This document summarizes a meta-analysis examining the response and recovery of benthic marine ecosystems following disturbance from fishing activities. The analysis found that gear type is an important predictor of impacts to species richness and abundance, with beam trawls and dredges tending to have stronger negative effects. Substrate type also influenced recovery, with slower recovery in sandy habitats. Duration of disturbance and depth were less reliable predictors. The analysis was limited by a lack of long-term data needed to fully assess recovery timelines. Improved monitoring is needed to identify vulnerable areas and inform management.
A stochastic Model for the Size Spectrum in a Marine Ecosystemgustavdelius
The document summarizes a stochastic model for population size distributions in marine ecosystems. It presents three key points:
1. It derives a stochastic differential equation (SDE) to model the stochastic jump-growth process of individual organisms between discrete size classes over time.
2. It discusses both individual-based and population-level modeling approaches to capturing size-dependent predator-prey interactions across all species.
3. It outlines the approximations made to derive the SDE from the full stochastic process governing random predation events, assuming independence and applying normal approximations to the Poisson-distributed number of events.
Este documento describe los planes sectoriales y su propósito desde diferentes perspectivas. Discuten los planes motivados por el desarrollo de un sector, los impulsados por la administración, y la necesidad de equilibrio entre ambos. También cubre las perspectivas de la administración hacia las empresas, de las empresas hacia la administración, y la necesidad de equilibrio. Finalmente, señala que la selección y gestión de zonas para la acuicultura debe considerar un enfoque y planificación sectorial.
The seafood industry’s affect on the world’s oceansruletheskies07
The document summarizes issues facing the seafood industry, including overfishing, illegal fishing, bycatch, and environmental impacts of some fishing and aquaculture practices. It notes that overfishing has reduced fish populations to just 10% of original levels and 75% of fisheries are overexploited. Improper aquaculture can also damage habitats and pollute waters. Sustainable solutions proposed include improved management of fisheries through catch limits, protected areas, and more selective fishing gear to reduce bycatch and habitat damage.
This document discusses ecosystem services in the Senqu River in South Africa. It provides baseline data on hydrology, water quality, geomorphology, riparian vegetation and socioeconomic factors in local communities. It then uses a probabilistic model called PROBFLO to assess how different development scenarios may impact ecosystem services. Scenario 1 models a no development reference state, while Scenario 2 models post-development with implementation of environmental flows to maintain ecosystem functions. The model indicates some services like fish and water availability may decline under development without mitigation, while others like riparian habitat may be maintained with environmental flows.
Dr Patrick Irungu_2023 AGRODEP Annual ConferenceAKADEMIYA2063
Parallel Session IIIb: Do livestock markets enhance pastoralists’ resilience against climate-induced external shocks? Evidence from a conflict-prone marsabit county, kenya
Appendix iii tosonkhulstai_monitoringpresentationTuugii Tuguldur
This document discusses developing a monitoring program for the Tosonkhulstai Nature Reserve in Mongolia. It summarizes methods tested to monitor key species, including:
1) Line transect surveys and area sampling to estimate marmot population numbers and densities.
2) Baited scent stations to monitor visitation rates of carnivores like foxes and determine which species are present.
3) Recommendations are made to improve the monitoring methods, such as doubling survey efforts, adding camera traps, comparing between seasons, and reducing the size of known marmot regions sampled.
Women farmers' participation in the agricultural research process: implicatio...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Annet Mulema (International Livestock Research Institute), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
Investigating and modelling the relationship between scuba diver Behaviour an...bluetempleconservation
- The document investigates the relationship between scuba diver behavior and coral health by studying diver behavior at reef sites in Malaysia. Questionnaires and observations were used to examine diver contacts with coral before and after an environmental briefing. The results showed diver contacts decreased significantly after the briefing, with improvements in buoyancy, positioning, and keeping fins away from coral. Certain diver attributes like experience and buoyancy control were also correlated with behavior. The study provides recommendations to reduce diver impacts and protect coral reefs.
A stochastic Model for the Size Spectrum in a Marine Ecosystemgustavdelius
The document summarizes a stochastic model for population size distributions in marine ecosystems. It presents three key points:
1. It derives a stochastic differential equation (SDE) to model the stochastic jump-growth process of individual organisms between discrete size classes over time.
2. It discusses both individual-based and population-level modeling approaches to capturing size-dependent predator-prey interactions across all species.
3. It outlines the approximations made to derive the SDE from the full stochastic process governing random predation events, assuming independence and applying normal approximations to the Poisson-distributed number of events.
Este documento describe los planes sectoriales y su propósito desde diferentes perspectivas. Discuten los planes motivados por el desarrollo de un sector, los impulsados por la administración, y la necesidad de equilibrio entre ambos. También cubre las perspectivas de la administración hacia las empresas, de las empresas hacia la administración, y la necesidad de equilibrio. Finalmente, señala que la selección y gestión de zonas para la acuicultura debe considerar un enfoque y planificación sectorial.
The seafood industry’s affect on the world’s oceansruletheskies07
The document summarizes issues facing the seafood industry, including overfishing, illegal fishing, bycatch, and environmental impacts of some fishing and aquaculture practices. It notes that overfishing has reduced fish populations to just 10% of original levels and 75% of fisheries are overexploited. Improper aquaculture can also damage habitats and pollute waters. Sustainable solutions proposed include improved management of fisheries through catch limits, protected areas, and more selective fishing gear to reduce bycatch and habitat damage.
