The document summarizes key lessons from existing multilateral climate funds, particularly the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and Adaptation Fund, that can inform the effectiveness of the newly established Green Climate Fund (GCF). It finds that funds have been more effective when they have transparent governance with balanced country representation, clear criteria for allocating resources equitably, and robust monitoring and evaluation of outcomes. Both the GEF and Adaptation Fund have had some success but could improve public participation, representation of vulnerable groups, and reporting on progress and results. The GCF is aiming to learn from these experiences as it works to become fully operational and achieve its goal of mobilizing $100 billion annually for climate finance.
Global Opportunities for Financing Climate ChangeACDI/VOCA
The IDB is assisting countries with climate change actions through technical support, expertise, and identifying climate change funding sources. It currently works with several climate funds including the Climate Investment Funds' Pilot Program for Climate Resilience, which provides $777 million for 44 adaptation projects in 9 countries. Jamaica receives funding from the PPCR for mainstreaming adaptation, creating financial mechanisms to support resilience, and knowledge management. The Green Climate Fund also provides climate financing and the IDB can access it as an accredited entity.
This document provides an overview of Module 5 on climate change finance. The module has three sections that describe: 1) sources of climate finance including public, private, international and national streams, 2) elements of national climate finance planning including revenues, spending, leveraging private investment, and 3) the international architecture for climate finance including funds, carbon markets, and mechanisms for developing countries to access support. The module aims to help participants understand the landscape of climate change finance sources and how countries can mobilize finance for climate actions.
The Green Climate Fund Board met in Indonesia to advance key operations and make progress on essential requirements. The Board agreed on parameters for allocating resources including aiming for a 50:50 balance between mitigation and adaptation over time and a floor of 50% of adaptation funds going to vulnerable countries. The Board also discussed frameworks for results, risks, investments, and accreditation. Speaking after, the Board co-chairs and an Indonesian official emphasized the Fund's role in helping developing countries mitigate and adapt to climate change.
Taking Stock of International Contributions to Low-Carbon, Climate Resilient ...Climate Policy Initiative
Indonesia has a key role to play in meeting climate stabilization targets, with its high contribution to global land use, forestry, peatland, and agriculture emissions. The Indonesian government has set emissions reduction targets of 26% below business as usual by 2020, scaling up to 29% by 2030, and increasing their overall ambition to 41% with international support.
The international community therefore has the opportunity to have a large impact. The international community is already supporting changes in Indonesia’s land use sector, contributing USD 323 million climate finance in 2011, with 17.7% of that going to land use (Ampri et al. 2014). However questions remain around the effectiveness of these efforts.
Climate Policy Initiative discusses the role of international development partners* in financing mitigation and adaptation actions in the land use sectors in Indonesia. We evaluate what progress has been made to date, what challenges have been met, and what opportunities lie ahead to effectively support Indonesia, reflecting on the value add that development partners bring to the domestic picture. We provide an in-depth sectoral analysis based on international development partner data collected for the Indonesian Landscape (Ampri et al. 2014), supplemented by a literature review, and expert interviews.
Full report: http://climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/taking-stock-of-international-contributions-to-low-carbon-climate-resilient-land-use-in-indonesia/
There is a need to better understand how investments are currently being delivered on the ground to support the land use sector, and to support the most appropriate interventions to shape investments towards more sustainable and less destructive land use activities.
To explore these opportunities, CPI partnered with the Climate and Land Use Alliance (CLUA) to identify entry points for philanthropic funders to unlock capital in support of more sustainable land use practices. CPI analysis shows that there are distinct, powerful, and accessible finance-related levers that philanthropy can use to unlock investment in and reorient capital towards more sustainable land use practices. Philanthropy can often act in more nimble and strategic ways compared with public donors who may be constrained by slow bureaucratic processes and competing political priorities.
How to unlock finance in support of developing countries’ low-carbon and climate-resilient growth is a central issue of concern for policymakers around the globe. As evidence grows regarding the negative impacts of climate change on human health, economic activity, natural resources and physical infrastructure, finance in support of climate change adaptation has been attracting more attention, especially for countries that are the most immediately vulnerable to these adverse impacts.
The OECD-hosted Research Collaborative on Tracking Private Climate Finance, under which this Climate Policy Initiative-led research was conducted, aims to develop more comprehensive methodologies for estimating private finance flows mobilized by developed countries’ public interventions for climate action in developing countries. This study advances our understanding of private finance for climate change adaptation mobilized by public finance interventions.
The document discusses the Green Climate Fund (GCF), which was launched in 2011 as an operating entity of the UNFCCC's financial mechanism. It is the largest dedicated climate fund globally. The GCF Readiness Programme, funded by Germany, supports 9 countries including Uzbekistan in preparing direct access to GCF funding. The Uzbekistan work program includes actions to support establishing an NDA, identifying an NIE, developing a project pipeline, and building capacity of financial institutions. Key insights highlighted include the importance of coordination between NDAs and NIEs to align national strategies with the funding pipeline.
Global Opportunities for Financing Climate ChangeACDI/VOCA
The IDB is assisting countries with climate change actions through technical support, expertise, and identifying climate change funding sources. It currently works with several climate funds including the Climate Investment Funds' Pilot Program for Climate Resilience, which provides $777 million for 44 adaptation projects in 9 countries. Jamaica receives funding from the PPCR for mainstreaming adaptation, creating financial mechanisms to support resilience, and knowledge management. The Green Climate Fund also provides climate financing and the IDB can access it as an accredited entity.
This document provides an overview of Module 5 on climate change finance. The module has three sections that describe: 1) sources of climate finance including public, private, international and national streams, 2) elements of national climate finance planning including revenues, spending, leveraging private investment, and 3) the international architecture for climate finance including funds, carbon markets, and mechanisms for developing countries to access support. The module aims to help participants understand the landscape of climate change finance sources and how countries can mobilize finance for climate actions.
The Green Climate Fund Board met in Indonesia to advance key operations and make progress on essential requirements. The Board agreed on parameters for allocating resources including aiming for a 50:50 balance between mitigation and adaptation over time and a floor of 50% of adaptation funds going to vulnerable countries. The Board also discussed frameworks for results, risks, investments, and accreditation. Speaking after, the Board co-chairs and an Indonesian official emphasized the Fund's role in helping developing countries mitigate and adapt to climate change.
Taking Stock of International Contributions to Low-Carbon, Climate Resilient ...Climate Policy Initiative
Indonesia has a key role to play in meeting climate stabilization targets, with its high contribution to global land use, forestry, peatland, and agriculture emissions. The Indonesian government has set emissions reduction targets of 26% below business as usual by 2020, scaling up to 29% by 2030, and increasing their overall ambition to 41% with international support.
The international community therefore has the opportunity to have a large impact. The international community is already supporting changes in Indonesia’s land use sector, contributing USD 323 million climate finance in 2011, with 17.7% of that going to land use (Ampri et al. 2014). However questions remain around the effectiveness of these efforts.
Climate Policy Initiative discusses the role of international development partners* in financing mitigation and adaptation actions in the land use sectors in Indonesia. We evaluate what progress has been made to date, what challenges have been met, and what opportunities lie ahead to effectively support Indonesia, reflecting on the value add that development partners bring to the domestic picture. We provide an in-depth sectoral analysis based on international development partner data collected for the Indonesian Landscape (Ampri et al. 2014), supplemented by a literature review, and expert interviews.
