Aquatic ecosystems include freshwater and saltwater environments. Freshwater ecosystems like lakes and ponds contain plants, algae, and animals like fish, frogs, and birds. Oceans are large saltwater bodies that contain diverse ecosystems from shallow to deep waters and a variety of sea life. Estuaries are areas where freshwater from rivers meets saltwater from the ocean, exposing plants and animals to changing salt concentrations with the tides. Salt marshes are flat lands overflowed by saltwater like Masonboro Island in North Carolina.
Coral reefs are the most diverse marine habitats, formed through the slow growth of corals and their symbiotic relationship with algae. Framework builders like corals and algae precipitate calcium carbonate to slowly build the reef structure upward over time. This creates a topographically complex environment that is home to thousands of fish and invertebrate species. However, coral reefs are threatened by overfishing, careless tourism, pollution, and other human impacts that can damage their delicate ecosystems.
Salinity is the saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of water. It has been traditional to express salinity not as percent(%), but as parts per thousand(‰). i hope you will like it.
Water is an important natural resource in France, which has over 3,800 km of coastline and six main rivers. Each year, France receives around 400 billion cubic meters of rainfall, two-thirds of which evaporates. The remaining 175 billion cubic meters supply surface and underground freshwater reserves. France extracts approximately 32 billion cubic meters of freshwater per year, with 22 billion cubic meters going to industry, 4 billion to agriculture, and 6 billion to drinking water. The document also discusses a local river near the author's school called the La Bresle, and experiments the school children conducted to learn about water filtration, evaporation, and the water cycle.
La majoria d’ecosistemes marins estan en perill a conseqüència dels efectes directes i indirectes de les activitats humanes. L’estudi, la conservació i la divulgació d’indrets ben preservats és l’objectiu del projecte Pristine Seas, de National Geographic, una finestra a les meravelles que encara acull l’oceà en la seva immensitat.
Estuaries are areas where freshwater and seawater mix, found around the world. They contain aquatic plants like sea lavender and seagrass, and house many animals such as mussels, shrimp, worms and birds. Estuaries were once destroyed by human development but are now recognized as valuable ecosystems that help fish populations and ocean water quality.
New Zealand mud snails were found in Capitol Lake in 2009. They reproduce rapidly, with each snail producing 20-120 offspring per year. In response, agencies drained and froze the lake to kill the snails. A freeze reduced the snail population from 20,000 per square meter to 400 per square meter after 5 days. They then flushed the lake with saltwater at 28.7 parts per thousand, exposing the snails to salinity above 20 parts per thousand for 7-8 hours, resulting in 12% snail mortality. While the saltwater flush negatively impacted overall benthic invertebrate abundance, the resident community was expected to recover to similar diversity over time. Ongoing containment and monitoring efforts
Estuaries are semi-enclosed areas where fresh water and seawater meet and mix, forming one of the most productive environments on earth. They serve as protected habitat and vital breeding and feeding grounds for many species. Cities were often built near estuaries due to the abundance of seafood. There are four main types of estuaries that form from different geological processes: drowned river valleys, bar-built, tectonic, and fjords. Estuaries have varying salinity levels and substrates that influence the distribution of species and ecological processes within them.
Aquatic ecosystems include freshwater and saltwater environments. Freshwater ecosystems like lakes and ponds contain plants, algae, and animals like fish, frogs, and birds. Oceans are large saltwater bodies that contain diverse ecosystems from shallow to deep waters and a variety of sea life. Estuaries are areas where freshwater from rivers meets saltwater from the ocean, exposing plants and animals to changing salt concentrations with the tides. Salt marshes are flat lands overflowed by saltwater like Masonboro Island in North Carolina.
Coral reefs are the most diverse marine habitats, formed through the slow growth of corals and their symbiotic relationship with algae. Framework builders like corals and algae precipitate calcium carbonate to slowly build the reef structure upward over time. This creates a topographically complex environment that is home to thousands of fish and invertebrate species. However, coral reefs are threatened by overfishing, careless tourism, pollution, and other human impacts that can damage their delicate ecosystems.
Salinity is the saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of water. It has been traditional to express salinity not as percent(%), but as parts per thousand(‰). i hope you will like it.
Water is an important natural resource in France, which has over 3,800 km of coastline and six main rivers. Each year, France receives around 400 billion cubic meters of rainfall, two-thirds of which evaporates. The remaining 175 billion cubic meters supply surface and underground freshwater reserves. France extracts approximately 32 billion cubic meters of freshwater per year, with 22 billion cubic meters going to industry, 4 billion to agriculture, and 6 billion to drinking water. The document also discusses a local river near the author's school called the La Bresle, and experiments the school children conducted to learn about water filtration, evaporation, and the water cycle.
