The document outlines the research methodology and presentation components, detailing the essential steps in conducting research including proposal development, problem identification, and data collection methods. It differentiates between applied and basic research while discussing the importance of literature reviews and hypothesis formulation. Moreover, the document addresses the organization and documentation processes in research, emphasizing the need for clear objectives, sampling techniques, data analysis, and proper referencing.

1. Research Methodology and Presentation

2. Outline Of Presentation
Conceptualization of a research
Components/essential steps/documentation by chapter
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PRESENTATION

3. INTRODUCTION
Research is an enquiry to know achieved by
Systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of
data to solve the problem
Some problems could be solved without going though
this process
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4. Defining data
The raw data of an investigation consist of observations made on individuals.
In many situations the individuals are people, but they need not be. For instance, they might
be red blood cells, urine specimens, rats, or hospitals.
The number of individuals is called the sample size.
Any aspect of an individual that is measured, like blood pressure, or recorded, like age or sex,
is called a variable

5. observations made on individuals-data
Any aspect of an individual that is measured-Variables

6. INTRODUCTION
Research is a scientific method of knowing
Other methods of knowing include:
Experience
Tenacity
Intuition/Inspiration/Revelation
Authority- the Bible, Quran, Pope, etc
These methods lack validity, reproducibility or reliability
and are highly subjective unlike the scientific method.
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7. The Scientific Method
What do you do in a scientific research
Science defines problems.
Makes hypotheses- tentative answers to the problems.
Gathers data to reject or accept the hypothesis.
Draws conclusion based on the systematic inquiry.
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8. LOGICAL STEPS IN RESEARCH
Research proposal- A blueprint that summarises and guides one
throughout the research.
A good proposal may serve different purposes such as :
Proposal for grant or sponsorship
Project proposal- for partial fulfilment of the requirement for awarding
a certificate.
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9. Applied
TYPES OF RESEARCH
Definition is concerned with solving practical problems
using scientific methods
Nature creates practical solutions to specific problems
Focus solution-specific.
Research Purpose to solve specific problems
Scope while applied research is limited in nature.
Definition is concerned with the expansion of
knowledge.
Nature generates new theories or improves on existing
theories
Focus knowledge-specific
Research Purpose to improve on existing knowledge
Scope The scope of basic research is universal
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Basic research

10. An investigation into the symptoms of Coronavirus.
An investigation into the causative factors of malaria
An investigation into the secondary symptoms of high
blood pressure.
EXAMPLES OF BASIC RESEARCH
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11. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PRESENTATION
Intervention
Case report/Case
series
Research design in epidemiology

12. Conceptualizing the
research
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13. Conceptualizing a research
Conceptualizing a research : The action or process of forming a concept or idea of
something
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14. Problem identification
How can you Identify problem needing a research
1. a descriptive study could generate hypothesis tested through other studies
such as analytical or experimental studies for example
2.High prevalence of a disease could bring about the question why? Which can
be investigated by a case control study
3.Description of a rare disease / outcome from a case report or case series may
generate a case control for further investigation
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15. Problem identification
4.A researcher could replicate a project in another community or among
another population within the same community
5. Existing discrepancies in literature, limitations of earlier studies can have
implications for new or further studies
6. Problems identified in one study could unfold another research topic : a
report on drug resistance could stimulate interest in the study of compliance
and factors associated to it
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16. Problem identification
5. The global community could sensitize
researchers to topics through raised issues for
example
• World food summit (1996)
• FOURTH WORLD CONFERENCE ON WOMEN (Beijing.1995)
• World summit for children (NEW YORK,1990)
• Sustainable development goals
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17. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PRESENTATION
PROBLEM PRIORITIZATION
prob
lem
Relevance Avoid
duplicati
on
Feasibility Political
acceptabi
lity
applicabil
ity
Interest
of the
researche
r
need Urgency
of need
Ethical
acceptab
lity
High Morbidity
Mortality
Socio Economic
Impact
Who is
affected
age – group
Sex
Social class
Is it
possible
and
practicabl
e to
achieve
the
research
within
available
resources:
Time
Manpower
Material
Money
Relevance
in the
political
context
Sociomedi
cal need
of the
community
Cultural
sensitivity
obtaining
informed
consent
from
research
subjects