Full report: http://climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/taking-stock-of-international-contributions-to-low-carbon-climate-resilient-land-use-in-indonesia/
There is a need to better understand how investments are currently being delivered on the ground to support the land use sector, and to support the most appropriate interventions to shape investments towards more sustainable and less destructive land use activities.
To explore these opportunities, CPI partnered with the Climate and Land Use Alliance (CLUA) to identify entry points for philanthropic funders to unlock capital in support of more sustainable land use practices. CPI analysis shows that there are distinct, powerful, and accessible finance-related levers that philanthropy can use to unlock investment in and reorient capital towards more sustainable land use practices. Philanthropy can often act in more nimble and strategic ways compared with public donors who may be constrained by slow bureaucratic processes and competing political priorities.
How to unlock finance in support of developing countries’ low-carbon and climate-resilient growth is a central issue of concern for policymakers around the globe. As evidence grows regarding the negative impacts of climate change on human health, economic activity, natural resources and physical infrastructure, finance in support of climate change adaptation has been attracting more attention, especially for countries that are the most immediately vulnerable to these adverse impacts.
The OECD-hosted Research Collaborative on Tracking Private Climate Finance, under which this Climate Policy Initiative-led research was conducted, aims to develop more comprehensive methodologies for estimating private finance flows mobilized by developed countries’ public interventions for climate action in developing countries. This study advances our understanding of private finance for climate change adaptation mobilized by public finance interventions.
The document discusses the Green Climate Fund (GCF), which was launched in 2011 as an operating entity of the UNFCCC's financial mechanism. It is the largest dedicated climate fund globally. The GCF Readiness Programme, funded by Germany, supports 9 countries including Uzbekistan in preparing direct access to GCF funding. The Uzbekistan work program includes actions to support establishing an NDA, identifying an NIE, developing a project pipeline, and building capacity of financial institutions. Key insights highlighted include the importance of coordination between NDAs and NIEs to align national strategies with the funding pipeline.
Multilateral development banks in carbon assets and climate financing in Africa Alfred Bimha
Multilateral development banks play a major role in global climate and carbon financing, including in Africa. The World Bank and African Development Bank administer several funds for climate financing in Africa, such as the Clean Technology Fund, Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, and Pilot Program for Climate Resilience. While these banks have increased climate financing, some challenges remain such as long approval processes, influence of major shareholders over funding conditions, and capacity constraints in many African countries. The future of carbon markets and further climate financing opportunities in Africa will depend on outcomes of international climate negotiations.
International efforts for green house gas emission reduction and climate changeIra Tobing
The document summarizes international efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address climate change through frameworks like the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, Cancun Agreements, and Durban Platform. It discusses key milestones and components of climate agreements including mitigation, adaptation, technology transfer, and financing. The challenges of addressing climate change are also examined, as well as opportunities for reducing emissions through green economic sectors.
This document provides an overview of the international climate finance architecture and opportunities for accessing funds to build water security. It discusses the major climate funds including the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF), the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), the Adaptation Fund (AF), and the emerging Green Climate Fund (GCF). It outlines the objectives, funding amounts, access modalities, project cycles, and criteria for each fund. It concludes by discussing how the Global Water Partnership can maximize opportunities to access these climate finance sources to strengthen climate resilience in the water sector.
Local Solutions for Poverty, Environment, Climate Change, and the MDGs: UNDP’...Poverty Environment Net
This presentation was delivered by Veerle Vandeweerd at the 14th Poverty Environment Partnership meeting in Geneva, Switzerland. www.povertyenvironment.net/pep14
Key lessons for developing Climate Change Financing FrameworksNAP Events
The document discusses developing Climate Change Financing Frameworks (CCFFs) to help close the "adaptation gap" in low-income countries. A CCFF aims to integrate climate change into national planning and budgeting processes by: 1) Calculating how climate change affects the benefits of budget expenditures using "climate change relevance scores"; 2) Reviewing past climate spending trends weighted by these scores; 3) Defining policy options and financing scenarios to reduce the adaptation gap; 4) Estimating the benefits of policies in reducing loss and damage; and 5) Planning institutional changes needed to implement changes to climate policy and financing. The document outlines lessons from applying CCFF approaches in various countries.
Climate finance and cop26 - implications for Tanzania Janet Chapman
The document discusses climate finance and what COP26 means for Tanzania. It provides background on the Paris Agreement and climate finance. The Paris Agreement established a framework for developed countries to provide financial and technical support to developing countries. Climate finance is needed for mitigation and adaptation efforts. The Green Climate Fund is a key multilateral fund that provides climate finance. Tanzania's financial sector development plan aims to strengthen green financing and access to long-term credit for productive sectors. COP26 resulted in agreements to increase climate finance and support for adaptation, phase down coal, and finalize the Paris rulebook to fully implement the Paris Agreement.
Financing and coordination issues are limiting investments in ecosystem restoration projects from being scaled up. Regarding financing, the start-up and maintenance costs of restoration projects are high, and the returns and benefits are uncertain and occur over long timeframes. Coordination is also challenging as it requires organizing diverse stakeholders and linking local restoration projects to global benefits. Recent cases show a trend toward regional and landscape-scale restoration projects that can better align public and private interests and use a variety of financing mechanisms. However, stronger coordination of financing is still needed at regional levels to fully scale up investments in ecosystem restoration.
Adaptation and adaptation finance in the 2015 regime. Presentation by Mizan R. Khan, Dept of Environment Science & Management, North South University, Dhaka
2014 cop20-ccxg-adaptation-side-event-m. mullan and j. corfee-morlotOECD Environment
This document discusses adaptation to climate change in OECD and developing countries. It finds that while adaptation planning has progressed in OECD countries since 2006, data and financing challenges remain. Mainstreaming adaptation financing domestically is increasing but data on needs, spending and impacts is still limited. Prioritizing adaptation strategies in developing countries focuses on stakeholder engagement and expert judgment due to limited cost-benefit analysis. The document calls for a pragmatic approach to measuring adaptation success and improving data on climate risks.
Climate-Related Development Finace in EECCA COUNTRIESOECD Environment
This document summarizes an OECD report on climate-related development finance in Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia countries between 2013-2014. It finds that while significant funds were committed, there were large differences between countries and sectors. Most funds supported the energy sector, while adaptation received less than the global average. It recommends scaling up climate finance from various sources, better mainstreaming climate considerations into development, and improving countries' access and readiness to utilize climate funds.
This document summarizes the background, development, and analysis of the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) and Strategic Action Plan (SAP) for the Black Sea. It describes how the TDA and SAP were created with funding from GEF and other donors to address issues in the Black Sea region under the Bucharest Convention. However, it notes that both the TDA and SAP had weaknesses including limited stakeholder involvement, lack of prioritization and integration into development plans, and delays in implementation. It calls for strengthening the information basis, increasing accountability, and better tying strategies to socioeconomic realities to enhance progress on Black Sea issues.
Advancing the role of the African CSOs in the Administration of GCFAIDA_Americas
Presentation of Collins Otieno, PACJA, during the Session 3 of the GCF Watch international webinar series "Engaging with the GCF in different regions and countries".
Climate finance amoah (ghana)challenges in scaling up cf-ccxg gf-march2014OECD Environment
Ghana faces several institutional challenges to scaling up climate finance, including a lack of coordination between climate change organizations, fragmented donor support, and different reporting systems between donors and implementing agencies. Ghana's climate change governance framework includes many organizations but with unclear roles that has led to uncoordinated activities. International principles for effective climate finance like ownership, alignment, capacity building, and harmonization have only been partially realized according to assessments. Overcoming Ghana's institutional barriers will be important to attract more private sector investment and scale up climate actions.
