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Required vs. Optional Arguments
1. Required vs. Optional
Arguments
The 2nd Annual Meeting of Statistical Translation And
GEneration using Semantics (STAGES)
Martha Palmer, James Martin,
Jinho D. Choi, Shumin Wu
University of Colorado at Boulder
January 6, 2011
Wednesday, January 12, 2011
2. Arguments in PropBank
• Numbered arguments (ARG#)
- Arguments that frequently co-occur with their predicates.
- They can be either core arguments or adjuncts.
- John bought a coat at a discount rate from Alaska for Mary.
• ARG0
: John (agent)
• rel
: bought (buy.01) core arguments
• ARG1
: a coat (theme)
• ARG3
: at a discount rate (asset)
• ARG2
: from Alaska (source) adjuncts?
• ARG4
: for Mary (beneficiary)
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Wednesday, January 12, 2011
3. Arguments in PropBank
• Modifiers (ARGM-TAG)
- Adjuncts annotated with their semantic roles.
- We also tag negations (M-NEG) and modals (M-MOD).
- John bought a coat for personal use at Target.
• ARG0
: John (agent)
• rel
: bought (buy.01)
• ARG1
: a coat (theme)
• ARGM-PRP
: for personal use (purpose or reason)
• ARGM-LOC: at Target (location)
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Wednesday, January 12, 2011
4. Numbered Arguments in PP
• Numbered arguments in preposition phrases (PP)
- Corpora: OntoNotes v4.0.
- Total # of verb predicates: 150,305
ARG0 ARG1 ARG2 ARG3 ARG4 ARG5
Total (#) 94,523 138,710 44,885 2,642 2,025 31
PP (%) 2.37% 5.18% 32.08% 61.05% 79.70% 12.90%
Top 10 by: 2.14 with: 0.76 to: 7.63 from: 16.54 to: 55.85 into: 3.23
Most Freq. from: 0.06 for: 0.65 in: 4.29 for: 14.53 into: 5.58 in: 3.23
Prepositions with: 0.04 to: 0.65 on: 2.71 to: 5.79 in: 4.59 with: 3.23
(%) of: 0.03 on: 0.64 with: 2.66 with: 4.61 at: 2.57 toward: 3.23
about: 0.02 about: 0.56 from: 2.61 in: 3.14 for: 2.17
in: 0.01 in: 0.37 for: 2.28 as: 2.73 on: 2.02
to: 0.01 of: 0.32 as: 1.61 about: 2.20 below: 0.84
for: 0.01 at: 0.26 into: 1.43 on: 2.08 from: 0.84
b/w: 0.01 as: 0.19 of: 1.17 at: 2.04 as: 0.74
over: 0.01 from: 0.18 at: 1.04 into: 1.78 beyond: 0.64
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Wednesday, January 12, 2011
5. Required vs. Optional PPs
• Distinguishing required PPs from optional PPs.
- Find meaningful (VB, IN ∈ A) pairs (A = a set of arguments).
- Pointwise Mutual Information (PMI)
- (Jointly) Normalized PMI
- Frequency cutoff : 1 < #(VB, IN ∈ A)
- Do not count “by” in passive constructions.
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Wednesday, January 12, 2011
8. Required vs. Optional PPs
• Numbered arguments against modifiers.
- ARG# are generally more important than ARGM.
- Given VB, find IN more likely to be ARG# than ARGM.
- Collecting (VB, IN) pairs whose LPMI > 0.
- There are 1,453 (VB, IN) pairs.
- We found 90 additional (VB, IN) pairs that were not found
by NPMI.
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Wednesday, January 12, 2011
11. Finding Required Arguments
• Syntax vs. semantic
- Using syntax, semantic, or both to find required arguments?
• Syntax
: SBJ, OBJ, PP, etc.
• Semantic
: ARG#, ARGM-TAG
- John bought a coat at a discount rate from Alaska for Mary.
• Syntax
: SBJ, OBJ, [PP at], [PP from], [PP for]
• Semantic
: ARG0, ARG1, ARG3, ARG2, ARG4
- John bought a coat for personal use at Target.
• Syntax
: SBJ, OBJ, [PP for], [PP at]
• Semantic
: ARG0, ARG1, ARGM-PRP, ARGM-LOC
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Wednesday, January 12, 2011
12. Finding Required Arguments
• Finding required PropBank arguments.
- Different constructions require different sets of arguments.
• Active vs. passive constructions.
• Declarative vs. comment vs. question vs. ...
- Different verb senses may require different sets of args.
• Experiments
- Find required arguments for 10 different groups.
S SQ SINV SBAR SBARQ
Active Simple Yes/no Inverted Subordinat Wh
Passive declarative question declarative ing clause question
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Wednesday, January 12, 2011
13. Finding Required Arguments
• Finding required numbered arguments
- Preserve ones that P(ARG#|VB) > threshold.
- Count empty categories.
• Finding required modifiers.
- Preserve ones that NPMI(VB; ARGM) > 0.
- Ignore ARGM-NEG and ARGM-MOD.
• These experiments can be much more fine-grained,
if we use verb senses instead of verb predicates.
- Future work.
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Wednesday, January 12, 2011
15. Active Declarative Example
• Active S
- John bought himself a car for commuting so he doesn’t run
late.
• ARG0
: John (agent)
• rel
: bought (buy.01)
• ARGM-REC
: himself (reciprocal)
• ARG1
: a car (theme)
• ARGM-PNC
: for commuting (purpose)
• ARGM-PRP
: so he doesn’t run late (purpose or reason)
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16. Active Question Example
• Active SQ
- Why/Where did John also buy this car yesterday?
• ARGM-CAU
: Why (cause)
• ARGM-LOC
: Where (location)
• ARG0
: John (agent)
• ARGM-ADV
: also (adverbial)
• rel
: buy
• ARG1
: this car (theme)
• ARGM-TMP
: yesterday (temporal)
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Wednesday, January 12, 2011
17. Future Work
• Find required argument combinations.
- e.g., [ARG0] buy [ARG1] [ARG2] [ARG4] [ARGM-PRP]
- Use the predicate-argument structure to find transitivity.
• Use VerbNet, Tree-adjoining grammar:
- To find required arguments.
- To find transitivity.
• Find required arguments by verb senses.
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Wednesday, January 12, 2011