La majoria d’ecosistemes marins estan en perill a conseqüència dels efectes directes i indirectes de les activitats humanes. L’estudi, la conservació i la divulgació d’indrets ben preservats és l’objectiu del projecte Pristine Seas, de National Geographic, una finestra a les meravelles que encara acull l’oceà en la seva immensitat.
Estuaries are areas where freshwater and seawater mix, found around the world. They contain aquatic plants like sea lavender and seagrass, and house many animals such as mussels, shrimp, worms and birds. Estuaries were once destroyed by human development but are now recognized as valuable ecosystems that help fish populations and ocean water quality.
New Zealand mud snails were found in Capitol Lake in 2009. They reproduce rapidly, with each snail producing 20-120 offspring per year. In response, agencies drained and froze the lake to kill the snails. A freeze reduced the snail population from 20,000 per square meter to 400 per square meter after 5 days. They then flushed the lake with saltwater at 28.7 parts per thousand, exposing the snails to salinity above 20 parts per thousand for 7-8 hours, resulting in 12% snail mortality. While the saltwater flush negatively impacted overall benthic invertebrate abundance, the resident community was expected to recover to similar diversity over time. Ongoing containment and monitoring efforts
Estuaries are semi-enclosed areas where fresh water and seawater meet and mix, forming one of the most productive environments on earth. They serve as protected habitat and vital breeding and feeding grounds for many species. Cities were often built near estuaries due to the abundance of seafood. There are four main types of estuaries that form from different geological processes: drowned river valleys, bar-built, tectonic, and fjords. Estuaries have varying salinity levels and substrates that influence the distribution of species and ecological processes within them.
The Natural Park of Ruidera Lagoons is located in Castilla-La Mancha, Spain along the Guadiana River and consists of fifteen turquoise lagoons formed over thousands of years by rainfall which have created impressive waterfalls between the lagoons. Visitors can enjoy hiking, scuba diving, kayaking, paddle surfing, sailing, fishing and the diverse landscape which is home to many animal species and also contains the Montesinos cave.
The document describes three types of freshwater ecosystems: 1) flowing water systems like streams and rivers that are home to crocodiles, tortoises, reeds, and lilies; 2) standing water systems like ponds and lakes containing frogs, toads, bushes, and trees; and 3) wetlands like Doñana National Park featuring pelicans, water lenses, sea grass, and cypresses. It also outlines three marine ecosystems: 1) shorelines with rocky and flat areas inhabited by limpets, mussels, and albatrosses; 2) coral reefs containing sea urchins, sponges, and sea anemones; and 3) the open ocean.
This document discusses cliff collapses along coastal areas and their impact on people. It examines the geology of Barton-on-Sea in the UK as an area vulnerable to cliff collapses due to underlying clay and permeable sand layers that can cause drainage problems. Housing built close to unstable cliffs at Barton-on-Sea puts residents at risk from cliff collapses which are influenced by factors like geology, rainfall, wave type, and fetch.
For Episode One of Water Matters, Prof. Gobler presents on overview of nitrogen pollution in Long Island's waters, how it feeds algal blooms and destroys habitat and endangers drinking water. Prof. Gobler also offers some potential solutions to these challenges
Ovaj slajd je obrada nastavne jedinice "Gde sve ima vode u prirodi<2 Rad je mog učenika II razreda osnovne skole,koji me je prijatno iznenadio.Vode ima svugde u prirodi.Predstavlja deo nas i planete Zemlje.kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooommmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
Nitrogen Pollution and The Future of Long Island By Prof. Christopher GoblerSave The Great South Bay
How does excessive nitrogen loading effect the health and resiliency of Long Island’s coastal ecosystems?
Loss of critical habitats: Eelgrass, salt marshes
Low dissolved oxygen levels, hypoxia
Acidification, low pH
Macroalgal blooms: Sea lettuce, Ulva
Toxic algal blooms: Red, rust, brown tides
Loss or depletion of shellfisheries and finfisheries
Coral reefs are commonly found in warm, tropical waters between 20-28 degrees in locations like Hawaii, the Caribbean, and the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. They provide an ecosystem for a variety of plants like algae and sea grasses, and animals including coral, fish, sharks, and crustaceans. Coral reefs are important because they remove carbon dioxide from the water, act as a natural barrier from storms and waves, and are a major tourist attraction that supports the fishing industry through food sources like lobster.
Estuaries are bodies of water where freshwater from rivers meets and mixes with saltwater from the ocean. They provide important habitat for many fish and shellfish, with 2/3 of fish and shellfish species spending time in estuaries. Estuaries support complex food webs and nutrient cycles. However, they face threats from activities like dam construction, pollution from agriculture, and climate change, which can disrupt ecosystems. Conservation efforts aim to protect estuaries by restricting dams, reducing pollution, and regulating water use.
