and faced financial hardships. Undoubtedly, tourism is amongst the most troubled industries. This research is a review of the literature. On the basis of facts and figures and prior studies, a comparison of the effects of prior outbreaks vis a vis Covid 19 on the tourism business has been attempted in this paper. Covid 19 and previous epidemics are so dissimilar, based on the facts and statistics gathered, that they cant be compared. Covid 19 has been the most hazardous viruses to live with owing to its instant spread, geographic distribution, several individuals who have died as a result of it, and the negative implications it has had across the region. Rajeev Ranjan Mishra | Pallavi Tandon "Tourism Industry amid Pandemics: Comparative Assessment of Past Outbreaks and Covid-19" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46434.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/tourism/46434/tourism-industry-amid-pandemics-comparative-assessment-of-past-outbreaks-and-covid19/rajeev-ranjan-mishra
CAMA: The global macroeconomic impacts of COVID-19: Seven scenarios (results)TatianaApostolovich
The research of Warwick McKibbin (Australian National University, The Brookings Institution, Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research) and Roshen Fernando (Australian National University, Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research (CEPAR))
The document summarizes 10 major threats to global health according to the World Health Organization:
1) Air pollution and climate change threaten health through increased deaths from diseases like cancer, stroke and respiratory illnesses.
2) Noncommunicable diseases like heart disease and cancer account for over 70% of deaths worldwide.
3) A global pandemic of an infectious disease like influenza is inevitable and defenses may not be strong enough.
4) Fragile settings with weak health systems and ongoing crises leave over 1.6 billion people without basic care.
5) Antimicrobial resistance threatens modern medicine's ability to treat infections through overuse of antibiotics.
6) Ebola and other high-threat pathogens continue to emerge
SOCIAL SCIENCE HOLIDAY HOMEWORK CORONAVIRUS AND ITS IMPACT OVER THE WORLD.pptxnavya580325
The document provides details on the World Health Organization's (WHO) response to the COVID-19 pandemic from December 2019 to May 2020. It outlines key events such as China reporting a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown origin to the WHO on December 31st, 2019. The WHO declared COVID-19 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on January 30th, 2020. The timeline also notes international expert missions to China and Italy, and the WHO designating COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11th, 2020.
The document discusses public health tools like epidemiological studies and surveillance. It provides links to videos on these topics and readings from textbooks. It includes discussion questions on choosing a public health issue to discuss and a recent humanitarian disaster to analyze related public health issues and management approaches. One discussion question response is included that discusses urbanization issues related to water and sanitation in urban centers.
COVID-19 amenaza con convertirse en una de las pruebas más difíciles que enfrenta la humanidad en la historia moderna. Como
la pandemia se ha extendido se ha cobrado vidas, ha provocado ansiedad y drama político, ha abrumado la salud
sistemas, y provocó un cambio geopolítico potencialmente duradero. El Fondo Monetario Internacional dice que
La economía mundial se enfrenta ahora a su peor recesión desde la Gran Depresión, y Oxfam Internacional ha
advirtió que 500 millones de personas podrían caer en la pobreza como resultado de la crisis en curso. Alrededor
En el mundo, se están realizando esfuerzos desesperados para contener lo que se ha convertido en un brote profundamente perturbador.
COVID-19 AND UROLOGY: A Comprehensive Review of the LiteratureValentina Corona
This article reviews the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the practice of urology. It discusses how the pandemic has led to the postponement of non-urgent surgeries and changes in residency training. It also examines the potential effects of COVID-19 on the urinary tract, noting that the kidneys and bladder may be at risk of viral invasion due to the presence of ACE2 receptors. The article reviews recommendations regarding kidney transplantation during the pandemic and reports limited cases of COVID-19 infection in renal transplant recipients.