IWRM in GEF-Supported International Waters and Their Transboundary BasinsIwl Pcu
The Global Environment Facility (GEF) supports projects in developing countries that address issues of international waters and transboundary basins through its International Waters (IW) focal area. The GEF uses a process called Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis and Strategic Action Programme (TDA/SAP) to promote integrated water resources management (IWRM) across basins. This involves joint fact-finding to identify issues, develop a shared vision and priorities, and plan national actions. Recent examples include projects in river basins like the Danube, Niger, and Sao Francisco as well as aquifers like the Guaraní. The GEF also facilitates knowledge sharing between projects through its IW:LEARN program.
"Financing National Adaptation Plans: Options for Implementation" | Day 2NAP Global Network
The document discusses a forum on financing National Adaptation Plans (NAPs). It focused on international public funds for climate adaptation, the landscape of international adaptation finance and the role of NAPs. Country spotlights were provided on Grenada and Malawi that discussed defining priorities for NAP implementation through pipeline development.
NAP Training Viet Nam - Vulnerability and Adapting to Climate ChangeUNDP Climate
This two-day workshop supported the Government of Viet Nam in building the necessary capacity to advance its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process. The workshop closely focused on building National Adaptation Plans in the agricultural sector through multi-stakeholder collaboration, and increased knowledge and capacity on a number of topics including: prioritization of adaptation options, cost-benefit analysis, overview of the broad-based nature of climate change adaption impacts, analysis of challenges, and creation of an open discussion with key stakeholders on defining a road-map for the NAP process. The workshop was delivered using discussions and case studies to enhance interactive learning for participants, with supporting presentations by GiZ and SNV.
The document discusses trends in international climate finance and frameworks for scaling up climate action. It summarizes statistics on growing climate-related overseas development assistance (ODA) from 2001-2012. Key points include: climate-related ODA reached $21 billion annually from 2010-2012 and mostly supports mitigation; over half of climate finance goes to Asia and a quarter to Africa; and funding is concentrated in sectors like energy, agriculture, and water. The document also outlines challenges around capacity, coordination, and financing integrated climate and development strategies.
FPE funded 67 projects worth P40.98 million in the past fiscal year, focusing on large grants and community-led projects in key biodiversity areas. A new 10-year strategic plan was formulated to align goals with conservation targets and double the trust fund size to P60 million annually by 2025. Initiatives included promoting sustainable livelihoods, strengthening partners' financial management, and developing a knowledge management system including an online grants platform. Going forward, FPE will integrate disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation into selected vulnerable sites. The organization aims to be a leader in actions for healthy ecosystems and resilient communities.
Kaleb Hill has over 10 years of experience in automation, electrical engineering, and military communications. He currently works as an Automation/Electrical Engineer at Excel Injection Molding, where he designs and builds automation systems using PLCs, pneumatics, and CAD software. Additionally, he owns and operates Spartan Security Force, where he teaches tactical firearm, survival, and medical courses. Hill holds a Bachelor's degree in Computer Engineering Technology and Electrical Engineering Technology from the University of Southern Mississippi.
This summary provides an overview of the key articles in a local newspaper, including:
- The Anamosa school board accepted bids totaling $10.26 million for renovations to the high school but did not accept a bid for a new practice gym. They plan to fundraise for the gym.
- An eighth grade student from Anamosa will compete in the state geography bee.
- Local health centers assisting with Affordable Care Act sign-ups saw a large increase in clients in the final weeks before the enrollment deadline.
- Coon's Corner grocery store in Oxford Junction has been family-owned and operated for 115 years, retaining aspects of its origins as a general store.
Multilateral development banks in carbon assets and climate financing in Africa Alfred Bimha
Multilateral development banks play a major role in global climate and carbon financing, including in Africa. The World Bank and African Development Bank administer several funds for climate financing in Africa, such as the Clean Technology Fund, Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, and Pilot Program for Climate Resilience. While these banks have increased climate financing, some challenges remain such as long approval processes, influence of major shareholders over funding conditions, and capacity constraints in many African countries. The future of carbon markets and further climate financing opportunities in Africa will depend on outcomes of international climate negotiations.
International efforts for green house gas emission reduction and climate changeIra Tobing
The document summarizes international efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address climate change through frameworks like the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, Cancun Agreements, and Durban Platform. It discusses key milestones and components of climate agreements including mitigation, adaptation, technology transfer, and financing. The challenges of addressing climate change are also examined, as well as opportunities for reducing emissions through green economic sectors.
This document provides an overview of the international climate finance architecture and opportunities for accessing funds to build water security. It discusses the major climate funds including the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF), the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), the Adaptation Fund (AF), and the emerging Green Climate Fund (GCF). It outlines the objectives, funding amounts, access modalities, project cycles, and criteria for each fund. It concludes by discussing how the Global Water Partnership can maximize opportunities to access these climate finance sources to strengthen climate resilience in the water sector.
Local Solutions for Poverty, Environment, Climate Change, and the MDGs: UNDP’...Poverty Environment Net
This presentation was delivered by Veerle Vandeweerd at the 14th Poverty Environment Partnership meeting in Geneva, Switzerland. www.povertyenvironment.net/pep14
Key lessons for developing Climate Change Financing FrameworksNAP Events
The document discusses developing Climate Change Financing Frameworks (CCFFs) to help close the "adaptation gap" in low-income countries. A CCFF aims to integrate climate change into national planning and budgeting processes by: 1) Calculating how climate change affects the benefits of budget expenditures using "climate change relevance scores"; 2) Reviewing past climate spending trends weighted by these scores; 3) Defining policy options and financing scenarios to reduce the adaptation gap; 4) Estimating the benefits of policies in reducing loss and damage; and 5) Planning institutional changes needed to implement changes to climate policy and financing. The document outlines lessons from applying CCFF approaches in various countries.
Climate finance and cop26 - implications for Tanzania Janet Chapman
The document discusses climate finance and what COP26 means for Tanzania. It provides background on the Paris Agreement and climate finance. The Paris Agreement established a framework for developed countries to provide financial and technical support to developing countries. Climate finance is needed for mitigation and adaptation efforts. The Green Climate Fund is a key multilateral fund that provides climate finance. Tanzania's financial sector development plan aims to strengthen green financing and access to long-term credit for productive sectors. COP26 resulted in agreements to increase climate finance and support for adaptation, phase down coal, and finalize the Paris rulebook to fully implement the Paris Agreement.
Financing and coordination issues are limiting investments in ecosystem restoration projects from being scaled up. Regarding financing, the start-up and maintenance costs of restoration projects are high, and the returns and benefits are uncertain and occur over long timeframes. Coordination is also challenging as it requires organizing diverse stakeholders and linking local restoration projects to global benefits. Recent cases show a trend toward regional and landscape-scale restoration projects that can better align public and private interests and use a variety of financing mechanisms. However, stronger coordination of financing is still needed at regional levels to fully scale up investments in ecosystem restoration.