18. PROBLEM PRIORITAIZATION
Malaria
In addition to high mortality, malaria affects vulnerable groups such as pregnant women and children.
It leads to school absenteeism and loss of manhours at work
HIV/AIDS
•In addition it has no cure
•Leads to great human suffering
•Consumes scarce resources
•Spread through the hetero sexual route
•Has brought research in sexual behavior into focus
•Large scale clinical trials of vaccine and drugs are ongoing
•the focus of many researches in the recent times cos it occurs worldwide a pandemic
it affects all age groups of both sexes ( though @ different risk levels)
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Example of relevance of a research

19. PROBLEM PRIORITAIZATION
AVOIDANCE OF DUPLICATION
If the study have been carried out within the same population and within a short period the
researcher should not repeat it
It is possible to repeat a study using different cohorts, sample and locale
It could also be discovered that using a more robust data analysis could produce different results
or certain assumptions of statistic used earlier were violated leading to doubtful results. These
could lead to replication of study replication and duplication are different
Replication is allowed and duplication frowned at
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20. Main
components/document
ation by chapter
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21. Chapter One- Introduction
Develop a project title
Introduction
background for the study
Statement of Problem
Rationale or justification : why the study is needed
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Title Should reflect as precisely
as possible the specific focus and
scope of the study
It could be vague but as the
project is being formulated it
should be sharpened

22. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PRESENTATION
A precise description of the nature of the
problem (Statement of Problem )
A brief description of the socio economic and
cultural characteristics and an overview of the
district or country as far as these are relevant to
the problem
( Background of study)
An analysis of the major factors
that may influence the
problem
introduction
GDP/capita,
income distribution

23. A brief description of any
information expected to result
from this project and how the
information will be used to solve
problem
(Justification)
A brief description of any solutions
that have been tried in the past with
regard to this problem
introduction
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24. Chapter One: Introduction continues
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
General Objective : title

 Specific Objectives
Objectives of the study- these are what the study promises to achieve
Study objectives must be clear, specific and measurable.
Objectives are stated using active sentences:
To investigate
To describe
To asses
To evaluate
To identify
To compare etc.
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General Objective / a goal is a
broad statement of a desired
outcome at the end of a
research
The objectives should be directly linked to the
goals (information, products, processes,
services, or results) you hope to produce to
reach the goal.

25. Chapter One: Introduction continues
Hypotheses
Limitation and Scope of Study
Operational Definition of Terms
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26. Chapter Two-Literature review
Write about all components of your title
Past studies that was done regarding your work
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27. Chapter Two-Literature review
Literature review
Benefits of literature review
1.A helps to know what others have done and reported on the problem
2.Provides information on earlier studies, currency of last findings and continuous applicability
or staleness of previous studies
3.Provides facts for justification of studies
4.Assists in formulation and fine tunning of objectives and research questions
5.Assists to know methodology, samples size and statistical analysis that can be used
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28. Chapter Three – Methodology / Methods
Methods refers to method of data collection and data
analysis
Data collection methods must agree with the study
objectives
Data collection method is a critical aspect of study design
Description of study Area
Advocacy and penetration of the place where data
was/is to be collected
Study design
Study population
Sample size determination
Sampling method
Pretest ; Pilot study
Validation of questionnaire
Data processing and analysis plan/tools
SPSS ,STATA ,r- software, e-views,Tree -age
plans for dissemination e.g. report writing,
journal articles, mass media, conference
presentation ,documentary, video target
audience
work plan and project administration
budget
Gant chart
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29. Sample Size Determination
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METHODS points to note
Sample size -
Representative
samples taken from
the total population

30. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PRESENTATION
d =degree of accuracy desired normally set at 0.05

31. Sample Size determination
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METHODS points to note

32. Subject selection
INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA
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METHODS points to note