Many factors can affect the condition of marine coral reef ecosystems. Increased water temperatures, sea level rise, and ocean acidification from climate change cause coral bleaching and death. Natural disasters like hurricanes can also physically damage corals. Human activities that release pollution or cause physical damage, like coastal development, tourism, and resource extraction, negatively impact coral reefs by reducing water quality and destroying coral structures. Political and economic conditions also influence threats like illegal fishing methods that harm coral reef food chains. Overall, both natural and human factors are degrading coral reef ecosystems around the world.
The coral reefs of the Caribbean are threatened with extinction due to four main factors:
1) Rising sea levels are causing coral bleaching and drowning of reefs as they cannot keep up with the growth rate of seas. The 2005 bleaching event in the Caribbean severely damaged reefs.
2) Overfishing has led to an 80% reduction in fish biomass in some areas like Jamaica in the 1960s and damage to coral from loss of parrotfish and other species.
3) Pollution from coastal development, sewage, and runoff is smothering corals and lowering water quality, allowing more algal growth. Less than 10% of Caribbean reefs now have live coral
Coral reefs are underwater structures made of calcium carbonate secreted by coral polyps, which are tiny colonial animals found in nutrient-poor marine waters. Coral reefs provide a diverse ecosystem and home to 25% of marine species despite occupying less than 0.1% of the ocean. Coral reefs are fragile due to their sensitivity to water temperature and are threatened by climate change, ocean acidification, overfishing, pollution, and algal growth caused by runoff.
The Gulf of Patras lies on the west coast of Greece. It is bounded by Cape Araxos to the west and the Strait of Rion to the east. The only major port located on the gulf is the Port of Patras. Two major rivers and two smaller rivers provide freshwater inputs to the gulf. The gulf has high ecological value due to the presence of two important lagoons. However, overfishing, pollution from wastewater and agriculture, and human development have reduced biodiversity and caused environmental problems in the gulf. The gulf is home to a variety of marine life including various fish, seaweed, shells, crabs, and marine mammals.
Surfers Against Sewage (SAS) is a non-profit organization formed in 1990 by surfers in Cornwall who were concerned about the decreasing quality of beaches and coastlines in the UK. SAS campaigns to protect marine wildlife from sewage and litter through beach cleanups, education efforts, and lobbying for new laws and regulations. Some of SAS's successes include stricter rules around sewage screening and plastic pellet containment. Their long term goal is for all UK beaches to be free of waste and sewage so they can be enjoyed by all.
This document discusses how human activities are negatively impacting the oceans through oil spills, pollution, overfishing, and climate change. It notes that over 217 million gallons of oil have been spilled into oceans in the last decade, and that offshore oil rigs and rain pollution from fuel contribute millions more gallons each year. This oil causes damage to wildlife like fish, birds, and mammals. Additionally, overfishing has reduced fish populations by 90% and threatens to wipe out all seafood by mid-century. The oceans are absorbing excess carbon dioxide, leading to warming, rising sea levels, decreased oxygen levels, and acidification that is destroying coral reefs. Urgent action is needed to address these threats facing the
Lake Taupo is New Zealand's largest lake, covering 616 square kilometers. It formed 26,500 years ago when a supervolcano erupted, leaving behind a large crater. Lake Taupo drains into the Waikato River and is a popular trout fishing location. However, the lake is under threat from increasing nitrogen levels from surrounding land use. Local agencies are working to reduce nitrogen by 20% to maintain current water quality standards in Lake Taupo.
The International Coastal Cleanup engages volunteers to remove trash from beaches and waterways around the world in order to identify the sources of debris and pollution and inspire behavioral changes to address those sources. The 2007 ICC was sponsored by major corporations like Coca-Cola, Bank of America, and Oracle as well as environmental foundations focused on species protection and marine sanctuaries.
Salinity refers to the concentration of dissolved ions in water, measured in parts per thousand (‰). Average ocean salinity is 35‰ but it varies depending on evaporation, precipitation, and water sources. Salinity is higher in enclosed seas like the Red Sea (40‰) and Mediterranean Sea (38‰) due to limited freshwater input and high evaporation. It is lower in semi-enclosed seas connected to oceans by narrow straits, like the Black Sea (18‰) and Baltic Sea (8‰), which receive more freshwater from rivers. Temperature, pressure, and density can also impact ocean salinity.
This document recommends four unique landscapes - the Salar de Uyuni salt flats in Bolivia, the red waters of the River Tinto in Spain, the Stone Forest in China, and warns that without care these beautiful landscapes may be lost in the future.
Northland's estuaries provide rich, productive environments. They are formed where freshwater rivers meet saltwater seas, creating areas where fresh and salt water mix. Estuaries support many interconnected plants and animals, and were important places for early Māori and European settlement. However, estuaries now face threats from pollution, development, and invasive species. The Northland Regional Council works to sustainably manage these fragile ecosystems.