This document discusses ecosystem services in the Senqu River in South Africa. It provides baseline data on hydrology, water quality, geomorphology, riparian vegetation and socioeconomic factors in local communities. It then uses a probabilistic model called PROBFLO to assess how different development scenarios may impact ecosystem services. Scenario 1 models a no development reference state, while Scenario 2 models post-development with implementation of environmental flows to maintain ecosystem functions. The model indicates some services like fish and water availability may decline under development without mitigation, while others like riparian habitat may be maintained with environmental flows.
Dr Patrick Irungu_2023 AGRODEP Annual ConferenceAKADEMIYA2063
Parallel Session IIIb: Do livestock markets enhance pastoralists’ resilience against climate-induced external shocks? Evidence from a conflict-prone marsabit county, kenya
Appendix iii tosonkhulstai_monitoringpresentationTuugii Tuguldur
This document discusses developing a monitoring program for the Tosonkhulstai Nature Reserve in Mongolia. It summarizes methods tested to monitor key species, including:
1) Line transect surveys and area sampling to estimate marmot population numbers and densities.
2) Baited scent stations to monitor visitation rates of carnivores like foxes and determine which species are present.
3) Recommendations are made to improve the monitoring methods, such as doubling survey efforts, adding camera traps, comparing between seasons, and reducing the size of known marmot regions sampled.
Women farmers' participation in the agricultural research process: implicatio...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Annet Mulema (International Livestock Research Institute), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
Investigating and modelling the relationship between scuba diver Behaviour an...bluetempleconservation
- The document investigates the relationship between scuba diver behavior and coral health by studying diver behavior at reef sites in Malaysia. Questionnaires and observations were used to examine diver contacts with coral before and after an environmental briefing. The results showed diver contacts decreased significantly after the briefing, with improvements in buoyancy, positioning, and keeping fins away from coral. Certain diver attributes like experience and buoyancy control were also correlated with behavior. The study provides recommendations to reduce diver impacts and protect coral reefs.
Women farmers’ participation in the agricultural research process: Implicatio...ILRI
Presented by Annet A. Mulema (ILRI), Wellington Jogo (CIP), Elias Damtew (ILRI), Kindu Mekonnen (ILRI) and Peter Thorne (ILRI) at the Seeds of Change Conference, University of Canberra, Australia, 2-4 April 2019
An Ecosystems Approach to Water and Food SecurityAFRIKASOURCES
Recognising healthy ecosystems as the basis for sustainable water resources and stable food security can help produce more food from each unit of agricultural land, improve resilience to climate change and provide economic benefits for poor communities, according to a new report from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), in partnership with 19 other organizations.
More: http://unep.org/newscentre/Default.aspx?DocumentID=2649&ArticleID=8834&l=en
Landslide Risk Reduction Plan for Pashupati Monument Zone (Kathmandu Valley ...Akrur Mahat
The risk of natural hazards on cultural heritage is a crucial issue that demands a multi-disciplinary approach to address it appropriately and efficiently. The significant loss of heritage due to recent Gorkha earthquake 2015 has highlighted the lack of risk assessment of cultural properties and implementation of comprehensive risk reduction plan. The monitoring and evaluation of the state of conservation of individual cultural heritage property are the fundamental and essential task in the overall assessment of vulnerability.Conservation plan of action for the monuments and environment should be formulated and prioritized by heritage value of the property. Also, the safeguarding cultural properties from natural hazards also requires a comprehensive strategy that includes risk assessment and the participation of all stakeholders. This study tries to assess the vulnerability of cultural heritage property and find out the level of landslide risk which will help to prepare landslide risk reduction plan for the effective management of the every cultural property within the Pashupati Monument Zone.
A combination of extensive field survey, local and expert knowledge has been used to extract information of landslide and monument.A landslide hazard susceptibility map of Pashupati Monument Zone has been prepared using frequency ratio model in GIS software.Parameters considered are slope aspect, slope angle, elevation, drainage distance, geology and land use. The vulnerability of 290 monuments have evaluated through a combination of multiple criteria as the state of conservation and a heritage value, a combination of both served as an input factor for the physical vulnerability of the cultural properties of the entire zone. Landslide risk has been calculated combining the landslide hazard susceptibility and vulnerability of monuments within the cultural heritage site.
Final results show that Pashupati monument zone has 15% high, 31% medium landslide hazard area.Similarly, out of 290 monuments 5% (15 nos) lies in high and 38% and 57 % are in medium and low landslide risk.Findings depict that the cultural properties assessed in this area are mostly affected in the Slesmantak forest area (master plan B1 zone) where high hazard landslide area has founded.Finally, some recommendations are proposed related to conservation of environment and monuments in the Pashupati Monument Zone.
Key Words:
Cultural heritage, Heritage value, State of conservation, Landslide hazard mapping, Risk Assessment, Landslide Risk Reduction plan.