Developing proactive protocol of blood borne and body fluids infections for s...Alexander Decker
The document discusses developing a proactive protocol to prevent blood-borne infections among health professional students. A study was conducted surveying 300 medical, dental, and nursing students about factors related to needlestick and sharp injuries, knowledge of precautions, and learning needs. Key findings include most injuries occurred during intravenous blood draws and injections. Students reported needing training on preventive measures and equipment to avoid infections. A proactive protocol focused on prevention was developed based on study results.
This document analyzes and evaluates COVID-19 web applications for health professionals. It discusses the challenges they face due to the abundance of information sources during the pandemic. The authors identify several novel and important web-based applications specifically developed for COVID-19 that can help health professionals in their research and analysis. These applications include search portals, data sources, tracking dashboards, and forecasting models. The authors provide a critical analysis of selected applications based on 17 evaluation features to help researchers evaluate and select appropriate tools.
This document discusses lessons that can be learned from past influenza pandemics and applied to understanding the future course of the COVID-19 pandemic. It outlines three possible scenarios for the future trajectory of COVID-19 based on patterns seen in influenza. Scenario 1 involves repetitive smaller waves over 1-2 years as immunity gradually increases. Scenario 2 consists of a large second peak in cases around 6 months after the first. Scenario 3 follows a seasonal pattern with peaks in winter. The pandemic may last 18-24 months until 60-70% of the population is immune through natural infection or vaccination.
impact of metropolitanization on covid 19 cases in india using entropy weight...ijtsrd
The global pandemic COVID 19 which was started early this year spreading rapidly in developed countries as all well as developing countries of the world. The noticeable fact is that most of the metropolitan cities of the world are severely affected by Corona pandemic and toped in their respective country among the COVID cases. The impact of the metropolitan city on COVID 19 cases, example can be cited around every corner of the world, From Wuhan to New York, Mumbai to Sao Paulo and Moscow to Madrid the Metropolitan cities of the world’s come out as deep rooted hotspots of novel coronavirus pandemic. Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, and Kolkata are the leading metropolis in India also leading in COVID 19 cases it can be explained by their connectivity to the rest of the world by the people and products. Therefore this article aims to summerise the impact of six metropolitan cities on the total COVID 19 cases of their states and try to find out which city have best suited in the concept of the Metropolitanization of COVID 19 cases. Entropy based TOPSIS methods are applied to compare the dataset of six metropolitan cities of India, and try to find out which city best fitted in the concept of metropolitanization of COVID 19 cases. Seven factors are chosen to analyze the impact of metropolitan cities on COVID 19 cases such as city population, percentage of slum population, number of COVID cases, airport traffic movement, relative humidity, and temperature. Entropy methods applied to weights the criterion for finding which criteria have maximum influence on COVID 19 cases. After that on the basis of Entropy weights, the TOPSIS method has been used to evaluate the dataset of six cities to track down the relative position of cities on the concentration of COVID 19 cases. After comparing the alternatives in TOPSIS method i.e those six cities , Delhi came in the first position, followed by Mumbai 2nd , Chennai 3rd , Kolkata 4th , Ahmedabad 5th , Hyderabad 6th based on the concentration of COVID 19 cases in the metropolitan cities. Sanu Dolui | Sayani Chakraborty "Impact of Metropolitanization on Covid-19 Cases in India using Entropy Weights Based Topsis Approach" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd32929.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/32929/impact-of-metropolitanization-on-covid19-cases-in-india-using-entropy-weights-based-topsis-approach/sanu-dolui
Covid 19 Risk , uncertainty and judgementHenry Tapper
This document provides a personal narrative and analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic from an actuarial and risk perspective. It discusses key concepts like risk, uncertainty, psychology, and judgment. The author shares their personal timeline of events since January 2020. They analyzed risk factors like transmission rate, mortality rate, and societal responses. They also discussed uncertainty around unknown factors and different cultural/personality influences. The author emphasizes using judgment amid uncertainty by reflecting on experience and information limits. Overall it examines COVID-19 through an actuarial lens while sharing the author's lived experience of this unfolding global crisis.