The document discusses several ways that the ocean is being impacted by climate change and how Ocean Conservancy is working to address these issues. It notes that the ocean absorbs half of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and more excess heat than rainforests. Ocean Conservancy is fighting to protect the Arctic, restore fisheries, protect wildlife, and ensure sound ocean management in the face of climate change impacts. It also discusses their work to reduce marine debris and protect beaches and coastal communities through annual coastal cleanups.
The Natural Park of Ruidera Lagoons is located in Castilla-La Mancha, Spain along the Guadiana River and consists of fifteen turquoise lagoons formed over thousands of years by rainfall which have created impressive waterfalls between the lagoons. Visitors can enjoy hiking, scuba diving, kayaking, paddle surfing, sailing, fishing and the diverse landscape which is home to many animal species and also contains the Montesinos cave.
The document describes three types of freshwater ecosystems: 1) flowing water systems like streams and rivers that are home to crocodiles, tortoises, reeds, and lilies; 2) standing water systems like ponds and lakes containing frogs, toads, bushes, and trees; and 3) wetlands like Doñana National Park featuring pelicans, water lenses, sea grass, and cypresses. It also outlines three marine ecosystems: 1) shorelines with rocky and flat areas inhabited by limpets, mussels, and albatrosses; 2) coral reefs containing sea urchins, sponges, and sea anemones; and 3) the open ocean.
This document discusses cliff collapses along coastal areas and their impact on people. It examines the geology of Barton-on-Sea in the UK as an area vulnerable to cliff collapses due to underlying clay and permeable sand layers that can cause drainage problems. Housing built close to unstable cliffs at Barton-on-Sea puts residents at risk from cliff collapses which are influenced by factors like geology, rainfall, wave type, and fetch.
For Episode One of Water Matters, Prof. Gobler presents on overview of nitrogen pollution in Long Island's waters, how it feeds algal blooms and destroys habitat and endangers drinking water. Prof. Gobler also offers some potential solutions to these challenges
Ovaj slajd je obrada nastavne jedinice "Gde sve ima vode u prirodi<2 Rad je mog učenika II razreda osnovne skole,koji me je prijatno iznenadio.Vode ima svugde u prirodi.Predstavlja deo nas i planete Zemlje.kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooommmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
Nitrogen Pollution and The Future of Long Island By Prof. Christopher GoblerSave The Great South Bay
How does excessive nitrogen loading effect the health and resiliency of Long Island’s coastal ecosystems?
Loss of critical habitats: Eelgrass, salt marshes
Low dissolved oxygen levels, hypoxia
Acidification, low pH
Macroalgal blooms: Sea lettuce, Ulva
Toxic algal blooms: Red, rust, brown tides
Loss or depletion of shellfisheries and finfisheries
Coral reefs are commonly found in warm, tropical waters between 20-28 degrees in locations like Hawaii, the Caribbean, and the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. They provide an ecosystem for a variety of plants like algae and sea grasses, and animals including coral, fish, sharks, and crustaceans. Coral reefs are important because they remove carbon dioxide from the water, act as a natural barrier from storms and waves, and are a major tourist attraction that supports the fishing industry through food sources like lobster.
Estuaries are bodies of water where freshwater from rivers meets and mixes with saltwater from the ocean. They provide important habitat for many fish and shellfish, with 2/3 of fish and shellfish species spending time in estuaries. Estuaries support complex food webs and nutrient cycles. However, they face threats from activities like dam construction, pollution from agriculture, and climate change, which can disrupt ecosystems. Conservation efforts aim to protect estuaries by restricting dams, reducing pollution, and regulating water use.
Many factors can affect the condition of marine coral reef ecosystems. Increased water temperatures, sea level rise, and ocean acidification from climate change cause coral bleaching and death. Natural disasters like hurricanes can also physically damage corals. Human activities that release pollution or cause physical damage, like coastal development, tourism, and resource extraction, negatively impact coral reefs by reducing water quality and destroying coral structures. Political and economic conditions also influence threats like illegal fishing methods that harm coral reef food chains. Overall, both natural and human factors are degrading coral reef ecosystems around the world.
The coral reefs of the Caribbean are threatened with extinction due to four main factors:
1) Rising sea levels are causing coral bleaching and drowning of reefs as they cannot keep up with the growth rate of seas. The 2005 bleaching event in the Caribbean severely damaged reefs.
2) Overfishing has led to an 80% reduction in fish biomass in some areas like Jamaica in the 1960s and damage to coral from loss of parrotfish and other species.
3) Pollution from coastal development, sewage, and runoff is smothering corals and lowering water quality, allowing more algal growth. Less than 10% of Caribbean reefs now have live coral
Coral reefs are underwater structures made of calcium carbonate secreted by coral polyps, which are tiny colonial animals found in nutrient-poor marine waters. Coral reefs provide a diverse ecosystem and home to 25% of marine species despite occupying less than 0.1% of the ocean. Coral reefs are fragile due to their sensitivity to water temperature and are threatened by climate change, ocean acidification, overfishing, pollution, and algal growth caused by runoff.