This document presents the results of a herpetofaunal survey conducted in Western Ghats, India from 2003-2006. A total of 42 amphibian species belonging to 7 families were recorded. 27 species were endemic to the Western Ghats region. The survey found variation in species richness and abundance across sampling sites, with the Yenneholé sub-basin having the highest values and Nandiholé the lowest. Statistical analysis revealed correlations between amphibian diversity metrics and habitat variables like rainfall, tree cover, and land use. Forest fragmentation was also correlated with some diversity metrics.
Optimising the ripening period of Slow Sand filter Hemant Arora
The document summarizes research to optimize the ripening period of slow sand filters. The objectives were to optimize the scraping procedure, accelerate biological activity, and identify indicators of ripening. Various column experiments were conducted with different filtration rates, added nutrients and inoculum. Results showed that biomass accumulated mainly in the top sand layers. Columns with higher rates and additions had faster reductions in turbidity, particles, and bacteria/virus removal, identifying them as potential ripening indicators. Chemical parameters like DOC and TN did not correlate as well with ripening.
Sustainable agriculture under climate change in the Aral Sea Basin. Maryse Bo...Joanna Hicks
The document summarizes challenges facing sustainable agriculture in the Aral Sea Basin under climate change. The disappearance of the Aral Sea has caused a humanitarian crisis through water pollution and dust storms. Expected increases in temperature and heavy precipitation will exacerbate issues. Agriculture in Uzbekistan is constrained by low investment, state control of farms, and quotas for cotton and wheat. Possible solutions include adopting regulated deficit irrigation, alternate furrow irrigation, surge-flow irrigation, introducing legumes and crop diversification to increase resilience to lower water availability.
Effect of Temperature on Stream Fish Energetics and Tolerance to Increasing U...Marylou Moore
ABSTRACT
Urban development threatens stream systems throughout the world and has been shown to correspond with predictable changes in fish assemblage attributes. These shifts in fish communities suggests that there may be species specific differences in tolerance to altered environmental conditions related to urbanization. Over the last three decades, a great amount of literature has focused on the development of community-level metrics for assessing biotic integrity of fishes within flowing waters. While these efforts have spawned a great deal of information on community and guild-level responses by stream fishes, it is unknown how individual species’ evolutionary adaptation and physiological acclimation correspond to their ability to tolerate drastic environmental change. This study investigated temperature-dependent responses of metabolism and thermal sensitivity in redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus) collected from sites representative of the lowest and highest degree of urban land use throughout the Etowah Watershed, Georgia. Standard metabolic rate (SMR) was shown to be significantly lower in fish drawn from the urban stream at both experimental temperatures (20 °C and 25 °C). Additionally, the urban population had a significantly higher metabolic scope at 25 °C than the non-urban population. These findings support the hypothesis that intraspecific differences in thermal tolerance may exist at localized scales within a small watershed. This study also provides the first known reports of the metabolic rate and aerobic scope of L. auritus.
This document summarizes a presentation on modeling the effects of trait diversity on phytoplankton communities. It introduces mechanisms for sustaining trait diversity, including trait diffusion and "kill-the-winner," and presents results from a model exploring the short-term and long-term impacts of trait diversity on community productivity and growth rates under different frequencies of disturbance events. The model results show that an intermediate level of trait diversity is optimal and that the optimal level depends on the frequency and intensity of perturbations affecting the community.
Climate change already is having significant impacts on the nation’s species and ecosystems, and these effects are projected to increase considerably over time. As a result, climate change is now a primary lens through which conservation and natural resource management must be viewed. How should we prepare for and respond to the impacts of climate change on wildlife and their habitats? What should we be doing differently in light of these climatic shifts, and what actions continue to make sense? Climate-Smart Conservation: Putting Adaptation Principles into Practice offers guidance for designing and carrying out conservation in the face of a rapidly changing climate.
Addressing the growing threats brought about or accentuated by rapid climate change requires a fundamental shift in the practice of natural resource management and conservation. Traditionally, conservationists have focused their efforts on protecting and managing systems to maintain their current state, or to restore degraded systems back to a historical state regarded as more desirable. Conservation planners and practitioners will need to adopt forward-looking goals and implement strategies specifically designed to prepare for and adjust to current and future climatic changes, and the associated impacts on natural systems and human communities—an emerging discipline known as climate change adaptation.
The field of climate change adaptation is still in its infancy. Although there is increasing attention focused on the subject, much of the guidance developed to date has been general in nature, concentrating on high-level principles rather than specific actions. It is against this backdrop that this guide was prepared as a means for helping put adaptation principles into practice, and for moving adaptation from planning to action.
MAKING CONSERVATION CLIMATE SMART
The fate of our wildlife and wild places depends on steps we take now to prepare for and cope with the growing impacts of a changing climate. While managers traditionally have looked to the past for inspiration, increasingly we will be faced with future conditions that may have no historical analogs.
Although climate adaptation will have costs, the cost of inaction—through continuing with business as usual—is likely to be far higher. Furthermore, the sooner we begin the task of planning for a climate-altered future and taking meaningful adaptation action, the more successful these efforts ultimately will be. It is imperative that natural resource managers begin to act now to prepare for and manage these changes, in order to provide the best chance for cherished conservation values to endure. Putting climate-smart conservation into practice can make a difference for sustaining our nation’s diverse species and ecosystems well into the future. Indeed, protecting our rich conservation legacy depends on our rising to this challenge.
