1. REIKI THERAPY AS ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT IN
CANCER PATIENTS WITHIN PRIMARY CARE SETTING
 JOYCE VALENCIA  GNRS 597 COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS  July 26, 2016 

2. BACKGROUND
 Statistics
 2012: 14 million new cancer cases
 2016: leading estimated deaths in US
 Lung cancer: 158, 080 deaths
 Colorectal cancer: 49, 190 deaths
 Pancreatic cancer: 41, 780 deaths
(ACS, 2016)
 2006-2012: 66.9% 5+ year survival
(ACS, 2016)

3. CANCER
 Signs and Symptoms
 Fatigue
 Nausea
 Stress
 Fear
 Anxiety
 Depression
 Restlessness
 Diminished Quality of Life
 Pain
(Henneghan & Schnyer, 2013)

4.  Cancer Pain
 Disease process
 Invasive treatments
 Side effects of treatments
(Running & Turnbeaugh, 2011)
 Poor Management
 80% of the population is inadequately
controlled
(Aghabati, Mohammadi, & Esmaiel, 2010)
PROBLEM OF INTEREST

5. CANCER
 Pharmacological treatment
 Misconceptions
 Tolerance
 Physical dependence
 Psychological addiction
(Aghabati et al., 2010)

6. CANCER PAIN
 Predictors of CAM
 Gender
 Marital status
 Cancer stage
 Treatment
 # severe symptoms
(Fouladbakhsh, Stomell, Given, & Given, 2005)

7. COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE
MEDICINE
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Center for Health Statistics
 $33.9 billion spent on CAM
 1.2 million visits to energy healers
(Nahin, Barnes, Stussman, & Bloom, 2009)

8. ENERGY MEDICINE
 National Institutes of Health
 National Center for
Complementary and Integrative
Health (NCCIH)
 Energy Medicine
Subtle energy modalities
Reiki therapy
Healing Touch
Therapeutic Touch
(Rindfleisch, 2010)

9. REIKI THERAPY
 Reiki
 Japanese origins (1922)
 Levels of experience
Reiki Level I
Reiki Level II
Reiki Master
 Promotes positive energy
 Extracts negative energy
(Rand, 1991)

10. ENERGY THERAPY
 1st Law of Thermodynamics
 Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
(Keyes, 2012)
 Biophysical Domain
Electromagnetic fields
 Electrocardiogram
 Electroencephalogram
(Henneghan & Schnyer, 2013)
MRI (Rindfleisch, 2010)

11. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 Search Methodology
 Cochrane Library
 PubMed
 CINAHL
 MedLine
 Scholarly Articles
 3 randomized controlled trials
 3 prospective nonrandomized studies
 1 prospective cohort study
 2 literature reviews of energy medicine in cancer
 Keywords
 Reiki
 Reiki therapy
 Complementary and alternative
medicine
 Energy medicine
 Cancer pain
 Oncology

12. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 Literature reviews
Healing Touch (n=5) Therapeutic Touch
(n=6)
Reiki Therapy (n=11)
- ↓ anxiety
- ↑ relaxation, mood
- ↑ QOL
- ↑ pain relief
- ↑ relaxation,
comfort, awareness
- ↑ pain relief,
relationships
- ↑ well-being
- ↑ mood
- ↓ pain scores, fatigue
- ↓ preoperative
anxiety
- ↑ cognition
- ↓ postoperative pain
- ∆ BP, IgA, muscle
tension, temperature
- ↑ Preoperative
relaxation
- ↓ pain, depression,
anxiety
- Self-care intervention
- ↓ VAS by 1.2 points
(Coakley & Barron, 2012)

13. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 Generalized Cancer Population
 Expansive inclusion criteria
 Utilized different measuring tools
 General pain
 Cancer-related pain
 Comparisons in cancer treatments
 Opioid analgesics
 Chemotherapy
 Radiation therapy
 Unique research methodologies

14. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 Pain measurement
 Birocco et al. (2012)
 Visual Analog Scale
 Chemotherapy
 ↓ 1-2 points
 Olson, Hanson & Michaud (2003)
 Edmonton Staging System
 Vital signs
 Opioids
(Olson, Hanson, & Michaud, 2003)

15. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 Best Practices
 Overall duration of treatment
 20-75 minutes
 Different Reiki Practitioners
 Reiki Masters
 Reiki volunteers
 No mention
 Conclusion
 Reiki Master for 30 minutes

16. GAPS IN LITERATURE
 No mechanism of action
 Limited studies in the basic sciences
 Schumann theory
(Baldwin, Rand, & Schwartz, 2013)
 Qualitative data desired
(Miles & True, 2003)
 Small subject pools
 Highest: n=360
 Lowest: n=16
 Difficulties in sham placebo groups
(Catlin & Taylor-Ford, 2011)

17. SCIENCE OF UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS:
REIKI THERAPY
reiki energy
integrality
patient
practitioner
environment
openness
pain
pain relief
helicy
pandimensionality energy fields
clinical exam room
patterns
resonancy
MARTHA ROGERS: SCIENCE OF UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS
 Four Elements
 Energy fields
 Open systems
 Patterns
 Pandimensionality
(Polit & Beck, 2012)