The road beyond coronavirus pandemic how can the travel industry survive the ...Goranga
The whole world is conjointly combatting the pandemic, COVID-19 aka Corona Virus that has already caused serious casualties across 160 countries. How the travel industry is preparing to ride the tide of change in the wake of Coronavirus pandemic?
This document provides an overview of the history and development of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from its discovery in the 1500s to modern times. Key events included the Portuguese founding the city in 1565, the discovery of gold and diamonds which led to growth in the late 1600s, an influx of Portuguese and African populations in the 1800s, Brazil gaining independence in 1822 with Rio de Janeiro as the capital, and infrastructure developments in the early 1900s as the city expanded southward. Rio lost its status as national capital between 1960-1975 but remains an economically and culturally important city.
This document summarizes a research paper that surveys the use of deep learning and medical image processing techniques for detecting and responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. It discusses how deep learning has been applied to medical image analysis for various healthcare applications. It then reviews state-of-the-art research applying deep learning to COVID-19 medical imaging for detection and diagnosis. It also presents examples of this approach being used in China, Korea, and Canada. Finally, it discusses challenges and opportunities for further improving deep learning for COVID-19 medical imaging.
As we explore the links between COVID-19 and climate change, we can only say that knowledge is power and responsible behaviour is the solution. Stay informed, stay safe and act.
Tourism Industry amid Pandemics Comparative Assessment of Past Outbreaks and ...ijtsrd
Covid 19 has reportedly shattered all previous records of outbreaks. Never a one expected the outbreak, which began in late December 2019, to spread quickly all across the globe, be devastating, and turn the global business upside down. SARS, Ebola Virus Disease EVD , MERS CoV, and other diseases brought about modest casualities in a smaller geographic area, therefore, Covid 19 was predicted to behave similarly at first. But this was not the case. Humans continuously lost their lives and faced financial hardships. Undoubtedly, tourism is amongst the most troubled industries. This research is a review of the literature. On the basis of facts and figures and prior studies, a comparison of the effects of prior outbreaks vis a vis Covid 19 on the tourism business has been attempted in this paper. Covid 19 and previous epidemics are so dissimilar, based on the facts and statistics gathered, that they cant be compared. Covid 19 has been the most hazardous viruses to live with owing to its instant spread, geographic distribution, several individuals who have died as a result of it, and the negative implications it has had across the region. Rajeev Ranjan Mishra | Pallavi Tandon "Tourism Industry amid Pandemics: Comparative Assessment of Past Outbreaks and Covid-19" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46434.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/tourism/46434/tourism-industry-amid-pandemics-comparative-assessment-of-past-outbreaks-and-covid19/rajeev-ranjan-mishra
CAMA: The global macroeconomic impacts of COVID-19: Seven scenarios (results)TatianaApostolovich
The research of Warwick McKibbin (Australian National University, The Brookings Institution, Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research) and Roshen Fernando (Australian National University, Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research (CEPAR))
The document summarizes 10 major threats to global health according to the World Health Organization:
1) Air pollution and climate change threaten health through increased deaths from diseases like cancer, stroke and respiratory illnesses.
2) Noncommunicable diseases like heart disease and cancer account for over 70% of deaths worldwide.
3) A global pandemic of an infectious disease like influenza is inevitable and defenses may not be strong enough.
4) Fragile settings with weak health systems and ongoing crises leave over 1.6 billion people without basic care.
5) Antimicrobial resistance threatens modern medicine's ability to treat infections through overuse of antibiotics.
6) Ebola and other high-threat pathogens continue to emerge
SOCIAL SCIENCE HOLIDAY HOMEWORK CORONAVIRUS AND ITS IMPACT OVER THE WORLD.pptxnavya580325
The document provides details on the World Health Organization's (WHO) response to the COVID-19 pandemic from December 2019 to May 2020. It outlines key events such as China reporting a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown origin to the WHO on December 31st, 2019. The WHO declared COVID-19 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on January 30th, 2020. The timeline also notes international expert missions to China and Italy, and the WHO designating COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11th, 2020.
