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This document discusses several economic concepts including elasticity of demand, monopoly resources, firms in competitive markets, oligopoly, monopolistic competition, measuring a nation's income, and oligopoly in the context of the Microsoft antitrust case. It provides examples and definitions for each concept.
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ari-sinsin(et.rgeleir)nal)ffi-jingom.t.docx
ari-
sin
sin
(et.
rge
leir
)nal
)ffi-
jing
om.
ter-
this
and
lhat
eto
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the
isa
and
cHAPTER 1 current Multinational challenges andthe Global Economy
U.S. Dollar-Denominated lnterest Rates
1-Month Maturities
U.S. Prime Rate 6 00%
Certificate of Deposit Rate 0 400%
LIBOR 0.260%
London lnterbank Offer Rate
London interbank rates apply to the buying
and'selling of eurodollar deposits between
banks in the international markets.
Notes:
Average rates for MaY 201 1.
U.S. Federal Funds target rale = o O"/"4 25"/"
Eurodollar DePosit
Offer Rate
I
) Eurodollar SPread
)
Eurodollar DePosll
Bid Bate
0.275%
o.255%rii*:.
ig'
t,
*
d!
iri
l:n
e
::
.
;l:
Eurodollar deposits are dollar-denominated
accounts in financial institutions oulside of
the united states.
rter-
dely
)riv-
For
)S AS
the
ein
:stic
Iese
sred
)ank
Ioan
/een
rket
isa
90n
that
ze is
rnks
Deposit rates are higher in the eulocurrency malkets than in most
domesti:c currency
markets because the finicial institutions offering eurocurrency activities are not subject
to
murry of the regulations and reserve requiremen-ts imposed on traditional
domestic banks
and banking activities. with these costs removed, raies are subject to mole competitive
pressures, d*eposit rates are higher, and loan rates are lower. A second majol area of
cost
avoided in the eurocurrency niarkets is the payment of deposit insurance
fees (such as the
Federal Deposit lnsurance" Corporation, FDIb, and assessments paid on deposits
in the
United States). Exhibit 1.3 illustrates how eurodollar deposit and loan rates'
including dollar
LIBOR and LIBID rates, compare with traditionai domestic interest rates'
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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3) Economic analysis helps address these problems through concepts like production possibility curves, opportunity costs, and analyzing costs of production.
ari-sinsin(et.rgeleir)nal)ffi-jingom.t.docx
ari-
sin
sin
(et.
rge
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jing
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ter-
this
and
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the
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and
cHAPTER 1 current Multinational challenges andthe Global Economy
U.S. Dollar-Denominated lnterest Rates
1-Month Maturities
U.S. Prime Rate 6 00%
Certificate of Deposit Rate 0 400%
LIBOR 0.260%
London lnterbank Offer Rate
London interbank rates apply to the buying
and'selling of eurodollar deposits between
banks in the international markets.
Notes:
Average rates for MaY 201 1.
U.S. Federal Funds target rale = o O"/"4 25"/"
Eurodollar DePosit
Offer Rate
I
) Eurodollar SPread
)
Eurodollar DePosll
Bid Bate
0.275%
o.255%rii*:.
ig'
t,
*
d!
iri
l:n
e
::
.
;l:
Eurodollar deposits are dollar-denominated
accounts in financial institutions oulside of
the united states.
rter-
dely
)riv-
For
)S AS
the
ein
:stic
Iese
sred
)ank
Ioan
/een
rket
isa
90n
that
ze is
rnks
Deposit rates are higher in the eulocurrency malkets than in most
domesti:c currency
markets because the finicial institutions offering eurocurrency activities are not subject
to
murry of the regulations and reserve requiremen-ts imposed on traditional
domestic banks
and banking activities. with these costs removed, raies are subject to mole competitive
pressures, d*eposit rates are higher, and loan rates are lower. A second majol area of
cost
avoided in the eurocurrency niarkets is the payment of deposit insurance
fees (such as the
Federal Deposit lnsurance" Corporation, FDIb, and assessments paid on deposits
in the
United States). Exhibit 1.3 illustrates how eurodollar deposit and loan rates'
including dollar
LIBOR and LIBID rates, compare with traditionai domestic interest rates'
The Theory of Comparative Aclvantage
The theory of comparative advantage provides a basis for explaining and
justifying interna-
tional trade in a model world assumed to enjoy free trade, perfect competition'
no uncer-
tainty, costless information, and no gou"rn*".ri interference' The theory's origins
lie in the
work of Adam Smith, anJ particutarly with his seminal book TheWealth
of Nations published
in 1776-Smith sought io explain why the division of labor in productive activities' and
subse-
quently international trade of those goods, increased the quality of life
for all citizens' Smith
based his work on ihe concept ol abiolute advantage,wheie every country
should specialize
in the production of that good it was uniquely suited for' More would be
produced for less'
10 PAfil" 1 Global Financial Environment
Thus. by each country specializing in products for which it possessed absolute ad,vantage,
countries could produce more in total and exchange products-trade-for goods that were
cheaper in price than those produced at home.