The Gulf of Patras lies on the west coast of Greece. It is bounded by Cape Araxos to the west and the Strait of Rion to the east. The only major port located on the gulf is the Port of Patras. Two major rivers and two smaller rivers provide freshwater inputs to the gulf. The gulf has high ecological value due to the presence of two important lagoons. However, overfishing, pollution from wastewater and agriculture, and human development have reduced biodiversity and caused environmental problems in the gulf. The gulf is home to a variety of marine life including various fish, seaweed, shells, crabs, and marine mammals.
Surfers Against Sewage (SAS) is a non-profit organization formed in 1990 by surfers in Cornwall who were concerned about the decreasing quality of beaches and coastlines in the UK. SAS campaigns to protect marine wildlife from sewage and litter through beach cleanups, education efforts, and lobbying for new laws and regulations. Some of SAS's successes include stricter rules around sewage screening and plastic pellet containment. Their long term goal is for all UK beaches to be free of waste and sewage so they can be enjoyed by all.
This document discusses how human activities are negatively impacting the oceans through oil spills, pollution, overfishing, and climate change. It notes that over 217 million gallons of oil have been spilled into oceans in the last decade, and that offshore oil rigs and rain pollution from fuel contribute millions more gallons each year. This oil causes damage to wildlife like fish, birds, and mammals. Additionally, overfishing has reduced fish populations by 90% and threatens to wipe out all seafood by mid-century. The oceans are absorbing excess carbon dioxide, leading to warming, rising sea levels, decreased oxygen levels, and acidification that is destroying coral reefs. Urgent action is needed to address these threats facing the
Lake Taupo is New Zealand's largest lake, covering 616 square kilometers. It formed 26,500 years ago when a supervolcano erupted, leaving behind a large crater. Lake Taupo drains into the Waikato River and is a popular trout fishing location. However, the lake is under threat from increasing nitrogen levels from surrounding land use. Local agencies are working to reduce nitrogen by 20% to maintain current water quality standards in Lake Taupo.
The International Coastal Cleanup engages volunteers to remove trash from beaches and waterways around the world in order to identify the sources of debris and pollution and inspire behavioral changes to address those sources. The 2007 ICC was sponsored by major corporations like Coca-Cola, Bank of America, and Oracle as well as environmental foundations focused on species protection and marine sanctuaries.
Salinity refers to the concentration of dissolved ions in water, measured in parts per thousand (‰). Average ocean salinity is 35‰ but it varies depending on evaporation, precipitation, and water sources. Salinity is higher in enclosed seas like the Red Sea (40‰) and Mediterranean Sea (38‰) due to limited freshwater input and high evaporation. It is lower in semi-enclosed seas connected to oceans by narrow straits, like the Black Sea (18‰) and Baltic Sea (8‰), which receive more freshwater from rivers. Temperature, pressure, and density can also impact ocean salinity.
This document recommends four unique landscapes - the Salar de Uyuni salt flats in Bolivia, the red waters of the River Tinto in Spain, the Stone Forest in China, and warns that without care these beautiful landscapes may be lost in the future.
Northland's estuaries provide rich, productive environments. They are formed where freshwater rivers meet saltwater seas, creating areas where fresh and salt water mix. Estuaries support many interconnected plants and animals, and were important places for early Māori and European settlement. However, estuaries now face threats from pollution, development, and invasive species. The Northland Regional Council works to sustainably manage these fragile ecosystems.
The document discusses several ways that the ocean is being impacted by climate change and how Ocean Conservancy is working to address these issues. It notes that the ocean absorbs half of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and more excess heat than rainforests. Ocean Conservancy is fighting to protect the Arctic, restore fisheries, protect wildlife, and ensure sound ocean management in the face of climate change impacts. It also discusses their work to reduce marine debris and protect beaches and coastal communities through annual coastal cleanups.
The Surfers Against Sewage (SAS) charity focuses on protecting the UK's oceans, beaches, and waves. Their main issues are marine litter, sewage pollution, water quality threats from pollution runoff, and protecting access to surfing areas. SAS campaigns on these issues through political advocacy, education, and cleanups. They have objectives of promoting public benefits and education around marine environment protection. SAS is funded through memberships and donations and relies on volunteers who are passionate about achieving their goals of safer, more sustainable beaches and waves.
The SAS is an environmental charity established in 1990 by surfers and beach lovers in Cornwall to improve water quality in UK oceans and beaches. They campaign on issues like water pollution from sewage overflows, climate change, and marine litter. Through community initiatives, lobbying, and education, the SAS aims to create measurable improvements in ocean health. They are funded through memberships, merchandise, donations, and grants. Key issues they address include water contamination threatening surf spots, the impacts of climate change, and the long degradation times of litter in oceans.