Adaptation and adaptation finance in the 2015 regime. Presentation by Mizan R. Khan, Dept of Environment Science & Management, North South University, Dhaka
2014 cop20-ccxg-adaptation-side-event-m. mullan and j. corfee-morlotOECD Environment
This document discusses adaptation to climate change in OECD and developing countries. It finds that while adaptation planning has progressed in OECD countries since 2006, data and financing challenges remain. Mainstreaming adaptation financing domestically is increasing but data on needs, spending and impacts is still limited. Prioritizing adaptation strategies in developing countries focuses on stakeholder engagement and expert judgment due to limited cost-benefit analysis. The document calls for a pragmatic approach to measuring adaptation success and improving data on climate risks.
Climate-Related Development Finace in EECCA COUNTRIESOECD Environment
This document summarizes an OECD report on climate-related development finance in Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia countries between 2013-2014. It finds that while significant funds were committed, there were large differences between countries and sectors. Most funds supported the energy sector, while adaptation received less than the global average. It recommends scaling up climate finance from various sources, better mainstreaming climate considerations into development, and improving countries' access and readiness to utilize climate funds.
This document summarizes the background, development, and analysis of the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) and Strategic Action Plan (SAP) for the Black Sea. It describes how the TDA and SAP were created with funding from GEF and other donors to address issues in the Black Sea region under the Bucharest Convention. However, it notes that both the TDA and SAP had weaknesses including limited stakeholder involvement, lack of prioritization and integration into development plans, and delays in implementation. It calls for strengthening the information basis, increasing accountability, and better tying strategies to socioeconomic realities to enhance progress on Black Sea issues.
Advancing the role of the African CSOs in the Administration of GCFAIDA_Americas
Presentation of Collins Otieno, PACJA, during the Session 3 of the GCF Watch international webinar series "Engaging with the GCF in different regions and countries".
Climate finance amoah (ghana)challenges in scaling up cf-ccxg gf-march2014OECD Environment
Ghana faces several institutional challenges to scaling up climate finance, including a lack of coordination between climate change organizations, fragmented donor support, and different reporting systems between donors and implementing agencies. Ghana's climate change governance framework includes many organizations but with unclear roles that has led to uncoordinated activities. International principles for effective climate finance like ownership, alignment, capacity building, and harmonization have only been partially realized according to assessments. Overcoming Ghana's institutional barriers will be important to attract more private sector investment and scale up climate actions.
IWRM in GEF-Supported International Waters and Their Transboundary BasinsIwl Pcu
The Global Environment Facility (GEF) supports projects in developing countries that address issues of international waters and transboundary basins through its International Waters (IW) focal area. The GEF uses a process called Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis and Strategic Action Programme (TDA/SAP) to promote integrated water resources management (IWRM) across basins. This involves joint fact-finding to identify issues, develop a shared vision and priorities, and plan national actions. Recent examples include projects in river basins like the Danube, Niger, and Sao Francisco as well as aquifers like the Guaraní. The GEF also facilitates knowledge sharing between projects through its IW:LEARN program.
"Financing National Adaptation Plans: Options for Implementation" | Day 2NAP Global Network
The document discusses a forum on financing National Adaptation Plans (NAPs). It focused on international public funds for climate adaptation, the landscape of international adaptation finance and the role of NAPs. Country spotlights were provided on Grenada and Malawi that discussed defining priorities for NAP implementation through pipeline development.
NAP Training Viet Nam - Vulnerability and Adapting to Climate ChangeUNDP Climate
This two-day workshop supported the Government of Viet Nam in building the necessary capacity to advance its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process. The workshop closely focused on building National Adaptation Plans in the agricultural sector through multi-stakeholder collaboration, and increased knowledge and capacity on a number of topics including: prioritization of adaptation options, cost-benefit analysis, overview of the broad-based nature of climate change adaption impacts, analysis of challenges, and creation of an open discussion with key stakeholders on defining a road-map for the NAP process. The workshop was delivered using discussions and case studies to enhance interactive learning for participants, with supporting presentations by GiZ and SNV.
The document discusses trends in international climate finance and frameworks for scaling up climate action. It summarizes statistics on growing climate-related overseas development assistance (ODA) from 2001-2012. Key points include: climate-related ODA reached $21 billion annually from 2010-2012 and mostly supports mitigation; over half of climate finance goes to Asia and a quarter to Africa; and funding is concentrated in sectors like energy, agriculture, and water. The document also outlines challenges around capacity, coordination, and financing integrated climate and development strategies.
FPE funded 67 projects worth P40.98 million in the past fiscal year, focusing on large grants and community-led projects in key biodiversity areas. A new 10-year strategic plan was formulated to align goals with conservation targets and double the trust fund size to P60 million annually by 2025. Initiatives included promoting sustainable livelihoods, strengthening partners' financial management, and developing a knowledge management system including an online grants platform. Going forward, FPE will integrate disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation into selected vulnerable sites. The organization aims to be a leader in actions for healthy ecosystems and resilient communities.
Kaleb Hill has over 10 years of experience in automation, electrical engineering, and military communications. He currently works as an Automation/Electrical Engineer at Excel Injection Molding, where he designs and builds automation systems using PLCs, pneumatics, and CAD software. Additionally, he owns and operates Spartan Security Force, where he teaches tactical firearm, survival, and medical courses. Hill holds a Bachelor's degree in Computer Engineering Technology and Electrical Engineering Technology from the University of Southern Mississippi.
This summary provides an overview of the key articles in a local newspaper, including:
- The Anamosa school board accepted bids totaling $10.26 million for renovations to the high school but did not accept a bid for a new practice gym. They plan to fundraise for the gym.
- An eighth grade student from Anamosa will compete in the state geography bee.
- Local health centers assisting with Affordable Care Act sign-ups saw a large increase in clients in the final weeks before the enrollment deadline.
- Coon's Corner grocery store in Oxford Junction has been family-owned and operated for 115 years, retaining aspects of its origins as a general store.
Phoenix Contractors is a general contracting and construction management firm based in Ypsilanti, Michigan that has been in business since 1984. They have completed over 1,400 projects totaling $25-30 million annually. Their services include general contracting, construction management, and design-build. They have experience with a variety of project types including higher education, non-profits, municipal, industrial, commercial, medical, housing, and ecclesiastical. Phoenix prioritizes sustainability and has completed several LEED certified projects.
This short document promotes creating presentations on Haiku Deck and sharing them on SlideShare. It features a stock photo and encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create and share visual presentations.
Surat tersebut mengkonfirmasi penerimaan sumbangan sebesar Rp. [jumlah] yang diberikan untuk membantu korban bencana alam. Surat tersebut juga menyampaikan ucapan terima kasih atas partisipasi sosial donor dalam membantu korban bencana alam.
The document discusses five pillars for implementing countries' intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs): 1) political governance and effective institutions, 2) long-term mitigation strategies, 3) integrated adaptation planning, 4) climate finance frameworks, and 5) measurement, reporting and verification systems. It was presented by Chris Dodwell of Ricardo Energy & Environment, an internationally renowned consultancy focused on environmental challenges, at a COP21 side event.