The document discusses public health tools like epidemiological studies and surveillance. It provides links to videos on these topics and readings from textbooks. It includes discussion questions on choosing a public health issue to discuss and a recent humanitarian disaster to analyze related public health issues and management approaches. One discussion question response is included that discusses urbanization issues related to water and sanitation in urban centers.
COVID-19 amenaza con convertirse en una de las pruebas más difíciles que enfrenta la humanidad en la historia moderna. Como
la pandemia se ha extendido se ha cobrado vidas, ha provocado ansiedad y drama político, ha abrumado la salud
sistemas, y provocó un cambio geopolítico potencialmente duradero. El Fondo Monetario Internacional dice que
La economía mundial se enfrenta ahora a su peor recesión desde la Gran Depresión, y Oxfam Internacional ha
advirtió que 500 millones de personas podrían caer en la pobreza como resultado de la crisis en curso. Alrededor
En el mundo, se están realizando esfuerzos desesperados para contener lo que se ha convertido en un brote profundamente perturbador.
COVID-19 AND UROLOGY: A Comprehensive Review of the LiteratureValentina Corona
This article reviews the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the practice of urology. It discusses how the pandemic has led to the postponement of non-urgent surgeries and changes in residency training. It also examines the potential effects of COVID-19 on the urinary tract, noting that the kidneys and bladder may be at risk of viral invasion due to the presence of ACE2 receptors. The article reviews recommendations regarding kidney transplantation during the pandemic and reports limited cases of COVID-19 infection in renal transplant recipients.
Developing proactive protocol of blood borne and body fluids infections for s...Alexander Decker
The document discusses developing a proactive protocol to prevent blood-borne infections among health professional students. A study was conducted surveying 300 medical, dental, and nursing students about factors related to needlestick and sharp injuries, knowledge of precautions, and learning needs. Key findings include most injuries occurred during intravenous blood draws and injections. Students reported needing training on preventive measures and equipment to avoid infections. A proactive protocol focused on prevention was developed based on study results.
This document analyzes and evaluates COVID-19 web applications for health professionals. It discusses the challenges they face due to the abundance of information sources during the pandemic. The authors identify several novel and important web-based applications specifically developed for COVID-19 that can help health professionals in their research and analysis. These applications include search portals, data sources, tracking dashboards, and forecasting models. The authors provide a critical analysis of selected applications based on 17 evaluation features to help researchers evaluate and select appropriate tools.
This document discusses lessons that can be learned from past influenza pandemics and applied to understanding the future course of the COVID-19 pandemic. It outlines three possible scenarios for the future trajectory of COVID-19 based on patterns seen in influenza. Scenario 1 involves repetitive smaller waves over 1-2 years as immunity gradually increases. Scenario 2 consists of a large second peak in cases around 6 months after the first. Scenario 3 follows a seasonal pattern with peaks in winter. The pandemic may last 18-24 months until 60-70% of the population is immune through natural infection or vaccination.