David Ricardo, in his work On the Principles of Politicat Econonzy anrl Taxotion pub-
lished in 18i7, sought to take the basic ideas set down by Adam Smith a ferv iogical steps
further. Ricardo noted that even if a country possessed absolu ...
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This document summarizes a presentation given by Mulama Kennedy Masinde on David Ricardo's theory of economics development. Ricardo developed theories of rent, profits, wages, and comparative advantage. He argued that rent increases as population grows and agricultural land becomes more scarce. Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage showed that free trade benefits all nations by allowing them to specialize in producing goods where they have a lower opportunity cost. The presentation covered Ricardo's key assumptions, models, and concepts, as well as criticisms of his theoretical framework.
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2) External economies occur when costs decrease as the size of an entire industry increases, rather than for individual firms. They arise from factors like specialized suppliers and labor pooling.
3) Models with external economies show countries specializing based on historical accidents rather than comparative advantage. Trade allows concentrating production where costs are lowest.
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The document discusses similarities and differences between monopolistic competition and Islamic economics. Both allow for free entry and exit of firms in the long run, and both see some role for government involvement. However, they differ in their views on pricing of goods, welfare of society, and advertising. Specifically, Islamic economics aims to maximize social welfare rather than just firm profits, and prohibits certain types of advertising.
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This document provides an overview of theories of international trade, beginning with mercantilism and including absolute advantage, comparative advantage, factor proportions, product life cycles, new trade theory, and national competitive advantage. It discusses key aspects of each theory, such as how mercantilism aimed to accumulate wealth through trade surpluses while exploiting colonies, and how comparative advantage shows that trade benefits both parties even if one country is less efficient. Theories have evolved over time to better explain patterns of trade.
Microeconomics of e commerce
The document discusses how traditional microeconomic theory may not fully explain e-commerce and the new digital economy. It argues that information goods, which are increasingly dominant online, are costly to produce but cheap to copy, so pricing based on production costs is ineffective. Instead, prices will depend on varying consumer valuations. The economics of information goods challenges the notion that competitive markets maximize welfare when costs and prices are disconnected. However, the author believes conventional microeconomics still provides an important framework and we should aim to understand how new technologies alter existing economic themes, rather than declaring the need for an entirely new theory.
ECO 610 Managerial Economics Group Assignment 2 .docx
ECO 610 Managerial Economics
Group Assignment 2
Concepts: Monopoly and Oligopoly
1. Please present your responses in good form. Support your work with appropriate
references and in-text citations.
2. Submit only one copy per group. Add only the names of the group members
present at the residency when this assignment was completed.
3. Submit your written assignment via Moodle no later Sunday, July 14 at 11:00 PM
EST. Late submission will not be accepted.
Part A: Is your college bookstore a monopoly?
Is there only one store on your college campus allowed to sell textbooks? Are there economic
costs to this monopoly power? Are there economic benefits to this monopoly power? Assess the
market for textbooks on your campus using the following key concepts from Chapter 10.
Costs or benefits of monopoly
Monopoly price
Restricted output
Monopoly profits
Barriers to entry
Research and development
Economies of scale
Natural monopoly
Entrepreneurial incentives
Contestable markets
From the list above, which item is the strongest argument against your school allowing
monopoly power in the textbook market? Why?
From the list above, which item is the strongest argument in favor of your school allowing
monopoly power in the textbook market? Why?
Part B: Media Player: Monopoly?
One way to limit competition is to only sell a product bundled with another product—one in
which you have a monopoly. The text mentions Microsoft’s bundling of its browser, Internet
Explorer, with the Windows operating system. Bundling meant that people could get Internet
Explorer without paying any extra. This made it impossible for Netscape to sell its competing
browser.
A related issue is Microsoft’s bundling of Media Player, a piece of software that plays audio and
video on the World Wide Web. Purchasers of Windows cannot buy Windows without Media
player, something that makes it hard for companies selling competing products (like RealPlayer
and QuickTime). The European Commission, which enforces pro-competition rules in the
European Union, is hearing an antitrust case against Microsoft Europe.
Use the accompanying sources, and any others you know of, to weigh the advantages to
consumers of bundling RealPlayer against the disadvantages. Suppose the sole issue is the
benefits to consumers. In that case, how should the European Commission rule? Should
Microsoft be required to offer a version of Windows without MediaPlayer, at a lower price?
Provide as much support as you can for your answer.