Como parte da iniciativa Adote uma JSR (adopt-a-jsr) promovida pelo grupo de usuários SouJava, foi realizado via web, um workshop de introdução sobre o projeto ScrumToys. Este projeto é uma pequena aplicação Web implementada com os recursos do JavaServer Faces 2.0 do Java EE 5 que foi incorporada à ferramenta NetBeans para demonstração das diversas funcionalidades do JSF. Neste workshop foram apresentados, ao longo de uma hora e meia, detalhes da arquitetura interna, as principais funcionalidades demonstradas do JSF e como contribuir nas evoluções futuras deste projeto. Gravação deste workshop está disponível no Youtube (http://bit.ly/XoVjP2)
This document discusses the need for marketing accountability and outlines steps to implement it. It notes that few marketers define clear objectives for campaigns, spend time on media strategy, or generate positive ROI. Marketers are seen as unfocused and irresponsible by CEOs. The document advocates demonstrating financial ROI, being business savvy, setting KPIs, measuring performance, and learning skills to sustain accountability. It provides examples of companies with aligned marketing and sales outperforming others and lists 6 steps to implement accountability, including defining goals and metrics and setting up governance. The overall message is that accountability is needed for marketing to be an effective business driver.
The document provides instructions for programming frequencies on the AN/PRC-148 MBITR radio in 7 steps: turning the radio on, accessing the program mode, navigating to the radio configuration screen, selecting the current frequency, using arrow keys to move the cursor and change numbers to input a new frequency, saving the new frequency, and returning to the default display screen.
This document discusses component-driven web development and HTML5 Web Components. It defines what components are and their characteristics of being independent, composable, and deployable. It explains how to break a web page into reusable components and represent them as a tree structure. It also covers different types of components, data flow patterns like two-way binding and Flux, and emerging HTML5 Web Component standards like templates, imports, shadow DOM, and custom elements to build encapsulated and reusable components.
This document discusses climate financing and its implications for Africa's transformation. It provides background on Africa's vulnerability to climate change and reviews various sources of international climate finance including dedicated funds under the UNFCCC as well as regional and bilateral sources. It examines different modalities for accessing funds and notes that while direct national access is encouraged, many African countries still rely on intermediaries due to capacity limitations. Absorbing available climate finance effectively also remains a challenge for Africa.
This document discusses financing options to support a global deal on climate change at the upcoming UN climate conference (COP15) in Copenhagen. It proposes six areas where financial sector involvement could be enhanced: 1) Reducing risks of low-carbon investments in developing countries through mechanisms like debt guarantees. 2) Improving carbon markets and mechanisms like the CDM. 3) Establishing funds for low-carbon technology development and deployment. 4) Creating an international carbon insurance vehicle. 5) Enabling more investment in low-carbon buildings. 6) Expanding insurance mechanisms for climate change adaptation. The document argues that an ambitious global agreement is needed to provide incentives for the private sector to finance long-term mitigation and adaptation activities.
This document discusses several issues related to the governance of financial transfers from developed to developing countries for climate mitigation and adaptation. It addresses debates around transparency, accountability, representation of indigenous peoples and civil society engagement in decision making processes. Ensuring these groups can participate fully and have their concerns addressed is important for the legitimacy and justice of the governance systems that oversee international climate funds. Representation of women and vulnerable communities must also be considered to equitably allocate resources.
Climate finance kato(oecd) finance in 2015 agreement-ccxg gf sep2014OECD Environment
This document outlines a discussion on how the 2015 climate agreement could mobilize climate finance. It identifies four ways the agreement could contribute: 1) strengthening international institutional arrangements, 2) enhancing enabling environments in recipient countries, 3) supporting the use of a full range of financial instruments, and 4) elaborating and broadening measurement, reporting and verification systems. Specific options discussed for the agreement include encouraging coordination and information sharing, as well as addressing issues like definitions, tracking private finance, and building capacity for monitoring progress. The goal is for the agreement to indirectly facilitate scaling up climate finance through long-term shifts toward green financial flows.
The IPCC report includes a chapter dedicated to climate finance that addresses key issues. It estimates total annual climate finance for mitigation and adaptation from 2010-2012 was $343-385 billion, with $39-120 billion flowing to developing countries. Private funding for climate projects faces more challenges than public funding. Future pathways for effective climate finance include agreed definitions, scaling up private sector engagement, supporting national ownership, prioritizing adaptation in the most vulnerable countries, streamlining institutions to reduce fragmentation, and establishing frameworks to evaluate project effectiveness.
Global Environmental Facility Bridging climate and biodiversitySIANI
On Thursday November 4th, 2010 SIANI convened a public seminar to discuss the complex issue of climate change and the linkage between the process behind the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) and the preparations for the next round of UNFCCC negotiations on climate change impact in Cancun.
The NCD road map: Implementing the four commiments of the natural capital de...Dr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes a report on implementing the commitments of the Natural Capital Declaration (NCD) through a roadmap. It discusses four key points: 1) Natural capital issues can pose material risks for financial institutions; 2) The NCD roadmap marks the start of implementing the NCD's commitments; 3) The core objectives of the NCD's next phase are to stimulate progress, develop tools to integrate natural capital, and increase signatories; 4) Mainstreaming natural capital requires showing both risks and opportunities for business.
This document discusses sources and types of climate financing mechanisms. It outlines key messages on climate finance including the need to address how much funding is required and where it will come from. It then provides an overview of existing global funding mechanisms like the Global Environmental Facility and Adaptation Fund. It also discusses sources of climate finance including private, public, and multilateral sources. The document outlines instruments used to disburse funds like loans, equity, and grants. It notes that most financing supports mitigation efforts while a smaller portion goes to adaptation. Innovative means to leverage more funds are also proposed.
This document provides an overview and analysis of climate finance in the context of the COP21 climate negotiations in Paris. It discusses the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) submitted by countries, which outline climate actions and support needs. The document estimates total climate finance flows and finds a large gap between developing country needs expressed in INDCs and projected public climate funds. It analyzes sectors and actions mentioned in INDCs and discusses opportunities to scale up investment from private and institutional investors. The document concludes more work is needed to link INDCs to concrete finance pathways and mobilize broader markets beyond traditional public sources of climate finance.
Climate Finance in and between Developing Countries: An Emerging Opportunity ...Graciela Mariani
Abstract:
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) negotiations are evolving to reflect changes in national and global economic circumstances. However, this shift has been far smaller in the critical issue of climate finance, which remains too mired in an increasingly antiquated North–South, developed–developing country dichotomy. This inertia poses a serious threat to our ability to mobilize the finance required to meet the climate challenge, and could hamstring the new climate agreement countries are seeking. However, an important new trend can help move this discussion forward: the rise of climate finance within and among developing countries. Far from diminishing the need for developed countries to increase their support for mitigation and adaptation in developing countries, so-called ‘South-South Climate Finance’ (SSCF) can help unlock much needed additional resources for the climate challenge. This article provides an initial mapping of SSCF and argues that: (1) the emergence of SSCF offers countries an opportunity to mobilize additional climate finance, including through multilateral development banks (MDBs); and (2) parties to the UNFCCC should track and foster the role of SSCF so as to more effectively align it with ‘traditional’ climate finance that flows from developed to developing countries.
General Assembly: Innovative Mechanisms of Financing for Development Report o...Dr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes a United Nations report on innovative financing mechanisms for development. It finds that existing mechanisms have raised between $37-60 billion, though estimates vary depending on what is considered an innovative mechanism. Most funds have gone to climate change and health. While some funds are additional to official development assistance, others transit official channels and are reported as ODA. The report examines the contributions and potential of these mechanisms for achieving development goals and implications for aid effectiveness.
