Richardrodger microxchgio-feb-2015-final

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This document discusses measuring microservices by monitoring message flow rates and patterns. It suggests measuring: - Message flow rates after deploying new services to detect any breaks - Common message patterns like actor, subscriber, chain, and tree to validate expected behavior - Invariants like the relationship between add-item and sales-tax messages to ensure the system is functioning correctly Measuring these things provides visibility into the health and risks of the distributed system.

Internet

Measuring Micro-services
Richard Rodger @rjrodger
nearform.com

Pulse. Temperature. Blood Pressure.
Micro-service systems have
emergent properties too.

nearForm & micro-services
50+ production systems.
The good, the bad, and the ugly.

What are micro-services?
Independent processes that
exchange messages.

Messages are fundamental.
Message behavior has emergent
properties.

Message flow rate.
Easy to measure. Tells you a lot.
Independent of services.

Deploy a new micro-service.
Does the new version
break anything?

To measure changes to services,
measure changes to message
flow rates.

Micro-service message patterns.
What to measure?
Here’s what we’ve found useful…

Actor.
A pool of services share message
load evenly (round-robin, say).

Subscriber.
Many services all listen for the
same set of message types.

Chain.
An initial message causes a chain
of serial message steps.

Tree.
An initial message causes a
flowering of child messages.

Why?
It's the risk, stupid!
Monoliths put everybody in danger.

Risk.
Reduction can be measured.
Leave elimination to Machiavelli.

Our "best practices" for risk.
Unit tests; code reviews; standards.
Do we have good measures?

We've just made things worse!
Microservices also have
emergent failure modes.

Let's attack both sides.
And we'll find a way to connect
both attacks.
Formal Methods
“Best Practices”
Measurement

Dynamic measurement.
Measure health of the system.
Exposes unknown unknowns.

Formal methods.
Correctness proofs are impractical.
Incomplete execution traces? FTW!
* http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/tla/tla.html
TLA+
Leslie Lamport *

Invariants.
Some things should never change.
Measure them to make sure!

Example.
E-commerce shopping cart.
add-item msgs == sales-tax msgs

Be practical!
Finding invariants is hard. Use the
microservice patterns to cheat.

Actor.
n actors means each actor sees
1⧸nof the messages.

Subscriber.
n subscribers means each sees
n messages.

Chain.
n inbound messages over k links
means nk chained messages.

Tree.
n inbound messages over k leaves
means nk leaf messages.

Look for cause/effect relationships.
These are by design! Validate your
message patterns in production.
“ask not what can go wrong,
ask what must go right…”
Chris Newcombe, AWS*
* http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/tla/amazon.html

When should you rollback?
Invariants should be the same
before and after deployment.

Is the system correct?
Business rules are invariants too!
Express as message relationships.

Are you about to be blindsided?
Combine individual indicators to
get a deeper measure of risk.

Measure what counts.
Find invariants. Measure them.
Follow: senecajs.org

Thank You!
Richard Rodger @rjrodger
nearform.com

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CSU毕业证原版定制【微信：176555708】【加利福尼亚州立大学毕业证成绩单-学位证】【微信：176555708】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。 ◆◆◆◆◆ — — — — — — — — 【留学教育】留学归国服务中心 — — — — — -◆◆◆◆◆ 【主营项目】一.毕业证【微信：176555708】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费) 三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度) 如果您处于以下几种情况： ◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微信：176555708】 ◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到； ◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备； ◇回国时间很长，忘记办理； ◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看； ◇企事业单位必须要求办理的 ◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口 ◇申请留学生创业基金留信网认证的作用: 1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份 2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定 3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书 4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方 5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息 6:个人职称评审加20分 7:个人信誉贷款加10分→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。 8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！学历顾问：微信：176555708

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# Internet Security: Safeguarding Your Digital World In the contemporary digital age, the internet is a cornerstone of our daily lives. It connects us to vast amounts of information, provides platforms for communication, enables commerce, and offers endless entertainment. However, with these conveniences come significant security challenges. Internet security is essential to protect our digital identities, sensitive data, and overall online experience. This comprehensive guide explores the multifaceted world of internet security, providing insights into its importance, common threats, and effective strategies to safeguard your digital world. ## Understanding Internet Security Internet security encompasses the measures and protocols used to protect information, devices, and networks from unauthorized access, attacks, and damage. It involves a wide range of practices designed to safeguard data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Effective internet security is crucial for individuals, businesses, and governments alike, as cyber threats continue to evolve in complexity and scale. ### Key Components of Internet Security 1. **Confidentiality**: Ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorized to access it. 2. **Integrity**: Protecting information from being altered or tampered with by unauthorized parties. 3. **Availability**: Ensuring that authorized users have reliable access to information and resources when needed. ## Common Internet Security Threats Cyber threats are numerous and constantly evolving. Understanding these threats is the first step in protecting against them. Some of the most common internet security threats include: ### Malware Malware, or malicious software, is designed to harm, exploit, or otherwise compromise a device, network, or service. Common types of malware include: - **Viruses**: Programs that attach themselves to legitimate software and replicate, spreading to other programs and files. - **Worms**: Standalone malware that replicates itself to spread to other computers. - **Trojan Horses**: Malicious software disguised as legitimate software. - **Ransomware**: Malware that encrypts a user's files and demands a ransom for the decryption key. - **Spyware**: Software that secretly monitors and collects user information. ### Phishing Phishing is a social engineering attack that aims to steal sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details. Attackers often masquerade as trusted entities in email or other communication channels, tricking victims into providing their information. ### Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks MitM attacks occur when an attacker intercepts and potentially alters communication between two parties without their knowledge. This can lead to the unauthorized acquisition of sensitive information. ### Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks

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原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(bath毕业证书)英国巴斯大学毕业证学位证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma 1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700 留信网认证的作用: 1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份 2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定 3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书 4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方 5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息 6:个人职称评审加20分 7:个人信誉贷款加10分 8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才

History+of+E-commerce+Development+in+China-www.cfye-commerce.shop

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一比一原版(LBS毕业证)伦敦商学院毕业证成绩单专业办理

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LBS毕业证原版定制【微信：176555708】【伦敦商学院毕业证成绩单-学位证】【微信：176555708】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。 ◆◆◆◆◆ — — — — — — — — 【留学教育】留学归国服务中心 — — — — — -◆◆◆◆◆ 【主营项目】一.毕业证【微信：176555708】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费) 三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度) 如果您处于以下几种情况： ◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微信：176555708】 ◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到； ◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备； ◇回国时间很长，忘记办理； ◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看； ◇企事业单位必须要求办理的 ◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口 ◇申请留学生创业基金留信网认证的作用: 1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份 2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定 3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书 4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方 5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息 6:个人职称评审加20分 7:个人信誉贷款加10分→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。 8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！学历顾问：微信：176555708

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Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors. Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices. Features of Wireless Communication The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features. The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication). Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.

APNIC Foundation, presented by Ellisha Heppner at the PNG DNS Forum 2024

APNIC

一比一原版(SLU毕业证)圣路易斯大学毕业证成绩单专业办理

keoku

SLU毕业证原版定制【微信：176555708】【圣路易斯大学毕业证成绩单-学位证】【微信：176555708】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。 ◆◆◆◆◆ — — — — — — — — 【留学教育】留学归国服务中心 — — — — — -◆◆◆◆◆ 【主营项目】一.毕业证【微信：176555708】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费) 三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度) 如果您处于以下几种情况： ◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微信：176555708】 ◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到； ◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备； ◇回国时间很长，忘记办理； ◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看； ◇企事业单位必须要求办理的 ◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口 ◇申请留学生创业基金留信网认证的作用: 1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份 2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定 3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书 4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方 5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息 6:个人职称评审加20分 7:个人信誉贷款加10分→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。 8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！学历顾问：微信：176555708

Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and Guidelines

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Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024. Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics. 1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures 2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns 3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects 4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.

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Richardrodger microxchgio-feb-2015-final

1. Measuring Micro-services Richard Rodger @rjrodger nearform.com

2. Pulse. Temperature. Blood Pressure. Micro-service systems have emergent properties too.

3. nearForm & micro-services 50+ production systems. The good, the bad, and the ugly.

4. What are micro-services? Independent processes that exchange messages.

5. Messages are fundamental. Message behavior has emergent properties.

6. Message flow rate. Easy to measure. Tells you a lot. Independent of services.

7. Deploy a new micro-service. Does the new version break anything?

8. To measure changes to services, measure changes to message flow rates.

9. Micro-service message patterns. What to measure? Here’s what we’ve found useful…

10. Actor. A pool of services share message load evenly (round-robin, say).

11. Subscriber. Many services all listen for the same set of message types.

12. Chain. An initial message causes a chain of serial message steps.

13. Tree. An initial message causes a flowering of child messages.

14. Why? It's the risk, stupid! Monoliths put everybody in danger.

15. Risk. Reduction can be measured. Leave elimination to Machiavelli.

16. Our "best practices" for risk. Unit tests; code reviews; standards. Do we have good measures?

17. We've just made things worse! Microservices also have emergent failure modes.

18. Let's attack both sides. And we'll find a way to connect both attacks. Formal Methods “Best Practices” Measurement

19. Dynamic measurement. Measure health of the system. Exposes unknown unknowns.

20. Formal methods. Correctness proofs are impractical. Incomplete execution traces? FTW! * http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/tla/tla.html TLA+ Leslie Lamport *

21. Invariants. Some things should never change. Measure them to make sure!

22. Example. E-commerce shopping cart. add-item msgs == sales-tax msgs

23. Be practical! Finding invariants is hard. Use the microservice patterns to cheat.

24. Actor. n actors means each actor sees 1⧸nof the messages.

25. Subscriber. n subscribers means each sees n messages.

26. Chain. n inbound messages over k links means nk chained messages.

27. Tree. n inbound messages over k leaves means nk leaf messages.

28. Look for cause/effect relationships. These are by design! Validate your message patterns in production. “ask not what can go wrong, ask what must go right…” Chris Newcombe, AWS* * http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/tla/amazon.html

29. When should you rollback? Invariants should be the same before and after deployment.

30. Is the system correct? Business rules are invariants too! Express as message relationships.

31. Are you about to be blindsided? Combine individual indicators to get a deeper measure of risk.

32. Measure what counts. Find invariants. Measure them. Follow: senecajs.org

33. Thank You! Richard Rodger @rjrodger nearform.com

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