The World’s biodiversity is in serious decline. We do not know the total number of species that were on this planet, say, at the beginning of the Second millennium, but by the beginning of the Third, we have identified 1.4 million species and we think there are at least 20 million, based upon individual studies of trees in rain forest for example and estimates of ecosystem diversity. How can we measure the usefulness of species to us and how many of them do we need to maintain the Biosphere sustainably?
Phenotypic and genetic dissection of water stress adaptations in pearl millet...ICRISAT
Crop yield is a consequence of several plant biological functions and its interactions with environment. Here we focus on some of basic plant functions related to i) water-use ii) canopy development and iii) agronomic traits and investigate on the relationship of these traits for crop production in different water-stress scenarios using the QTL co-localization approach.
This document summarizes a study on the distribution, diet, and age of sculpin fish species in the upper Columbia River basin. The study analyzed the distribution of five sculpin species across seven sample sites. It examined the age and growth of two species by analyzing otoliths. Diet was determined by analyzing stomach contents. The study found that caddisflies were the most common prey item and that the torrent sculpin had the widest distribution and largest size. Diet overlap was highest between the slimy and shorthead sculpin species.
use of DNA markers to select plants/animals with desirable traits,Phenotypic assessment and QTL analysis of herbage and seed production traits in perennial ryegrass
"Integrated science for integrated management: fairy tale or finally here?" by Phillip Levin, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, USA
ICES ASC Plenary lecture Thursday 18 September 2014
Jayne Brim-Box et al: 'Monitoring the impact of feral camels on water places ...Ninti_One
To see Jayne delivering this presentation, go to our Youtube channel here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkARGfZrx4M
Full author list is:
Jayne Brim-Box, Ross Bryan, Donna Digby, Glenn Edwards, Glenis McBurnie, Catherine Nano, Keith Saalfeld and Kym Schwartzkopff
1. The study analyzed tetrapod diversity over the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary using subsampling methods to account for biases in the fossil record.
2. Results showed a prolonged decline in tetrapod diversity through the transition period rather than a single mass extinction event. Extinctions targeted more basal groups and were highest in late Jurassic.
3. Primary drivers of global diversity changes were found to be eustatic sea level changes and paleotemperature, though sampling effects could not be fully ruled out.
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67602
Silage leachate is a high strength waste which contributes to surface and groundwater contamination of various pollutants from runoff, direct leaching through concrete storage structures, and infiltration of runoff. Feed storage is required for the majority of dairy operations in the country (which are expanding in size and fed storage requirements) leading to widespread potential contamination. Limited data on silage leachate quality and treatment has made management and regulation based solely on observation. This project investigated three bunker silage storage sites to assess the water quality characteristics of silage leachate and runoff from various feed sources and surrounding environmental factors. Surface samples were collected from feed storage structures and analyzed for numerous water quality parameters. Using collected hydrologic data, contaminant loading was analyzed for various storm events and assessed for first flush effects and potential to impact handling and treatment designs. Determination of first flush provides essential data for separation of waste streams (high and low strength) to ease management in terms of operation and cost, reduce loading to treatment systems, and reducing the overall environmental impact.
Drivers for change in fish community structureLeo Nagelkerke
This document discusses changes in fish community structure over time in Lake Mweru. Graphs show changes in the relative biomass and length of different fish families from the 1970s to the 1990s. There was a decrease in piscivorous and larger fish and an increase in smaller cyprinids and cichlids. This pattern change is believed to be driven by factors like fishing pressure, climate change, and eutrophication altering the balance of top-down and bottom-up forces regulating the fish populations. Understanding the relationship between taxonomic/functional groups and their resilience could help tease out the main drivers, whether environmental or predation/competition.
The document summarizes the 2012-2014 list of the world's 25 most endangered primates as determined by a consensus of primate experts. The list includes 5 species from Africa, 6 from Madagascar, 9 from Asia, and 5 from the Neotropics. Madagascar has the most species of any single country with 6, while Vietnam has 5 species, and Indonesia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Côte d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Kenya, Peru, and Sri Lanka each have 1 or 2 species. The list aims to highlight the primate species considered in most need of conservation measures to prevent their extinction.
The document provides guidance on giving effective presentations. It discusses what content should be included in talks, common problems talks face, and best practices for slide design. Specifically, it recommends that talks include an introduction, methods, results and discussion. It notes common misuses of slides like excessive text or not using visuals to support assertions. The document also provides tips for making slides clearer, such as using consistent colors and formatting and limiting text.
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Women farmers’ participation in the agricultural research process: Implicatio...ILRI
Presented by Annet A. Mulema (ILRI), Wellington Jogo (CIP), Elias Damtew (ILRI), Kindu Mekonnen (ILRI) and Peter Thorne (ILRI) at the Seeds of Change Conference, University of Canberra, Australia, 2-4 April 2019
An Ecosystems Approach to Water and Food SecurityAFRIKASOURCES
Recognising healthy ecosystems as the basis for sustainable water resources and stable food security can help produce more food from each unit of agricultural land, improve resilience to climate change and provide economic benefits for poor communities, according to a new report from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), in partnership with 19 other organizations.