Remarks at the IDFC meeting Paris 31 March 2015Dr Lendy Spires
The UN Assistant Secretary-General outlined the UN Secretary-General's strategy for mobilizing climate finance ahead of the Paris climate negotiations in December 2015. The strategy focuses on delivering five essential elements: 1) Developed countries providing $100B annually by 2020, 2) The Green Climate Fund approving projects and disbursing funds, 3) Support for economic drivers of low-carbon growth, 4) Delivery of private sector finance commitments from the 2014 UN Climate Summit, and 5) A finance package for least developed and small island developing states. The Assistant Secretary-General urged representatives of development finance institutions to show leadership in moving the world to a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy.
Liane Schalatek_Climate Financing in the MENA Region - How Gender-Responsive ...hbs_Palestine_Jordan
This document discusses climate financing and its gender responsiveness in the MENA region. It provides an overview of global climate financing sources and amounts pledged vs. deposited vs. approved vs. disbursed. It also summarizes dedicated adaptation finance instruments and how much funding has been approved and disbursed for adaptation projects in the MENA region from 2003-2012. Overall, it finds that climate financing has not systematically considered gender and women have generally not benefitted, though some funds now have some gender dimensions.
This document summarizes interviews conducted with 26 stakeholders involved in international climate finance. Three key pre-conditions for effective climate finance were identified: 1) Mainstreaming climate change into development planning, budgeting and cooperation; 2) Establishing national transparency and accountability systems; and 3) Building capacity and stakeholder engagement. While recipients, providers, and supporters recognized these pre-conditions, views varied on issues like the use of country systems and the role of national climate funds. Overall, the interviews revealed both shared understandings and differences in priorities among stakeholders regarding how to deliver international climate finance most effectively.
Oxford-NRDC workshop. Memo. What has been said in the UNFCCCPriyanka DeSouza
This document summarizes statements from UNFCCC parties and observers regarding subnational and non-state actions, multi-stakeholder alliances, and other international cooperative initiatives in the UNFCCC process. It finds that discussion of these topics is growing, with parties and observers largely positive toward such actions but providing few details. It also notes that parties emphasize subnational actions must not substitute for or contribute to national commitments, and must not impose new obligations on developing countries. The document reviews statements from various parties and observers and includes two appendices, one listing relevant quotes and one containing the ADP co-chairs' draft text on subnational actions.
This case study analyzes Mizuho Bank's green project financing of a natural gas development project in Indonesia. Mizuho adopted the Equator Principles to fully assess the social and environmental risks. It required the borrower to mitigate risks and committed to environmental protection in the financing contract. More broadly, Mizuho promotes green credit, innovates green financing products, and supports carbon trading to improve the environment. It provides lower interest financing to green projects and assesses customer environmental performance to encourage sustainability.
Financial Institutions Taking Action on Climate ChangeDr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes various ways that financial institutions are demonstrating leadership on climate change across six areas: 1) low carbon and energy efficiency finance, 2) emissions reducing finance, 3) adaptation finance, 4) measurement and transparency, 5) company engagement, and 6) policy engagement. It provides examples of actions financial institutions are taking in each area and how they are contributing to a low carbon transition. The document argues that further action is needed from both governments and financial institutions to mainstream these leadership actions more broadly.
Transparency of support: Tracking financial resources received, by Sara MoarifOECD Environment
This document discusses transparency of financial support received for climate change activities. It outlines how information on support received is currently requested under the UNFCCC to track climate finance flows and ensure funds are used effectively. However, reporting remains challenging due to limited guidance, difficulties setting up domestic tracking systems, and limited connections to existing systems. While most relevant for domestic policymaking, tracking climate finance inflows can help with coordination, accountability, and planning. Main challenges include lack of donor coordination, funds not channeled through central governments, and limited use of national tracking systems. Countries are working to improve systems using tools like climate budget tagging and special climate funds.
Transparency of support: Tracking financial resources received, by Sara Moarif
Reflection 1
1. ICCG Think Tank Map: a worldwide observatory on climate think tanks
MULTILATERAL CLIMATE FUNDS AND
THEIR EFFECTIVENESS: KEY LESSONS
FOR THE GREEN CLIMATE FUND
Sabina Potestio, ICCG
2. Multilateral climate funds and their effectiveness: key lessons for the
Green Climate Fund
ICCG Reflection No. 25/July 2014
1
Multilateral Climate Funds and their Effectiveness:
Key Lessons for the Green Climate Fund
Sabina Potestio (ICCG)
Abstract
In 2010 the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) decided to establish a new financial initiative, the Green Climate Fund
(GCF), with the intention of catalysing new additional funds for the most vulnerable countries in
order to help them mitigate and adapt to global warming. To date, this fund is not yet been fully
operational and many issues concerning governance, allocation of resources have yet to be
solved. For this purpose, a brief review of the literature on the effectiveness of multilateral funds
and, in particular, of two of the UNFCCC funds, is provided as food for reflection on important
policy lessons that can be learnt from previous successful experiences within climate finance.
3. Multilateral climate funds and their effectiveness: key lessons for the
Green Climate Fund
ICCG Reflection No. 25/July 2014
2
Introduction
Over the decades, risks due to climate change and exposure to them have risen dramatically as
affecting entire populations around the world. These effects have been felt across different sectors,
which range from human health to agriculture and water resources. As has often been pointed out
by scholars and the international community, the developing countries and, in particular, the Least
Developed Countries (LDC’s), are the ones that run the greatest risks while lacking the necessary
economic resources to effectively mitigate and adapt to our changing environment. This pervasive
exposure of vulnerable populations raises serious questions of responsibility, fairness and
governance1.
For this reason, various climate funds have been set up by regional, national and international
actors to transfer public and private resources from North to South by supporting mitigation and
adaptation activities. Climate finance may therefore be thought of as capital flows targeting low-
carbon and climate-resilient development with direct or indirect greenhouse gas mitigation or
adaptation objectives/outcomes2. Article 4.3 of The United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) outlines clear commitments for the developed country Parties to meet
the full costs incurred by developing country Parties by providing new and additional financial
resources3. The Parties to the UNFCCC have, in fact, set up a financial mechanism which aims at
providing the necessary financial resources, on a grant or concessional basis, in order to help the
most vulnerable populations to make the transition to low-carbon growth and to reduce the
adverse impacts of climate change.
The operation of the financial mechanism is entrusted to the Global Environment Facility, a
partnership of 183 countries that has co-financed 3,690 projects in 165 developing countries4
focusing on both mitigation and adaptation activities and which administers the Global
Environment Facility Trust Fund (GEF), which was established in 1991. In addition, the Parties to the
UNFCCC have established, over the years, special climate funds with the aim of providing
guidance for the Global Environment Facility. Among these is the Adaptation Fund (AF) and the
Green Climate Fund (GCF). The Adaptation Fund (AF), established in 2009, finances adaptation
projects and programmes under the Kyoto Protocol and is also administered by the Global
Environment Facility. The Green Climate Fund (GCF) was established in 2010 but is not yet fully
operational.
Here a brief review of the literature on the effectiveness of multilateral funds and of the two
UNFCCC funds (the GEF and the AF) mentioned above is provided, with the objective of reflecting
on important policy lessons which may be transferred to the newly established Green Climate Fund.
With limited public resources and expenditures it becomes crucial to understand what is working or
not and what can be done to improve the effectiveness of climate finance.