Surfers Against Sewage (SAS) is an environmental charity established in 1990 to protect UK oceans, waves, and beaches. SAS campaigns on issues like marine litter, wave protection, water quality, climate change, and education. Their work includes influencing government policy, organizing volunteer cleanups, educating communities, and challenging industry standards. Through campaigns targeting plastic pellets, sewage overflows, and climate change impacts, SAS raises awareness and advocates for cleaner and safer seas.
Surfers Against Sewage (SAS) is an environmental charity that campaigns to protect UK oceans, waves, and beaches from issues like marine litter, sewage pollution, climate change, and toxic chemicals. SAS was founded in 1990 by surfers concerned about surfing in polluted waters. It works to influence government policy, educate communities, and challenge industries through campaigns targeting specific issues such as reducing plastic pellet pollution and improving water quality monitoring. SAS also publishes reports to raise awareness about threats like climate change and how to address them.
Surfers Against Sewage (SAS) is an environmental charity that campaigns to protect UK oceans, waves, and beaches from issues like marine litter, sewage pollution, climate change, and toxic chemicals. SAS was founded in 1990 by surfers concerned about surfing in polluted waters. It works to influence government policy, educate communities, and challenge industries through campaigns targeting specific issues such as reducing plastic pellet pollution and improving water quality monitoring. SAS also publishes reports to raise awareness about threats like climate change and how to address them.
Surfers Against Sewage (SAS) is an environmental charity established in 1990 by surfers in Cornwall to improve water quality at UK beaches. SAS campaigns on issues related to the sea and coastlines like litter, sewage waste pumped into the sea, and toxic chemicals. They have achieved awards and influenced companies but still hope to make all UK beaches litter-free and increase public awareness of threats to beaches and seas like climate change. SAS also campaigns against issues like shipping that can cause oil spills and the use of flags of convenience allowing underqualified crews. Key facts provided show the large and growing amounts of marine litter, its impacts on wildlife, and SAS's beach cleaning efforts.
Surfers Against Sewage (SAS) is an environmental charity established in 1990 by surfers in Cornwall to improve water quality at UK beaches. SAS campaigns on issues related to the sea and coastlines like litter, sewage waste pumped into the sea, and toxic chemicals. They have achieved awards and influenced companies but still hope to make all UK beaches litter-free and increase public awareness of threats like climate change. SAS also campaigns against threats from shipping like oil spills and flags of convenience that can pollute the sea. They provide key facts and figures on marine litter and pollution to support their campaigns and awareness efforts.
World Oceans Day was originally proposed in 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro to raise awareness of the impact of human actions on the oceans and mobilize efforts for sustainable ocean management. It is celebrated annually on June 8th to educate the public on the vital role oceans play and encourage environmentally friendly behavior. The document then provides background on the size and characteristics of the five major oceans - Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic, Indian, and Southern - and discusses causes and effects of ocean pollution like dumping of sewage, land runoff, and eutrophication which harm marine life and contaminate seafood consumed by humans. Some ways individuals can help reduce pollution include using fewer plastics, opting for reusable products,
World Oceans Day was originally proposed in 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro to raise awareness of the impact of human actions on the oceans and mobilize efforts for sustainable ocean management. It is celebrated annually on June 8th to educate the public on the vital role oceans play and encourage environmentally friendly behavior. The document then provides background on the size and characteristics of the five major oceans - Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic, Indian, and Southern - and discusses causes and effects of ocean pollution like dumping of sewage, land runoff, and eutrophication which harm marine life and contaminate seafood consumed by humans. Lastly, it suggests ways for individuals to help reduce ocean pollution through reducing plastic use, choosing
- Plastic pollution has severe impacts on the environment and economy as marine life consumes plastic and dies from choking, blockages or starvation. Scientists are also investigating effects on human health.
- Nearly 80% of marine litter originates on land, mostly plastic, and plastic pollution affects waterways and oceans globally. Cleaning up plastic costs taxpayers and threatens tourism.
- Plastic takes hundreds of years to decompose and is often mistaken as food by marine animals, becoming entangled in their stomachs or breathing passages. The only effective solution is to reduce single-use plastics at the source by promoting recycling and reusable alternatives.
- Plastic pollution has severe impacts on the environment and economy as marine life consumes plastic and dies from choking, blockages or starvation. Scientists are also investigating effects on human health.
- Most marine litter originates on land as plastic, which does not biodegrade and remains in oceans for hundreds of years, harming marine animals that ingest it by accident.
- Solutions include reducing single-use plastics, improving recycling programs, encouraging producers to use less plastic packaging and helping to cover costs of preventing plastic from reaching oceans. Individual action like bringing reusable bags to stores can help address the global problem of plastic pollution in waterways.
Plastic pollution is a serious problem that is damaging the environment. Plastic garbage ends up in oceans and beaches, hurting wildlife. Greek beaches and coasts in particular suffer from plastic pollution. Many marine animals in the Mediterranean Sea are injured or killed after ingesting plastic waste, which makes the Mediterranean one of the most polluted seas in Europe. The document discusses the authors' experience visiting a beach to photograph and clean up plastic rubbish, where they felt proud to help the environment.