More: http://unep.org/newscentre/Default.aspx?DocumentID=2649&ArticleID=8834&l=en
Landslide Risk Reduction Plan for Pashupati Monument Zone (Kathmandu Valley ...Akrur Mahat
The risk of natural hazards on cultural heritage is a crucial issue that demands a multi-disciplinary approach to address it appropriately and efficiently. The significant loss of heritage due to recent Gorkha earthquake 2015 has highlighted the lack of risk assessment of cultural properties and implementation of comprehensive risk reduction plan. The monitoring and evaluation of the state of conservation of individual cultural heritage property are the fundamental and essential task in the overall assessment of vulnerability.Conservation plan of action for the monuments and environment should be formulated and prioritized by heritage value of the property. Also, the safeguarding cultural properties from natural hazards also requires a comprehensive strategy that includes risk assessment and the participation of all stakeholders. This study tries to assess the vulnerability of cultural heritage property and find out the level of landslide risk which will help to prepare landslide risk reduction plan for the effective management of the every cultural property within the Pashupati Monument Zone.
A combination of extensive field survey, local and expert knowledge has been used to extract information of landslide and monument.A landslide hazard susceptibility map of Pashupati Monument Zone has been prepared using frequency ratio model in GIS software.Parameters considered are slope aspect, slope angle, elevation, drainage distance, geology and land use. The vulnerability of 290 monuments have evaluated through a combination of multiple criteria as the state of conservation and a heritage value, a combination of both served as an input factor for the physical vulnerability of the cultural properties of the entire zone. Landslide risk has been calculated combining the landslide hazard susceptibility and vulnerability of monuments within the cultural heritage site.
Final results show that Pashupati monument zone has 15% high, 31% medium landslide hazard area.Similarly, out of 290 monuments 5% (15 nos) lies in high and 38% and 57 % are in medium and low landslide risk.Findings depict that the cultural properties assessed in this area are mostly affected in the Slesmantak forest area (master plan B1 zone) where high hazard landslide area has founded.Finally, some recommendations are proposed related to conservation of environment and monuments in the Pashupati Monument Zone.
Key Words:
Cultural heritage, Heritage value, State of conservation, Landslide hazard mapping, Risk Assessment, Landslide Risk Reduction plan.
This document presents the results of a herpetofaunal survey conducted in Western Ghats, India from 2003-2006. A total of 42 amphibian species belonging to 7 families were recorded. 27 species were endemic to the Western Ghats region. The survey found variation in species richness and abundance across sampling sites, with the Yenneholé sub-basin having the highest values and Nandiholé the lowest. Statistical analysis revealed correlations between amphibian diversity metrics and habitat variables like rainfall, tree cover, and land use. Forest fragmentation was also correlated with some diversity metrics.
Optimising the ripening period of Slow Sand filter Hemant Arora
The document summarizes research to optimize the ripening period of slow sand filters. The objectives were to optimize the scraping procedure, accelerate biological activity, and identify indicators of ripening. Various column experiments were conducted with different filtration rates, added nutrients and inoculum. Results showed that biomass accumulated mainly in the top sand layers. Columns with higher rates and additions had faster reductions in turbidity, particles, and bacteria/virus removal, identifying them as potential ripening indicators. Chemical parameters like DOC and TN did not correlate as well with ripening.
Sustainable agriculture under climate change in the Aral Sea Basin. Maryse Bo...Joanna Hicks
The document summarizes challenges facing sustainable agriculture in the Aral Sea Basin under climate change. The disappearance of the Aral Sea has caused a humanitarian crisis through water pollution and dust storms. Expected increases in temperature and heavy precipitation will exacerbate issues. Agriculture in Uzbekistan is constrained by low investment, state control of farms, and quotas for cotton and wheat. Possible solutions include adopting regulated deficit irrigation, alternate furrow irrigation, surge-flow irrigation, introducing legumes and crop diversification to increase resilience to lower water availability.
Effect of Temperature on Stream Fish Energetics and Tolerance to Increasing U...Marylou Moore
ABSTRACT
Urban development threatens stream systems throughout the world and has been shown to correspond with predictable changes in fish assemblage attributes. These shifts in fish communities suggests that there may be species specific differences in tolerance to altered environmental conditions related to urbanization. Over the last three decades, a great amount of literature has focused on the development of community-level metrics for assessing biotic integrity of fishes within flowing waters. While these efforts have spawned a great deal of information on community and guild-level responses by stream fishes, it is unknown how individual species’ evolutionary adaptation and physiological acclimation correspond to their ability to tolerate drastic environmental change. This study investigated temperature-dependent responses of metabolism and thermal sensitivity in redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus) collected from sites representative of the lowest and highest degree of urban land use throughout the Etowah Watershed, Georgia. Standard metabolic rate (SMR) was shown to be significantly lower in fish drawn from the urban stream at both experimental temperatures (20 °C and 25 °C). Additionally, the urban population had a significantly higher metabolic scope at 25 °C than the non-urban population. These findings support the hypothesis that intraspecific differences in thermal tolerance may exist at localized scales within a small watershed. This study also provides the first known reports of the metabolic rate and aerobic scope of L. auritus.
This document summarizes a presentation on modeling the effects of trait diversity on phytoplankton communities. It introduces mechanisms for sustaining trait diversity, including trait diffusion and "kill-the-winner," and presents results from a model exploring the short-term and long-term impacts of trait diversity on community productivity and growth rates under different frequencies of disturbance events. The model results show that an intermediate level of trait diversity is optimal and that the optimal level depends on the frequency and intensity of perturbations affecting the community.
