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Reinforcement Learning Based Text Style
Transfer without Parallel Training Corpus
Hongyu Gong, Suma Bhat, Lingfei Wu, JinJun Xiong, Wen-mei Hwu
NAACL2019読み会 紹介者: 吉村
Abstract
● パラレルコーパスをつかわないテキストスタイル変換
● スタイル、意味、流暢性の評価器を報酬として強化学習
● positive-negative, informal-formal の変換タスクで SOTA
● 人手評価でも効果的であることがわかった
Introduction
● パラレルコーパスでのスタイル変換は成功しているがパラレル
コーパスはいつでも利用できるわけではない
● 従来手法
○ 意味をエンコードしてスタイル情報と組み合わせてスタイ
ル変換する
○ パラメータで微分可能な損失関数に制限されている
○ 意味とスタイルのみを学習、評価している
■ 流暢性などの他の重要な側面は見ていない
● 提案手法
○ パラレルコーパスを使わないスタイル変換を行う RL を用
いた学習システムを提案する
○ 報酬にスタイルの強さ、意味の保持、流暢性を使用
Contributions
● テキストスタイル変換のための RL フレームワークを提案複数
の評価指標を報酬にして学習を行う
● パラレルコーパスがない問題に対処している
● 意味の保持と変換の強さで SOTA
Model - Generator
● Encoder-Decoder with attention
● Encoder, Decoder は GRU
● targetコーパスをパラレルにして pre-train → RL
○ encoder と decoder が意味とスタイルを学習
Model - Style discriminator
● 生成文のスタイルを評価
● bidirectional RNN with attention
● スタイル分類のデータで学習
● ロバストにするためにGAN で人間が書いた文とモデルの出力
を区別するように敵対的に追加で学習
Model - Semantic module
● 入力と生成文の意味がどれだけ保持できているかを評価
● Word Mover’s Distance (WMD)を使用
○ 2文書間の類似度を計算する手法
○ 単語分散表現ベース
Model - Language model
● 生成文の流暢性を評価
● ターゲットスタイルのコーパスで事前学習された2層の RNNを
使用
● 確率の対数をとって文長で割ったものをスコアにする
● 与えられた環境における価値を最大化するようにエージェント
を学習
● 方策 π : p(a|s)
○ 状態 s でどう行動するかを定めた確率分布
● 方策ベースと価値ベース
○ 価値ベース: 価値関数 Q(s, a) を学習
○ 方策ベース: 方策を学習し、累積報酬和を最大化
Reinforcement Learning
reward
Enviroment
Agent
action state
Reinforcement Learning
REINFROCE: 方策ベースのアルゴリズム
  
G: generator
T’: maximum length of the decoder
V: target vocabulary
γ : (0 < γ < 1) discounting factor
割引報酬和
報酬の期待値
State: Action:
Sentence Sampling
● 文を出力し終わるまで報酬を計算できない問題
● rolling out (Yu et al., 2017)
○ 現時刻までの単語列から文の最後までサンプリング
○ サンプリング手法はビームサーチ
●
Reward
3つの評価器の加重平均
実験では α = 1.0, β = 0.5, η = 0.5 に設定
Experiment
● タスク
○ positive - negative sentiment (ST)
○ formal - informal (FT)
● データセット
○ ST: Yelp website (restaurant reviews)
○ FT: Grammarly’s Yahoo Answer Fomalyty Corpus
■ family, relationships のデータを使用
Experiment
● Model settings
○ embeddings size 50
■ English WikiCorpus で学習して train で tune する
○ beam size 8 in RL and inference.
● ベースライン: 2つの unsupervised な SOTA モデル
○ Cross alignment model (CA) [Shen et al., 2017]
■ GAN ベースの手法, cross alignment AE を提案
○ Multi-decoder seq2deq model (MDS) [Fu et al., 2018]
■ GAN ベース、encoder で意味を学習してスタイル固有
の decoder で変換させる
Experiment - Automatic Evaluation
● Content preservation
○ Ssem
[Fu et al., 2018]
■ 単語分散表現ベースの手法
● Transfer strength
○ スタイル変換のコーパスで学習された LSTM ベースの分
類器 [Fu et al., 2018]
● Fluency
○ perplexity
● Overall score
○
Results - Automatic evaluation
● Sentiment transfer
○ 意味の保持では CA, 流暢性では MDS がよい
○ RLSは両方向の Overall で良くなっている
● Formality transfer
○ RLSは全体的に良くなっている
Results - Human evaluation
● 100出力に3人でアノテートした平均
Example1
baseline は食品にトピックが変更されているが RLS ではフードサービスのトピックを保
持している。
CAモデルはピザについて、MDSモデルは顧客サービスについて説明してるが RLS で
はチキンのトピックを保持している。
Example2
原文は修辞的な質問(質問に見せかけて意見を主張する)であり、「人々は彼らの行動
の背後にある意味をほとんど理解できない」ことを真に意味している
全てのモデルが意味をとらえられていない難しい例
Conclusions
● スタイル、意味、流暢性の評価基準を組み込んだ強化学習
ベースのテキストスタイル変換システムを提案
● 2つの異なるスタイル変換タスクで自動評価および人手評価で
その有用性を実証した

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Reinforcement learning based text style transfer without parallel training corpus