impact of metropolitanization on covid 19 cases in india using entropy weight...ijtsrd
The global pandemic COVID 19 which was started early this year spreading rapidly in developed countries as all well as developing countries of the world. The noticeable fact is that most of the metropolitan cities of the world are severely affected by Corona pandemic and toped in their respective country among the COVID cases. The impact of the metropolitan city on COVID 19 cases, example can be cited around every corner of the world, From Wuhan to New York, Mumbai to Sao Paulo and Moscow to Madrid the Metropolitan cities of the world’s come out as deep rooted hotspots of novel coronavirus pandemic. Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, and Kolkata are the leading metropolis in India also leading in COVID 19 cases it can be explained by their connectivity to the rest of the world by the people and products. Therefore this article aims to summerise the impact of six metropolitan cities on the total COVID 19 cases of their states and try to find out which city have best suited in the concept of the Metropolitanization of COVID 19 cases. Entropy based TOPSIS methods are applied to compare the dataset of six metropolitan cities of India, and try to find out which city best fitted in the concept of metropolitanization of COVID 19 cases. Seven factors are chosen to analyze the impact of metropolitan cities on COVID 19 cases such as city population, percentage of slum population, number of COVID cases, airport traffic movement, relative humidity, and temperature. Entropy methods applied to weights the criterion for finding which criteria have maximum influence on COVID 19 cases. After that on the basis of Entropy weights, the TOPSIS method has been used to evaluate the dataset of six cities to track down the relative position of cities on the concentration of COVID 19 cases. After comparing the alternatives in TOPSIS method i.e those six cities , Delhi came in the first position, followed by Mumbai 2nd , Chennai 3rd , Kolkata 4th , Ahmedabad 5th , Hyderabad 6th based on the concentration of COVID 19 cases in the metropolitan cities. Sanu Dolui | Sayani Chakraborty "Impact of Metropolitanization on Covid-19 Cases in India using Entropy Weights Based Topsis Approach" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd32929.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/32929/impact-of-metropolitanization-on-covid19-cases-in-india-using-entropy-weights-based-topsis-approach/sanu-dolui
Covid 19 Risk , uncertainty and judgementHenry Tapper
This document provides a personal narrative and analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic from an actuarial and risk perspective. It discusses key concepts like risk, uncertainty, psychology, and judgment. The author shares their personal timeline of events since January 2020. They analyzed risk factors like transmission rate, mortality rate, and societal responses. They also discussed uncertainty around unknown factors and different cultural/personality influences. The author emphasizes using judgment amid uncertainty by reflecting on experience and information limits. Overall it examines COVID-19 through an actuarial lens while sharing the author's lived experience of this unfolding global crisis.
The road beyond coronavirus pandemic how can the travel industry survive the ...Goranga
The whole world is conjointly combatting the pandemic, COVID-19 aka Corona Virus that has already caused serious casualties across 160 countries. How the travel industry is preparing to ride the tide of change in the wake of Coronavirus pandemic?
2. 1
At six months away from the start of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, the
International Olympic Committee (IOC), along with local partners, are well prepared to execute
a successful Olympic Games. These Olympics are facing major risks and threats including
infrastructure problems, terrorism, high criminal activity, pollution, and health issues, but
overall, they are well prepared, through risk management, to be successful. This research paper
will provide an assessment of the risk that faces the Summer Olympics, including risk mitigation
steps that the IOC and Brazil have already taken. First, this paper will provide contextual
information about the 2016 Summer Olympics and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Then, it will highlight
the risk assessment process for the Games and provide recommendations to the IOC. Finally,
building upon those recommendations, this paper will identify critical factors and controls
necessary to have a safe, secure, and successful 2016 Summer Olympics.
Background of Olympics and Rio de Janeiro
Hosting the Olympics used to be the ultimate honor for cities and countries. Today, there
are continual criticisms in the news about hosting the Olympics, either Summer or Winter. In the
years leading up to the Olympics, the media highlights the potential negative economic
repercussions of building stadiums that will get no use after the Games, the disparity of wealth in
the host country, and the working conditions of employees of private building companies. Due
to the lack of economic benefits, the IOC has seen the volume of applications for hosting the
Olympics drop from twelve cities in 2004 to five cities in 2020 (The Economist, 2015).
Nevertheless, after a successful World Cup in 2014, the 2016 Summer Olympics find themselves
in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
3. 2
Located in the Southeast portion of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro is known internationally for its
beaches and weather. The city itself is home to over five million people, while the greater
metropolitan area has more than ten and a half million people (City-Data, 2016). The Summer
Olympics, taking place from August 5-21, will actually be during Brazil’s winter which will
produce ideal weather so athletes will not have to deal with Brazil’s summer heat.