The Green Climate Fund
The Green Climate Fund (GCF) was established as an operating entity of the financial mechanism
in Cancun, Mexico, during the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the
United Nations Framework Convention (UNFCCC) by decision 1/CP 16. The objective was to create
a fund which would make an important and ambitious contribution to the global efforts towards
achieving the goals set by the international community to combat climate change and to play a
key role in channelling new, additional, adequate and predictable financial resources to
1 Adder and Nicholson-Cole, 2011
2 Buchner et al, 2013
3 http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1362.php
4 http://thegef.org/gef/whatisgef
4. Multilateral climate funds and their effectiveness: key lessons for the
Green Climate Fund
ICCG Reflection No. 25/July 2014
3
developing countries5. The Green Climate Fund addresses both mitigation and adaptation issues
giving access to resources on a geographical balance and by adopting a gender-sensitive
approach. The fund’s work is guided by transparency and by an equal representation of
developing and developed country Parties throughout the decision-making process and is
governed by a Board of 24 members, and by a Secretariat and a Trustee which are under the
supervision of the Board.
The aim of the Green Climate Fund is to disburse funds for projects and programmes both for the
public and private sector (the latter through the Private Sector Facility) and offers two types of
financial instruments: grants and concessional loans. Grants require no repayment while
concessional loans come either with zero per cent interest rates or at interest rates which have yet
to be determined. The submission and approval process of projects and programmes includes the
accreditation of Implementing Entities (IEs), Executing Entities (EEs) and Intermediaries. IEs submits
funding proposals and oversee the approved activity from its inception to its conclusion,
Intermediaries are in charge of transferring funds from the GCF to EEs while EEs receive the funds
and manage and administer the projects6
The GCF will formally begin to operate as soon as it will be capitalised and as soon as the eight
essential operational modalities are implemented. For this purpose, from the 18th to the 21st of May,
the Green Climate Fund Board met in Songdo, Republic of Korea, to discuss important decisions to
finalise its rules and procedures and start mobilising significant funds to tackle climate-related issues.
These included the initial results management framework, the initial process of proposal approval,
the guiding framework and procedures for accrediting national, regional and international entities
and intermediaries for implementation, the financial risk management and investment frameworks
and the structure of the GCF and its Private Sector Facility.
Although the GCF’s Board, during this last meeting, successfully reached, important agreements
on the essential requirements for the fund to become fully operational, various key aspects have to
be clarified and resolved for the Green Climate Fund to ultimately achieve its goal. These revolve
around the leveraging, managing and disbursing of its financial resources. In addition to this, the
objective of the fund to raise $100 billion per year by 2020 has yet to be achieved, since only a
small part of this sum has been pledged and transferred from the developed country Parties to
support the Board’s decisions.
The effectiveness of multilateral climate funds
The first group of articles reviewed here deal with the effectiveness of multilateral climate funds in
general. Two of these, in particular, make a rigorous analysis of the governance aspects of climate
finance. These are A Human Rights-based Approach to Climate Finance by Johl and Lador (2012)
and Beyond the Jargon: the Governance of Climate Finance edited by Dubosse and Calland
(2011). These highlight how many global funds have failed to realise democratic governance and
how the governance of climate finance has crucial implications for human rights. A ‘good’
governance system, they point out, depends on principles and practices of transparency and
accountability, disclosure of information7 and equity concerns. In addition, the core design
elements on which global funds should focus include ownership of authority, public participation,
structures, mandate, membership and representation8. In particular Johl and Lador stress the
importance of public participation in the decision-making process which directly affects the
5 http://gcfund.org/about-the-fund/mandate-and-governance.html
6 http://globalccsinstitute.com/insights/authors/MarkBonner/2014/05/22/green-climate-fund-progress---“road-
paris”-new-york?author=NzU3
7 Dubosse and Calland, 2011
8 Dubosse and Calland, 2011
5. Multilateral climate funds and their effectiveness: key lessons for the
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ICCG Reflection No. 25/July 2014
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legitimacy of climate funds; and the need for climate finance to take into account certain
vulnerable groups so as to address rather than to exacerbate inequities9
On the other hand, in articles such as The effectiveness of international climate finance by
Nakhooda (2013), Going beyond aid effectiveness to guide the delivery of climate finance by Bird
and Glennie (2011) and Improving the effectiveness of climate finance: key lessons by Chaum et al
(2011), the focus shifts from an analysis solely of governance analysis to one centred also on
outcomes of climate financing and what important key lessons may be used to guide the
allocation of climate resources. In the article by Nakhooda, for instance, the effectiveness of
climate funds is assessed by considering its driving objectives, the range of instruments it offers and
the extent to which these objectives are attained. This is analysed by looking at effective spending
and effectiveness of outcomes. As concerns the effectiveness of spending, the article highlights,
among the other things, the importance of transparency of operations, the efficiency of the
decision-making process, the provisions for stakeholder participation, the gap between pledged
and deposited resources, the extent to which funds are managed by national institutions and the
key elements of the results framework of the fund10. As for the effectiveness of outcomes, the article
points out the role of the fund in working at a diversity of scales; strengthening and enabling the
recipient country’s regulatory and political environments; catalysing action by diverse actors,
especially the private one; supporting innovation and fostering national ownership11.
In the paper edited by Bird and Glennie, the authors examine the possibility of using the aid
effectiveness framework to steer climate finance so that it may lead to effective, efficient and
equitable outcomes. Although aid and climate finance are substantially different under various
aspects, important principles of aid effectiveness may be transferred to climate finance. In practice
these concern two areas: country allocation decisions and choosing from among funding
modalities12. Regarding country allocation, it is important to distinguish between different country
contexts and the development of a coordinated approach for climate finance delivery by taking
into consideration the timeliness and appropriateness of disbursement of resources. As for funding
modalities, the authors stress the need to accelerate current efforts of integrating climate finance
with national development spending and the importance of establishing the principle of
complementarity as an important guiding principle which will allow for a differentiation between
development and adaptation spending13.
In the article by Chaum et al, the authors illustrate how climate finance may be enhanced and
made more effective by learning from previous best practices. According to them, climate finance
may become more effective if clear objectives are shared among stakeholders; it supports
activities that have a powerful transformative effect; it promotes a balance between public and
private finance; the projects and programmes it funds incorporate a results-based approach; it
considers cost-effectiveness and funding is predictable and less fragmented14.
The second group of articles analyses the effectiveness of two UNFCCC funds: the Global
Environment Facility and the Adaptation Fund. The paper by Nakhooda (2013), The effectiveness of
climate finance: a review of the Global Environment Facility, a recent study on the performance of
the GEF, and provides an overall picture of this fund’s work highlighting its strengths and
weaknesses. As for its governance aspects, the GEF is a networked institution with multiple and
diverse lines of accountability to the GEF council and Assembly, the UNFCCC COP, and its partner
agencies. It has also established a secretariat to respond to the different needs of different
stakeholders. Both developing and developed countries are equally represented although
9 Johl and Lador, 2012
10 Nakhooda, 2013
11 Ibid.
12 Bird and Glennie, 2011
13 Ibid.
14 Chaum et al, 2011
6. Multilateral climate funds and their effectiveness: key lessons for the
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ICCG Reflection No. 25/July 2014
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contributor countries exercise influence through replenishment negotiations15. NGOs are actively
involved and represented within the GEF through a network which also includes only three
representatives from Indigenous Peoples’ organizations, reflecting an as yet poor representation of
civil society. The fund’s work is highly transparent as all documents regarding project finance are
publicly available on the fund’s website. With regard to its investment strategy and allocation, the
GEF is one of the few funds to have a formal criteria-based approach for the allocation of
resources. In particular the GEF uses a System for Transparent Allocation of Resources (STAR)
weighted to reflect the additional funding needed in the poorer countries16. On the other hand,
the GEF does not provide detailed reports on the status of disbursement of funds for project
implementation. Regarding scale, the fund has supported a variety of projects of different sizes and
has engaged with local institutions to formulate investment strategies while also playing an
important role in enabling environments by improving governance and underlying policies in the
recipient countries. Moreover, the monitoring and evaluation process has proven to be quite
effective since it has set up standardised tools to account for GHG emissions reductions. Strictly in
terms of the outcomes of its spending, the GEF has been relatively successful in leveraging
additional investments but has struggled to engage proactively with the private sector due to slow
funding processes. However, the level of success in technological innovation has been strong for
the support of the fund during its early stages, and these technologies have spurred further
investments.