Climate change already is having significant impacts on the nation’s species and ecosystems, and these effects are projected to increase considerably over time. As a result, climate change is now a primary lens through which conservation and natural resource management must be viewed. How should we prepare for and respond to the impacts of climate change on wildlife and their habitats? What should we be doing differently in light of these climatic shifts, and what actions continue to make sense? Climate-Smart Conservation: Putting Adaptation Principles into Practice offers guidance for designing and carrying out conservation in the face of a rapidly changing climate.
Addressing the growing threats brought about or accentuated by rapid climate change requires a fundamental shift in the practice of natural resource management and conservation. Traditionally, conservationists have focused their efforts on protecting and managing systems to maintain their current state, or to restore degraded systems back to a historical state regarded as more desirable. Conservation planners and practitioners will need to adopt forward-looking goals and implement strategies specifically designed to prepare for and adjust to current and future climatic changes, and the associated impacts on natural systems and human communities—an emerging discipline known as climate change adaptation.
The field of climate change adaptation is still in its infancy. Although there is increasing attention focused on the subject, much of the guidance developed to date has been general in nature, concentrating on high-level principles rather than specific actions. It is against this backdrop that this guide was prepared as a means for helping put adaptation principles into practice, and for moving adaptation from planning to action.
MAKING CONSERVATION CLIMATE SMART
The fate of our wildlife and wild places depends on steps we take now to prepare for and cope with the growing impacts of a changing climate. While managers traditionally have looked to the past for inspiration, increasingly we will be faced with future conditions that may have no historical analogs.
Although climate adaptation will have costs, the cost of inaction—through continuing with business as usual—is likely to be far higher. Furthermore, the sooner we begin the task of planning for a climate-altered future and taking meaningful adaptation action, the more successful these efforts ultimately will be. It is imperative that natural resource managers begin to act now to prepare for and manage these changes, in order to provide the best chance for cherished conservation values to endure. Putting climate-smart conservation into practice can make a difference for sustaining our nation’s diverse species and ecosystems well into the future. Indeed, protecting our rich conservation legacy depends on our rising to this challenge.
The World’s biodiversity is in serious decline. We do not know the total number of species that were on this planet, say, at the beginning of the Second millennium, but by the beginning of the Third, we have identified 1.4 million species and we think there are at least 20 million, based upon individual studies of trees in rain forest for example and estimates of ecosystem diversity. How can we measure the usefulness of species to us and how many of them do we need to maintain the Biosphere sustainably?
Phenotypic and genetic dissection of water stress adaptations in pearl millet...ICRISAT
Crop yield is a consequence of several plant biological functions and its interactions with environment. Here we focus on some of basic plant functions related to i) water-use ii) canopy development and iii) agronomic traits and investigate on the relationship of these traits for crop production in different water-stress scenarios using the QTL co-localization approach.
This document summarizes a study on the distribution, diet, and age of sculpin fish species in the upper Columbia River basin. The study analyzed the distribution of five sculpin species across seven sample sites. It examined the age and growth of two species by analyzing otoliths. Diet was determined by analyzing stomach contents. The study found that caddisflies were the most common prey item and that the torrent sculpin had the widest distribution and largest size. Diet overlap was highest between the slimy and shorthead sculpin species.
use of DNA markers to select plants/animals with desirable traits,Phenotypic assessment and QTL analysis of herbage and seed production traits in perennial ryegrass
"Integrated science for integrated management: fairy tale or finally here?" by Phillip Levin, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, USA
ICES ASC Plenary lecture Thursday 18 September 2014
Jayne Brim-Box et al: 'Monitoring the impact of feral camels on water places ...Ninti_One
To see Jayne delivering this presentation, go to our Youtube channel here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkARGfZrx4M
Full author list is:
Jayne Brim-Box, Ross Bryan, Donna Digby, Glenn Edwards, Glenis McBurnie, Catherine Nano, Keith Saalfeld and Kym Schwartzkopff
1. The study analyzed tetrapod diversity over the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary using subsampling methods to account for biases in the fossil record.
2. Results showed a prolonged decline in tetrapod diversity through the transition period rather than a single mass extinction event. Extinctions targeted more basal groups and were highest in late Jurassic.
3. Primary drivers of global diversity changes were found to be eustatic sea level changes and paleotemperature, though sampling effects could not be fully ruled out.
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67602
Silage leachate is a high strength waste which contributes to surface and groundwater contamination of various pollutants from runoff, direct leaching through concrete storage structures, and infiltration of runoff. Feed storage is required for the majority of dairy operations in the country (which are expanding in size and fed storage requirements) leading to widespread potential contamination. Limited data on silage leachate quality and treatment has made management and regulation based solely on observation. This project investigated three bunker silage storage sites to assess the water quality characteristics of silage leachate and runoff from various feed sources and surrounding environmental factors. Surface samples were collected from feed storage structures and analyzed for numerous water quality parameters. Using collected hydrologic data, contaminant loading was analyzed for various storm events and assessed for first flush effects and potential to impact handling and treatment designs. Determination of first flush provides essential data for separation of waste streams (high and low strength) to ease management in terms of operation and cost, reduce loading to treatment systems, and reducing the overall environmental impact.