EU/Competition - Antitrust/Antitrust cases—this portion of the EU web site offers information
on enforcement of pro-competition rules. Look at the links below the text, “Arranged by
Company Name.” Click on “M” there, and then on “Microsoft Europe” (you will need to wheel
down the page) to see the most recent material on the case.
http://ec.europa.eu
Micr ...
Monopoly_Chapter 15_Macroeconomics_ Mankew power point slides
This chapter discusses monopoly markets. It begins by defining a monopoly as a sole seller of a product without close substitutes. Monopolies arise due to barriers to entry, including ownership of key resources, government protections like patents, or natural monopolies where large scale production is more efficient. As the sole seller, a monopoly faces a downward sloping demand curve and is a price maker, unlike competitive firms which are price takers. The chapter then analyzes how monopolies determine price and quantity to maximize profits by producing at the quantity where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. This results in the monopoly price exceeding average cost and the firm earning economic profits.
Globalization.pptx
This document provides an overview of globalization, including:
1) It defines globalization as the increasing integration and interdependence of world economies through globalization of markets and production.
2) Key drivers of globalization are declining trade barriers and technological advances in transportation and communication.
3) Major global institutions that help manage and regulate global trade include the WTO, IMF, World Bank, and UN.
Lecture 10
This document discusses key concepts related to e-products, e-marketplaces, and the impact of the digital economy. It covers how e-products have high fixed costs but low marginal costs of distribution, leading to vast economies of scale. E-marketplaces can bring buyers and sellers together through various mechanisms like auctions, exchanges, and online catalogs. Both buyers and sellers are expected to benefit from reduced transaction costs in e-marketplaces. Lower costs may be passed on to consumers in the form of lower prices.
Ten principles of economics by pavan
This document outlines 10 principles of economics according to an MBA student. It discusses concepts like tradeoffs, opportunity costs, incentives, markets, production, money supply, and the relationship between inflation and unemployment. Each principle is explained over 1-2 paragraphs and includes a real-world example. The document is a study guide for microeconomics that defines and illustrates key economic theories and how they apply to individuals, businesses, governments, and countries.
international marketing concepts
This document provides an overview of key concepts in international marketing. It defines international marketing as finding and satisfying global customer needs better than competitors. Companies engage in international marketing to expand sales, acquire resources, diversify sales sources, and minimize risk. Firms can carry out international operations through exports, imports, and foreign investments. Reasons for growth in international marketing include technology expansion, liberalized trade policies, and increased global competition. Challenges include differing political, cultural, and competitive environments across countries. The document also discusses international marketing orientation approaches and factors that influence product planning and decisions in international markets.
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Chapter 2
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Rinkesh.ppt.efm.
- 1. PREPARED BY :- RINKESH.M.PRAJAPATI ENROLEMENT NO :- 117020592039 MBA – SEM – 1 SUB:-EFM
- 2. If the price of admission were higher, how much shorter would the customer line become? The answer is depend on elasticity of demand. To estimate the price elasticity of demand. we have to use historical data. Admission price Other factor • weather, population, size of collection. Concept :- elasticity of demand.
- 3. Arises from the ownership of a key resource. How much market power does debeers have? Close substitute of product. The price of its product Debeers pays for large amounts of advertising. concept:- Monopoly resources
- 4. The revenue from the few customers could not possibly cover the cost of running the restaurant. Fixed and variable costs. Similar decision, Miniature-golf course. Revenue substantially from season to season. Open when its revenue exceeds its variable costs. Concept:- firms in competitive market.
- 5. First of all, case about the market for crude oil. OPEC countries together make up an oligopoly. These countries control about three-fourths of the worlds oil reserves. They would like to maintain a high price of oil. OPEC was most successful at maintaining high prices from 1973 to 1985 In recent year, the price of oil rose significantly. The increased demand in the world oil market. Concept:- oligopoly
- 6. What effect does advertising have on the price of a good? The article published in the journal of low and economics in 1972, economist lee benham tested these two views of advertising. Professional optometrists enthusiastically endorsed these restrictions on advertising. Concept:- Monopolistic Competition
- 7. Rich and poor countries have vastly different levels of GDP per person. Table shows four of the worlds most populous countries ranked in order of GDP per person. Country GDP per Life Adult Internet person Expecta Literacy Usage ncy United $35,750 77 years 99% 55% states Germany 27,100 78 99 41 Banglade 1,700 61 41 <0.5 sh Nigeria 860 52 67 <0.5
- 8. International data leave no doubt that a nations GDP is closely associated with its citizens “standard of living”.-- Concept:- Measuring a Nation's income.
- 9. The case against Microsoft corporation, in 1998. Microsoft should be allowed to integrate internet browser into its windows operating system. Putting new features into old products The government argued that the company had substantial monopoly power. Microsoft case became a legal morass. November 2002,the government accepted that a browser would part of the windows system Concept:- oligopoly