18. BIOETHICAL CONCEPTS
 Paternalism
 Medical expertise
 Beneficence
(Mitchell et al., 2012)
 Autonomy
 Expressed interest in
CAM
 Utilitarianism
 Maximize well-being
(Maclean, 1993)

19. APRN ROLE
 Practice holistic care in medical model
 Mind
 Body
 Spirit
 Assess for pain
 Promote patient education and
interaction

20. PROPOSED INTERVENTION
 Community partnerships
 San Diego Reiki Corps
 American Holistic Nurses Association
 Training
 Weekend workshop
 $50-200
 Self-treat for 21 days
(Rand, 1991)

21. PROPOSED INTERVENTION
 Pre- and Post-measurements
 VAS
 Vital signs
 MYMOP Questionnaire
(Siegel et al., 2016)
 Treatment sessions
 30 minutes
 Documentation
 SOAP
 Duration of treatment
 Total # treatments
 Outcome of treatments
(Shepherd-Gentle, 2016)
 Reimbursement
 CPT code 99215
 NANDA 1.8 (?)
(O’Malley, 2011)

22. REFERENCES
 Aghabati, N., Mohammadi, E., & Esmaiel, Z. P. (2010). The effect of therapeutic touch on pain and fatigue on cancer patients
undergoing chemotherapy. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 7(3), 375-381.
 American Cancer Society. (2016). Estimated deaths, 2016. Retrieved from https://cancerstatisticscenter.cancer.org/#/data-
analysis/module/yg6E0ZLc?type=barGraph
 Baldwin, A. L., Rand, W. L., & Schwartz, G. E. (2013). Practicing reiki does not appear to routinely produce high-intensity
electromagnetic fields from the heart or hands of reiki practitioners. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 19(6),
518-526. doi: 10.1089/acm.2012.0136
 Birocco, N., Guillame, C., Storto, S., Ritorto, G., Catino, C., Gir, N., Balestra, L., Tealdi, G., Orecchia, C., De Vito, G., Giaretto, L.,
Donadio, M., Bertetto, O., Schena, M., & Ciuffreda, L. (2012). The effects of reiki therapy on pain and anxiety in patients attending a
day oncology and infusion services unit. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 29(4), 290-294. doi:
10.1177/1049909111420859
 Catlin, A., & Taylor-Ford, R. L. (2011). Investigation of standard care versus sham reiki placebo versus actual reiki therapy to enhance
comfort and well-being in a chemotherapy infusion center. Oncology Nursing Forum, 38(3), 212-220. doi: 10.1188/11.ONF.E212-E220
 Coakley, A. B., & Barron, A. (2012). Energy therapies in oncology nursing. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 28(1), 55-63. doi:
10.1016/j.soncn.2011.11.006
 Fouladbakhsh, J. M., Stommel, M., Given, B. A., & Given, C. W. (2005). Predictors of use of complementary and alternative therapies
among patients with cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 32 (6), 1115-1122.
 Henneghan, A. M. & Schnyer, R. N. (2013). Biofield therapies for symptom management in palliative and end-of-life care. American
Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 0, 1-11. doi:10.1177/1049909113509400

23. REFERENCES CONT’
 Keyes, R. (2012). The healing power of reiki: A modern master’s approach to emotional, spiritual & physical wellness. Woodbury, MN:
Llewellyn Publications.
 Maclean, A. (1993). The elimination of morality: Reflections on utilitarianism and bioethics. New York, NY: Routledge.
 Miles, P., & True, G. (2003). Reiki – review of a biofield therapy history, theory, practice, and research. Alternative Therapies, 9(2), 62-72.
 Mitchell, P. H., Wynia, M. K., Golden, R., & McNellis, B., Okun, S., Webb, C. E., … Von Kohorn, I. (2012). Core principles & values of
effective team-based health care. Institute of Medicine, 1-30.
 Nahin, R. L., Barnes, P. M., Stussman, B. K., & Bloom, B. (2009). Costs of complementary and alternative medicine and frequency of visits
to cam practitioners: United States, 2007. National Center for Health Statistics, 18, 1-15.
 Olson, K., Hanson, J., & Michard, M. (2003). A phase II trial of reiki for the management of pain in advanced cancer patients. Journal of
Pain and Symptom Management, 26(5), 990-997. Doi:10.1016/S0885-3924(03)00334-8
 Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2012) Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (9th ed.). China: Wolters Kluwer
Health.
 Rand, W. L. (1991). Reiki the healing touch: First and second degree manual. Southfield, MI: Vision Publications.
 Rindfleisch, J. A. (2010). Biofield therapies: Energy medicine and primary care. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, 47 (1), 165-179.
 Running, A., & Turnbeaugh, E. (2011). Oncology pain and complementary therapy: A review of the literature. Clinical Journal of Oncology
Nursing, 14(4), 374-379.
 Siegel, P., da Motta, P. M., da Silva, L. G., Stephan, C., Lima, C. S., de Barros, N. F. (2016). Reiki for cancer patients undergoing
chemotherapy in a brazilian hospital. Holistic Nursing Practice, 30(3), 174-182.

24. QUESTIONS?