Drivers for change in fish community structureLeo Nagelkerke
This document discusses changes in fish community structure over time in Lake Mweru. Graphs show changes in the relative biomass and length of different fish families from the 1970s to the 1990s. There was a decrease in piscivorous and larger fish and an increase in smaller cyprinids and cichlids. This pattern change is believed to be driven by factors like fishing pressure, climate change, and eutrophication altering the balance of top-down and bottom-up forces regulating the fish populations. Understanding the relationship between taxonomic/functional groups and their resilience could help tease out the main drivers, whether environmental or predation/competition.
The document summarizes the 2012-2014 list of the world's 25 most endangered primates as determined by a consensus of primate experts. The list includes 5 species from Africa, 6 from Madagascar, 9 from Asia, and 5 from the Neotropics. Madagascar has the most species of any single country with 6, while Vietnam has 5 species, and Indonesia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Côte d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Kenya, Peru, and Sri Lanka each have 1 or 2 species. The list aims to highlight the primate species considered in most need of conservation measures to prevent their extinction.
The document provides guidance on giving effective presentations. It discusses what content should be included in talks, common problems talks face, and best practices for slide design. Specifically, it recommends that talks include an introduction, methods, results and discussion. It notes common misuses of slides like excessive text or not using visuals to support assertions. The document also provides tips for making slides clearer, such as using consistent colors and formatting and limiting text.
Similar to Response and Recovery Potential of Benthic Marine Ecosystems (20)
18. Response: Species Abundance Effect Size ( d i * ) Photosynth. Filter/ Grazer Scavenger Predator Deposit 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
19. Recovery <1year 1-2 years >2years Observation Time Diversity Richness Abundance 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 -0.50 -1.00 -1.50 -2.00 -2.50 Effect Size ( d i * )
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21. Collaborators: Erin McClelland Janelle Curtis Chris Wood Katrina Poppe Acknowledgements Special thanks to: Jim Boutillier Michael Kaiser Jon Schnute Buzz Holling Funding: International Governance Strategy Sciencedaily.com Nationalgeographic.com Sciencedaily.com
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Editor's Notes
Hello and thank you for coming. I am Devon Warawa, a recent Bachelor of Science graduate from The University of Victoria. This project is a collaboration of myself and research scientists from the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada Pacific Biological Station an a fellow student from The University of Victoria. My take home message for this talk is that as an immediate response to fishing disturbance in temperate ecosystems there is an overall decline in species diversity, richness, and, species abundance. More importantly, ecosystem recovery appears to take more than two years time. The exact recovery time is important to determine in order to fulfill our international commitments to protecting vulnerable marine ecosystems.
This photo is taken from the North East Atlantic before and after bottom trawling disturbance. Temperate benthic marine ecosystems such as these can be diverse, productive, and contain many unique species. After trawling you can see that epifauna has been completely removed reducing habitat structure and complexity. Overall abundance is significantly reduced, and sediment composition has changed.
These effects pose an international concern for several reasons: -The resulting indirect and cascading effects, such as changes in species interactions and biochemistry, are still poorly understood. -Other studies show fishing hascontributed to a reduction of global marine productivity and biodiversity. -Finally, the fishing footprint is expanding into previously unexploited ecosystems in deeper waters further offshore as resources are depleted (Watling and norse, 1998?). These ecosystems are typically subject to less frequent natural disturbances making them less resilient and more vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbances (Collie, 2000). Finally, Fishing is one of the most widespread and longterm anthropogenic disturbances to marine ecosystems (Kaiser et al., 2002; Watling and Norse, 1998).
We have an international commitment to protect marine environments from fishing disturbances under several international AGREEMENTS: The United Nations General Assembly Resolution developed six years ago calls on states to identify whether bottom fishing activities cause significant adverse impacts and to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems from them. The Convention on biological diversity calls to identify significant and vulnerable ecosystems and to identify activities which are likely to have significant adverse impacts on them. The Food and Agriculture Organization suggests that significant adverse impacts are those that compromise ecosystem integrity over the long term, where ecosystem recovery takes longer than 20years. They also provide criteria to identify vulnerable marine ecosystems.
Ecosystems may respond and recover to disturbances in different ways depending on a combination of factors such as species life histories, disturbance intensity, and natural disturbance regimes. The dotted line here represents no observed change in the ecosystem indicator, such as species richness, after the disturbance at time zero. You can have a situation where the indicator decreases or increases immediately after disturbance but returns to a pre-disturbed state within 5-10 years. Or the indicator may decline and reach an alternative stable state. In this case recovery is not seen within 20 years indicating a significant adverse impact. Unfortunately information about ecological recovery is often incomplete (Palumbi, 2008), making it hard to determine which activities on which ecosystems leads to undesirable effects.
Our objective was to assess current information about response and recovery to anthropogenic activities on benthic marine ecosystems and to identify specific factors that affect recovery time such as physical habitat types, species life history characteristics, and disturbance intensity. We focused on: -fishing disturbances to address the international commitments discussed. -Temperate and polar areas, as most other reviews have focused on tropical fishing disturbances and it is thought that temperate ecosystem may more sensitive and slower to recover from disturbance. -And subtidal benthic ecosystems as natural disturbance regimes tend to decrease in intensity and frequency further from the coast, making ecosystems less resillient to fishing.