The document discusses a startup called Opala that aims to address ocean waste by producing surfboards and other products from recycled plastic collected from the ocean. By turning trash into surfboards, Opala hopes to help coastal communities have cleaner environments while also giving environmentally-conscious consumers a way to reduce plastic waste through purchasing the recycled products.
The document discusses different types of waste found in oceans, with a focus on plastic pollution. The most problematic waste is plastic, which does not biodegrade and can be harmful if ingested by marine life. Common plastic waste items in oceans include bags, bottles, and lost fishing gear. China and other Asian countries are the largest contributors to ocean plastic pollution. Ingested plastic can cause starvation and death in ocean animals like seabirds, sea turtles, and marine mammals. The document also provides tips for reducing plastic waste to help address this problem.
Plastic bottles and cigarette butts are among the most harmful types of rubbish found on beaches. Plastic bottles can take 450 years to dissolve in the ocean and release oil that harms animal organisms. Cigarette butts also take years to dissolve and can be found at a rate of 15 butts per square meter on some Greek beaches. Statistical analysis of garbage collected from Greek beaches over several years found that plastic makes up 37-51% of rubbish, including plastic bottle caps and pieces from unknown sources. Each piece of trash discarded without care harms coastal and ocean environments.
How to protect nature. Environmental problemsNarine53
The document discusses various threats to the environment and ways to protect nature. It notes that industrialization has led to greater contradictions between humans and the environment. Issues like pollution, overpopulation in cities, and waste are damaging the environment. Litter and improper waste disposal harm health and spoil natural areas. Factories release dangerous chemicals into the air, water and soil. Unless immediate action is taken to reduce pollution and clean up contaminated sites, more environmental damage and species loss will occur. Everyone must work to maintain clean land, air and water for future generations.
Water pollution is a major global issue. Only 1% of the world's water is accessible freshwater, yet water usage is exceeding natural replenishment rates. Nearly half of the world's population lacks access to clean drinking water. Common causes of water pollution include agricultural runoff containing fertilizers and pesticides, oil spills, trash dumping, and untreated sewage. To help address this problem, organizations work on conservation efforts and treating contaminated water sources. Individual actions like reducing water usage and properly disposing of waste can also make a difference.
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3. Søppel til sjøen ~10
mill tonn/år.
70 % synker, 15%
flyter i land. Resten
forblir i havet.
Størstedelen av
søppelet, ~80% er
plast i ulike former.
Plast i sjøen har
ukjent nedbrytingstid,
men 600 år er nevnt.
Plast påvirker livet i
havet fysisk og
kjemisk.
IMR.NO
48. 4 years of achievements
~55 locations cleaned in Tromsø and Karlsøy municipalities
More than 1000 participants involved
Appx 500 m3 marine litter has been taken off our coastline
1 beach is cleaned, counted and registered twice yearly, more than
80.000 pieces of litter in 5 years.
Involved: Schools, our University, the Coast Guard, volunteers,
organizations, research projects, private companies, land owners,
divers and even a few politicians
Lots of informational work and a film.
All this for NOK 250.000,- and and loads and loads of volunteering
and goodwill.
49. Coastal cleanups – what do you need
You need someone to start up an initiative
You need to involve people of all kinds, every action counts.
You need to find out where to put in an effort.
You need to work out the logistics. Both people and litter
need to be transported.
You need to find out who is going to pay for it all.
You need to find out how to engage media. It is important to
do cleanups, but it is more important to make people think,
and maybe do something themselves.
50. What does it cost to clean a beach?
Litter management – logistics and disposal fee
Transportation - litter pickers
Rewards
Etc
Goodwill and volunteering
53. Clean your favourite beach
- Bring some friends, or
even better, politicians
- Tell everyone about it
www.ryddenstrand.no
www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter
www.hsr.se/fakta/fakta-om-skrapet-i-havet
Editor's Notes
Hi, I live and work in Tromsø, the largest town in northern Norway. Since 2010 I have worked with marine litter and coastal cleanups in my local area, and this is what I am going to talk to ou about.
Og når en slenger på vår fremherskende vindretning så skjønner en enda bedre tegninga.
First, i have to tell you a little about our coastline. It is long, very varied, and parts of it are not very easily accessible.
Still, we have a large number of fantastic beaches around, some very large, like this one, more than one kilometre of beautiful sand.
Another one.
One more. Many of these are only accessible by boat or kayak, as they are situated on islands along the coast.
Yet another one
And a tiny one. I am sure you have all seen pictures of these beautiful sandy beaches before, and this is partly what people think of when they think of northern Norway, isn’t it?