33. Sampling method
Non Probability Sampling
Convenience/ haphazard – selected because they are available
Purposive – selection of subjects who the investigator believes are typical of population to be
studied
Quota – the general composition of sample quota is predetermined e.g. age, sex and ethnic group
Snow balling/networking/chain referral sampling
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METHODS points to note

34. Sampling method
Probability Sampling method
Simple random sampling
Each unit in the population has a chance for selection,
only chance determines selection of the subject eg
balloting ,casting a die, tossing a coin ,table of
numbers
Systematic sampling, sampling frame, interval
Stratified sampling : stratification is done
eg by sex then simple random sampling
carried out in each stratum
Cluster sampling population is divided into
clusters of homogenous population units
as families, classes of school,villages then
SRS is carried out to select clusters Then
all member of cluster are sampled
Multistage sampling SRS of large size
sampling units then second stage SRS on
smaller units e.g towns then compounds.
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e

35. What is quantitative data?
Quantitative data refers to any information that can be quantified. If it can be
counted or measured, and given a numerical value, it’s quantitative data.
Quantitative data can tell you “how many,” “how much,” or “how often”
for example, how many people attended last week’s webinar?
How much revenue did the company make in 2019?
How often does a certain customer group use online banking?
To analyze and make sense of quantitative data, you’ll conduct statistical analyses.
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36. What is qualitative data?
Qualitative data cannot be measured or counted. It’s descriptive, expressed in
terms of language rather than numerical values.
Researchers will often turn to qualitative data to answer “Why?” or “How?”
questions.
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37. Chapter Four- Results
Present Facts & Figures
Results should be presented scientifically.
All results are first summarized in sentences or texts.
Details may be presented in different forms such as tables, graphs, charts
etc.
Duplication of results is not allowed.
When tables are used, each must have a descriptive title and the table
should not be crowded or ruled with vertical and horizontal lines
Table format may be portrait or landscape when the amount of
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38. Chapter Five Discussion
The purpose of discussion is not to repeat the results as most students
wrongly do.
Discussion:
– interprets the results
– compares with other studies (cite references)
– highlights unanswered questions or direction for future research
– and finally should contain a section on limitations of the study
towards the end before conclusion / @ introduction
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39. Chapter Six- Conclusion
Conclusions should be based on the objectives of the study.
For each objective a conclusion should be made.
Conclusion tells how far a study objective has been achieved.
Summary of findings may be included
Recommendations where desired though not always necessary should be
based on the data from the study and not the aspirations of the
researcher.
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40. References
References tell how much work a student has done.
We consider the quantity, the quality i.e. the currency and relevance of
the reference.
Two styles of referencing:
Vancouver and Harvard methods.
Vancouver- references are cited in the text using consecutive Arabic
numbers.
Harvard- inside the work author‘s surname, and year are placed in
parenthesis. And at the end references are arranged alphabetically.
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41. 42
Referencing a journal article
Author’s surname and initials
Year of publication
Title of article
Journal (full name or abbreviated title)
Volume-number in parenthesis
Full page length of the article
Oparah AC, Okojie OO (2005). Health promotion perceptions among community pharmacists in
Nigeria. Int J Pharm Pract 13:213-221.
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42. 43
Textbook Referencing
Author’s surname and initials
Year of publication
Title of article
Name of the text book
Editor if applicable
Publisher and place
Full page length of the article
Oparah AC (2004). Breast cancer In: Therapeutic Basis of Clinical Pharmacy in the
Tropics 3rd
Ed. Aguwa CN (Ed). Enugu SNAAP Press Ltd pp 578-593.
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43. 44
Electronic Referencing
In addition to the above requirements, the website and the date the paper was accessed
should be indicated.
Gershon SK, Cultice JM, Jnaap K. How many pharmacistsare in our future? The Bureau of
Health Professionals Project Supply to 2020; Available at website
www.hhs.gov/pharmacy/phpharm/howmany.html (accessed 27 May 2005).
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