From the Rio2016 website, the Olympic Games will include roughly 10,500 athletes from
206 countries. The Games will take place across thirty-two venues in four portions of Rio de
Janeiro. For the Olympics to occur, the IOC is utilizing 45,000 volunteers, 85,000 outsourced
staff, and 6,500 employees (Rio2016.com, 2016).
General Risk Assessment
The threats and risks of the 2016 Summer Olympics can be broken into three main
categories: health, infrastructure, and security. Over the past thirty years, the IOC and partnering
organizations have embedded risk management into their planning for the Olympic Games.
According to the Harvard Business Report (2012), “[r]isk management is now at the heart of the
governance model for the Olympic Games and the Olympic movement” and cities bidding for
the Games must include risk assessments in their applications (Jennings, 2012). Because of the
inherent risk management strategies, the IOC has a risk maturity rating of natural or level 4. The
organization has “a risk-aware culture with a proactive approach to risk management in all
activities. As a result, the consideration of risk is inherent to routine processes” (Hopkin,
pg.116). With that being said, the Summer Olympics and IOC still face threats and the following
will demonstrate a risk assessment along with recommendations to increase the chances of a
successful event.
4. 3
As previously stated, the three main areas of risk concern are, infrastructure, health, and
security. Within each of these areas, there are specific threats that must be transferred, tolerated,
treated, or terminated. In the threat area of health, there are concerns about the water in Rio de
Janeiro, the zika virus, and a lack of medical staff. Infrastructure concerns range from
preparation of venues to transportation around the city and venues. Finally, security threats are
especially prevalent throughout Rio de Janeiro, and for the Olympics, include petty theft,
kidnappings, and terrorism. Below is a general risk assessment chart detailing these threats.
There will be a more in-depth analysis of risk management for these threats in the paragraphs
following the chart.
This chart illustrates the main threats of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro
and their risk assessment. Each threat was assigned a severity and likelihood rating in
# Threat Description Severity Likelihood Risk
1 Health: water contamination High High Critical
2
Health: zika outbreak
High Moderate High
3
Health: lack of medical staff
High High Critical
4
Infrastructure: incomplete/insufficient construction
Low Low Low
5 Infrastructure: transportation issues Moderate Low Moderate
6
Security: criminal activity
Moderate High High
7
Security: terrorism
High Low Moderate
5. 4
accordance with the IOC’s and partner organization’s preparation for the Games. The chart
gives an accurate portrayal of where improvement is needed six months out from the start of the
Olympics. At this point, the main focus must be on health threats, while the infrastructure is not
a major concern. Now, we will examine each of these threat categories to assess why they were
rated as such and how the IOC can address the areas of concern.
Health Risk Assessment/Recommendations
The most pressing threat facing the 2016 Summer Olympics is the health concerns.
Among these health concerns are water contamination, the zika virus, and the lack of medical
staff. Water contamination has long been a concern for these Olympic Games. The Associated
Press conducted a study of the Rio de Janeiro water published in June, and the “analysis of water
quality revealed dangerously high levels of viruses and bacteria from human sewage in Olympic
and Paralympic venues” (Brooks & Barchfield, 2015). Since this initial testing in June, the
Associated Press conducted a more in-depth analysis in December and found similar results.
The water contamination can lead to a variety of illnesses for athletes and spectators including
“cholera, dysentery, hepatitis A and typhoid.” (Brooks & Barchfield, 2015).