The midnight sun
Beautiful fjords and world class kayaking
We have interesting wildlife too. Lots of seabirds. Even if their numbers are declining, as we have heard, we can still find puffins, guillemots, gannets, fulmars and seagulls in large colonies along our coast.
For the last four seasons, we have had humpbacks coming to our coast, really turning the otherwise dull months of november and december into the best part of the year for me and many others. This really is a world class natural experience, having hundreds of these large animals cruising around in our fjords, gorging themselves on herring.
Even in the summer we have more exotic visitors popping by from time to time, as this young walrus who spent a summer on a small island outside Tromsø.
In short, it is a very pretty place, with the best possibilities for a lot of outdoor activities, and I spend almost all my sparetime out there. So far so good, But, the thing is, when you get closer than this.
You quite often find this:
When we look a little closer, this is often what we find
This is the beach that started my being engaged in this. I will say more about that later.
And this, before vegetation mercifully cover up things a little later in the season.
We find beaches like this,
And even tiny little coves and crack like this, In this little cove there was more than a ton of litter.
And when we get even closer, we find this. This is effectively microplastics in the making.
We even find litter buried in the sand, on its way to becoming some kind of geological feature. In short, we find this stuff everywhere – in all sizes and forms, and in huge quantities.
So we started to do some beach cleaning work.
At first I managed to get friends engaged, and we did some cleanups just because we wanted to.
But then I thought, this must be an excellent thing for schools to participate in.
We managed to interest a few teachers and their classes in this too, and this cooperation has since evolved, so that now there are quite a few classes doing beach cleanups, mostly in springtime.
Når en først har rydda stranda, så kan en jo like godt ta seg et bad.
Remember this one?
In Tromso there are a lot of kayakers, and they know the coastline more initmately than most others. They too have done some serious cleanups – on this beach alone we collected more than 2 tons of marine litter.
We have involved Redningsselskapet – our coastal Search and Rescue service. They too have an intimate knowledge of our coastline, and are happy to help out.
We are working closely with the Norwegian Nature Inspectorate, statens Naturoppsyn, specially in our protected areas.
But most of all, it is all the more or less planned cleanups by land owners, companies, organisations and others that make up the main part of what is done. It has become a quite popular thing to, beach cleanups, and we try hard to find spots for people to clean up when they ask if they can do something. On this island we had more than 100 employees from our university cleaning up as part of a work / social happening.
From time to time we find stuff that are not exactly easy to get rid off. This thing we managed to get a salmon farming company to remove, as it is quite valuable.
More often it is just a few persons doing a job, like here
Or here. Even kids are easy to engage in this, as long as there is a promise of icecream at the end of the day.
And last , but not least, we have gotten fantastic support from the Coast guard - they are my heroes, and without them we couldnt have done what we do. They are super helpful, very competent, and they work for free! More on that later.
They are simply our most valuable partner in this.
In all this, there is one beach that we monitor ver closely. It is one of close to 100 european beaches that are monitored – to get data on litter amounts and distribution.
Twice yearly we pick absolutely everything on this beach
And register it carefully into 112 categories.
This is what we have found. All in all we are way past 80.000 pieces of litter on this beach, so far.
There are a few items that would like to dwell on, just a little, like these shotgun wads. Why are they made of plastic? We discarge around 1.000.000 of these, every year in nature. They are useful in perhaps 0.0001 sec, and are then left there for perhaps 400 years.
And bottles. Can something be done to make it even more attractive to recycle?
Fishing nets, bundles of rope. A very common find, this.
And industrial strapping band, from freezer trawlers. This sturdy packaging band breaks down into pieces quite quickly in sunlight and produces an enormous amount of little plastic pieces.
Litt oppsummert om det vi har gjort.
Pkt
Pkt
Jeg tenkte å avslutte med å snurre filmen, slik at også dere kan bli overbevist, men før det: det er én ting jeg har savnet gjennom hele prosjektttiden.
Which brings me almost to the end of this presentation, but there is one question I would like to ask you, and to have you think about. We have done so much for so little, locally. And on our national cleanup day this year, more than 25.000 people volunteered to clean up their local beaches, and collected close to 1000 tons of litter. A lot of goodwill and creative financing helped this happen. And here, we have the coast guard helping us for free – I am told that running this ship costs around 70.000 kr / day.
Isn’t it perhaps time that the real cost of cleaning up marine litter is shown, and made part of public budgets?
With that, I say thank you for your time.
Which brings me almost to the end of this presentation, but there is one question I would like to ask you, and to have you think about. We have done so much for so little, locally. And on our national cleanup day this year, more than 25.000 people volunteered to clean up their local beaches, and collected close to 1000 tons of litter. A lot of goodwill and creative financing helped this happen. And here, we have the coast guard helping us for free – I am told that running this ship costs around 70.000 kr / day.
Isn’t it perhaps time that the real cost of cleaning up marine litter is shown, and made part of public budgets?
With that, I say thank you for your time.