We conducted a systematic literature review to obtain empirical data using repeatable search. We used this key word search in Scopus and Web of Science databases to gather empirical data from the last 10 years relevant to fishing disturbances. The literature available was largely conceptual pieces and comparative empirical studies. Only 5% were other meta-analysis. Only empirical studies provided quantitative datasets suitable for our meta-analysis. In particular we required an empirical measures of species response and means and standard deviations and a temporal or spatial reference comparison. Our initial search produced 674 studies, of which 24 met our criteria.
We used species diversity, richness, and abundance as ecosystem indicators, as these were the most consistently reported indicators across studies. We collected information about the nature and extent of disturbance activity including duration and gear type, physical habitat such as depth and substrate type, and life histories of organisms including taxonomic groups, habitat, feeding, mobility, and lifespan.
What is meta-analysis and what are some advantages?: A meta-analysis have many advantages over both individual studies and classical narrative reviews: -reveal larger scale patterns -using higher statistical power from increases sample sizes and -provide less biased repeatable results. We used a mixed effects model and I’ll run through an example to explain it. What is the effect of sediment type on change in abundance? We test for homogeneity of variance between classes to determine if the response in abundance significantly differs between substrate types. You can see this calculation takes into consideration a weighted effect size for each comparison. In this example the test statistic is significant. So this tells us that ecosystems of different substrate types respond differently, and we can see how they differ by examining the effect sizes. A negative effect size indicates a decrease in abundance following fishing. The 95% confidence interval for sand is the only class that does not overlap zero. Therefore, we can say that there is a significant negative response of abundance following fishing in sandy habitats. Because meta-analysis are subject to publication bias we apply what is called the “fail-safe” test to help determine the likeliness this analysis is influenced by publication bias. In this case our fail safe number is quite large, indicating there we are not prone to publication bias. We would need 664 more studies to change the effect.
Our measure of reponse includes data observed within one year after disturbance. The error bars represent 95% confident intervals of the effect size. You can see that Diversity has a high variability where individually, some studies find strong negative and some positive responses. The confidence interval for diversity overlaps with zero, therefore we can see that overall effect is insignificant. Species richness and abundance show a significant response and we will focus the results on these indicators.
When species richness is broken into categories only the type of gear appears to have a significant effect on species richness according to our test.
Beam trawls, clam dredges, and box dredges in particular caused a significant decrease in species richness, compared to other gear types.
When species abundance is broken into categories we see significant effects associated with substrate, depth, gear, taxanomic class, and feeding strategy.
Of types of gear; Otter trawls (which are the most common type of towed gear), whiting nets and box dredges seem to cause a significant decrease in abundance, compared to other gear types.
A significant decrease in abundance occurs in sandy habitats. -This is consistent with other studies suggesting sandy communities are more delicate and vulnerable to disturbance (Currie and Parry, 1996; Watling and Norse, 1998). -This is an important observation as about 70% of the sea floor is composed of sandy sediments (Thrush and Dayton, 2002).
A significant decrease in abundance is also seen in ecosystems at depths between 20 and 80m. However, we expected deeper ecosystems would be the most negatively effected because they experience less frequent natural disturbances.
Of the 21 classes we tested abundance was significantly reduced in Echinodea (mainly), Malacostraca (such as shrimp and hermit crabs), Polychaeta (such as these tube worms), and Rhodophyceae (red algae). Generally, species that are more exposed to gear, such as epifauna will have a more negative response.
Species that are photosynthesising and scavenger feeding are significantly reduced. -Many other studies note an increase in scavenger in recently trawled areas, so our result was unexpected. (Collie et al., 2000b, de Juan et al., 2007, Tillin et al., 2006; but see Bremner, 2008).
Much less data was available to assess recovery beyond one year post disturbance. Here we show a time series for recovery indicated by species diversity, richness, and abundance. From this data it is clear that there are no signs of recovery up to two year after fishing disturbance. So, if recovery is happening in these ecosystems, it takes longer than 2 years; but how much longer is not known without longer term monitoring.
Gear type: We saw that the type of fishing gear is an important predictor of both species richness and abundance. With this information we can select types of gear that have a lighter impact on ecosystems. Change in abundance could also be predicted by physical habitat and life history characteristics, and we could further reduce adverse effects by avoiding these ecosystems. Recovery data: It has been 5 years since the UNGA resolution was implemented to determine weather bottom fishing caused significant adverse impacts and to protect ecosystems from those destructive fishing practices. We still have insufficient information to determine if recovery exceeds 20 years or not. Longer term data could be obtained more quickly by revisiting sites that have been previously monitored (for say 5-10 years) assuming disturbance regimes remain the same. Ecosystem indicators: Ecosystem indicators are needed that represent the whole ecosystem state and functionality aside from species specific indicators such as diversity, abundance, and richness, that are most commonly measured. Interim measure to protect VMEs: While research works at obtaining rigorous data to identify and understand vulnerable marine ecosystems and their recovery potential, interim measures should be taken to identify and protect them from current fishing disturbances.
Thank you for your attention. I would like to welcome any questions.
Basically, if the fail-safe number is large, the results of the test are robust against publication bias. If the failsafe number is small it does not mean there IS publication bias just that there MIGHT BE publication bias.