In addition to contaminated water, the Summer Olympics also could be a breeding
ground for the spread of the zika virus. An outbreak of the virus was discover in Brazil in 2015
so this is especially concerning giving the proximity to the start of the Olympics. The World
Health Organization states that the symptoms “can include mild fever, skin rashes, conjunctivitis,
muscle and joint pain, malaise or headache” (WHO, 2016). It is carried by mosquitos, but can
also be passed from human to human. The major cause for concern is the massive influx of
hundreds of thousands of people into an area with a plethora of mosquito breeding grounds from
stagnant water. There is an ongoing investigation to the disease’s link to microcephaly, but more
6. 5
research is needed to prove this. Water contamination and the presence of the zika virus are a
cause for concern on their own, but exponentially increasing the problem is the current issue
surrounding medical clinics and staff in Rio de Janeiro.
Due to healthcare budget cuts and disputes between the government and medical union,
some hospitals and clinics have been forced to close. The Telegraph reports that, “[s]ome major
hospitals have been forced to close their doors while even the most seriously ill patients cannot
be admitted because of a funding shortfall that has meant a daily deficit of 150 beds” (Bowater,
2016). The union leaders continue to voice their concerns of not being able to care for people
that get sick, especially during the Olympics, due to lack of resources and staff. The government
has attempted to increase funding, but has been met with opposition and even a lawsuit from the
union. With the warning signs that health risks are unavoidable, it is of utmost importance that
there be sufficient healthcare for the Olympic Games. Below is bowtie assessment of these
threats including controls and outcomes.
Key
Threat Area
Massive disease
outbreak
Health Risks
Water
Contamination
Prevalence of
zika virus
Lack of medical
staff
Spray insecticides,
provide repellent
No medical staff or
room for patients
Pandemic ensues,
spreads across
countries
Deaths and
microcephaly occur
7. 6
As depicted in the bowtie analysis, there are a variety
of controls that must be applied to prevent these health threats
from coming to fruition. Water contamination is of
particular concern as athletes will be required to be in it for
specific events. With this in mind, there must be increased
efforts to clean the water, clean stagnant water, and also provide athletes with protective
equipment. The water contamination risk cannot be completed mitigated within six months so
this risk will have to be accepted to a certain extent. Similarly, zika will not be able to be
eradicated, but preventative action such as insecticide spray, repellent, and research into the links
to other diseases must be completed.
Most importantly, there needs to be adequate medical staff and clinics or hospitals
available to athletes, spectators, and locals. It is inevitable that there will be sick people,
regardless of the water or other diseases presence. With this in mind, the IOC should take it
upon themselves to assist with negotiations and use funds to keep clinics open and staffed. Also,
they must have popup tents with medical staff available to the large crowds at the Games. With
these controls, the IOC should be confident that they can decrease the health risk to a tolerable
level.
Infrastructure Risk Assessment/Recommendations
The second risk area for the Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro is the infrastructure.
This is always a major question area for any city hosting the Olympics. Can it handle the
construction of facilities and transportation and the massive influx of potentially a million people
in such a short time period? This was a serious problem in the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi,
Russia where the Olympic Village, where the athletes were housed, and other structures were
Threat
Control
Event
Worst outcome
8. 7
incomplete. Sochi was able to work around these issues and still hold a generally successful
Winter Olympics, so even if there are some lags in building construction, the Games can
continue.
In a report from Tech Insider and the Rio Media Center, Rio de Janeiro “will almost
certainly have its infrastructure finished in time for the Games. It just might continue
construction until the very last minute” (Schwartz, 2015). The city appears as though it should
be completely ready for the Olympic Games, as it was for the World Cup. The one infrastructure
question mark seems to be transportation. This is obviously very important to the functionality
of the Games as fans must travel throughout the region to attend various events. The city is in
the process of expanding its subway network to accommodate roughly 300,000 people each day,
and “the subway extension is set to open on July 1. The Games begin on August 5, leaving a
small window of time for the city to smooth out inevitable kinks in the new infrastructure”
(Knowlton, 2016). The lack of a functioning subway system could spell disaster for visitors.
Below is a SWOT analysis for infrastructure detailing these potential problems and
opportunities.
Strengths
Athletics venues and hotels arenearing
completion
Opportunities
Uses for new construction likeapartments
Expandingtransportation systemincreases
tourism
Public/privatecollaboration for better subway
Weaknesses
Subway addition may not be availableor
functional
Threats
Substantial delays in transportation
Poor subway leads to more road traffic
Infrastructure
SWOT
9. 8
Overall, the infrastructure is solid from the city’s World Cup experience. However, the
main concern of transportation remains. The Brazilian government and private sector have
opportunities to collaborate in providing a stronger infrastructure. There are commercial uses for
the new construction after the Games and a better subway system leads to a better functioning
city. Hopefully, these incentives can encourage the collaboration necessary to prepare the
subway system adequately for the Summer Games.
Security Risk Assessment/Recommendations
As with any event, especially one with the magnitude of the Olympics, security is always
a serious issue. However, it is a higher threat in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The United States
Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC) gives the crime in Rio de Janeiro a critical rating.
OSAC reports that “[i]n Rio, robbery, assault, burglary and theft are concerns for foreigners and
Brazilians alike. Criminals are determined and sophisticated, which requires visitors to be alert to
their surroundings. Violent crimes (murder, kidnapping, carjacking, armed assault, and burglary)
occur regularly” (OSAC, 2015). They also warn to avoid buses and specific gang controlled
neighborhoods.
In a city where crime is so prevalent and on the rise, it is important to educate visitors and
increase security. The IOC and local government must employee additional security around the
events and if possible, provide attendees with useful advice to decrease their chances of
becoming a victim. This could come in the form of emails/flyers that come with purchased
tickets to events, along with employees directing attendants where to go before and after Games
or matches. There are numerous reports of increased crime surrounding the World Cup so these
mitigation strategies should bring the risk down to a tolerable level, as it is impossible to stop all
criminal activity.
10. 9
In addition to the aforementioned criminal activity, the threat of a large scale, terrorist
attack always looms at the Olympics. The viewership, symbolism, and attendance of the
Olympics make it a serious potential target for a terrorist attack. As previously stated, the IOC
has developed a risk culture which prepares for threats even prior to the planning process. As
noted in Mega-crises: Understanding the prospects, nature, characteristics, and the effects of
cataclysmic events, “planning for the Sydney 2000 Olympics proved strangely prophetic of the
Al-Qaeda attack on September 11th, 2001 as organizers prepared strategies for the scenario most
feared by International Olympic Committee (IOC) President, Juan Antonio Samaranch: that of a
commercial plane being flown into the opening ceremony” (Jennings, 2012, pg. 3). This
example demonstrates the detailed planning for terrorist attacks, as they even plan for black
swans. In today’s world, the IOC must continue to plan for potential attacks including full
exercises of successful attacks.
For criminal activity, it is about minimizing the regularity and severity. Petty theft is
inevitable, but public and private hired security must work to prevent larger, more dangerous
crimes from taking place by protecting tourist areas and assisting visitors. The threat of a
largescale terrorist attack is low, and this is thanks to the preparation and planning of the IOC
and local authorities. The severity of a successful attack could be catastrophic so increasing
security through manpower, technology, and additional screening will reduce this threat to an
acceptable level.
Factors Critical to Success
Through proper mitigation strategies and planning, the IOC and local organizations and
government will be able to execute a successful Summer Olympics for all in Rio de Janeiro. The
main factors required for success are collaboration between the public and private sector,
11. 10
increased targeted security, and preventative controls to protect all parties involved from health
risks. The public and private sector must work together to complete the subway extension and
provide healthcare and security for the Games. Now at six months from the start, the main focus
must be health issues, in order to prevent an international pandemic. Water cleanup must
continue and steps must be taken to limit the spread of zika through education and measures like
WHO approved insecticides. With the addition of these factors to the extensive planning by the
IOC, the 2016 Summer Olympics will be successful with minimal setbacks.
12. 11
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2016-games.html
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