The GEF’s performance is also evaluated in a Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) report by Buchner et al
(2012), in which the authors assess the fund’s criteria for the appraisal, monitoring and evaluation of
projects and programmes. Of particular interest is the reflection on evaluations, which, as the
authors point out, are still heavily dependent on written material and third party assessments17 and
cannot give a realistic and meaningful picture of outcomes. Hence, evaluation assessments should
rely more on fieldwork and national and stakeholder engagement18. The establishment of a
knowledge management officer, though, may improve the dissemination of important lessons and
evaluation findings.
Another interesting paper on the performance of the GEF’s work is edited by Mohner and Klein
(2007), entitled The Global Environment Facility: funding for adaptation or adapting to funds. Here
the authors assess the responsiveness of the existing financial instruments to the adaptation needs
of developing countries by measuring adherence to COP guidance with such indicators as priority
activities, eligibility criteria and disbursement criteria. The main conclusion is that the GEF does not
adequately respond to the adaptation needs of developing countries due to its complex design
and its relationship with the COP. Concerning priority activities and eligibility, for instance, the COP
should give more explicit guidance to the fund by better distinguishing between adaptation and
mitigation activities in the different stages of the fund’s work. As for disbursement, the fund has
created the concept of additional costs, although the programming papers do not specify how
the actual amount is calculated19.
As concerns the evaluation of the effectiveness of the Adaptation Fund’s work, two papers seem
worth reviewing: The effectiveness of climate finance: a review of the Adaptation Fund by Trujillo
and Nakhooda (2013) and Direct Access to the Adaptation Fund: realising the potential of National
Implementing Entities by Brown et al (2010). The former one analyses the AF’s work, from resource
mobilisation to national ownership and sustainability. From a governance perspective, the authors
highlight the fact that the fund gives developing countries a formal voting majority in the decision-
making process although the civil society and the private sector are not actively engaged. As for its
investment strategy and allocation criteria, the AF’s objective was to prioritise the needs of the
more vulnerable countries, but the principle has not yet been made operational, and thus,
15 Nakhooda, 2013
16 Ibid.
17 Buchner et al 2012
18 Ibid.
19 Mohner and Klein, 2013
7. Multilateral climate funds and their effectiveness: key lessons for the
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resources are for the moment being allocated on a first-come first-serve basis. Of the approved
financing, only 30% has been disbursed and, as the authors state, information contained in the
Implementing Entities’ annual reports on project performance could easily and usefully expanded
to include fund- level financial reporting20. Furthermore, the monitoring and evaluation of projects is
based on a basic results framework (strongly focused on outputs and adaptive capacity),
established before the funding of these projects which has helped give strategic focus to the
programs. In addition, the AF secretariat itself provides a useful analysis of the progress made and
challenges faced throughout implementation. Strictly in terms of outcomes, the authors describe
how the fund includes in all programs a sub-national focus and seeks to engage sub-national
institutions. Finally, the AF has made an increasing effort to ensure that proposals are well-aligned
with national policies and priorities by making it mandatory for these to document the fact that
they are building on existing national strategies21.
The second article reflects on the potential of National Implementing Entities in enhancing direct
access to funding from the AF. As Brown et al explain, as a first step more emphasis needs to be
placed on overcoming national capacity constraints by focusing on capacity building and
avoiding reliance on multilateral implementing agencies. A positive initiative of the Board has been
to engage bilateral and multilateral agencies to pool their resources for capacity building in the
recipient countries22.
To conclude, an interesting analysis on climate finance and its effectiveness is to be found in the
sixteenth chapter of the recent IPCC report by Working Group III, which provides a comprehensive
overview of cross-cutting investment and finance issues ranging from the scale of financing at the
national, regional and international level to the need for pooling further economic resources to
invest in mitigation and adaptation activities; the role of the public sector in enabling environments
and reducing investment risks so as to unlock private investments and highlighting the existing
synergies and tradeoffs between mitigation and adaptation investments. The authors focus on the
available literature and research to underline the need to fill the gaps in knowledge and data
which are essential for a more effective and efficient use of economic resources. These include the
lack of well-defined concepts; limited availability of quantitative data and of accounting systems;
limited research on the effectiveness of climate finance in general and on the optimal mix
between mitigation and adaptation23.
Discussion and conclusion
Reviewing the literature on the effectiveness of international multilateral funds and that on the two
UNFCCC funds (the Global Environment Facility Trust Fund and the Adaptation Fund) provides
some useful insights on important lessons for the newly established Green Climate Fund that may be
learnt from previous successful and unsuccessful experiences in climate finance. As described in
the second section, the GEF is, in fact, not fully operational, and many issues remain unresolved
and frequently debated within the international community. As for the governance aspect, a
crucial point which has been stressed concerns the role of the civil society, the engagement of
NGO’s, and transparency in the fund’s decision-making process. Although the fund has established
the engagement of the civil society as one of its guiding principles and has laid out basic
arrangements for the accreditation of observer participation, so far the participation of the civil
society and of NGO’s has been poor. As a new financial initiative, the fund should then
concentrate on this aspect which is crucial for making it accountable to those it is designed to
support. An interesting experience, for instance, has been the GEF’s construction of an NGO
20 Trujillo and Nakhooda, 2013
21 Ibid.
22 Brown et al, 2010
23 Gupta et al. 2014
8. Multilateral climate funds and their effectiveness: key lessons for the
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ICCG Reflection No. 25/July 2014
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network which also comprises three Indigenous Peoples’ representatives. Regarding transparency,
an important lesson may be learnt from the GEF, which, as we have seen, publishes on its website
all its documents related to project finance. This could be put into practice by the GCF once it
starts mobilizing resources in order to give its work a high level of transparency.
With regard to its investment strategy and allocation of resources, the GCF has discussed an initial
proposal for an approval process and criteria for programme and project funding but should try to
avoid what happened for the AF, which failed in its initial objective of prioritising the most
vulnerable countries, ultimately allocating resources on a first come, first-serve basis. Funding
projects and programmes in the most vulnerable countries, though, should also take into
consideration efficiency principles and the GCF must focus on strengthening the capacity of
recipient countries to keep investment strategies on track by, among the other things, providing
them with guidance on what is intended as adaptation activities and clearly distinguishing these
from mitigation projects.
As concerns resource mobilization, an important debate has been of whether to engage private
sector finance and to leverage additional funding. Slow funding processes should be avoided
while strong support should be given in the early stages of funding so as to lower risk and spur
additional investments. Another important aspect is that of direct access and National
Implementing Entities. As highlighted in the analysis of the effectiveness of the AF, for example, a
positive initiative has been that of trying to overcome national capacity constraints in directly
accessing financial resources by engaging bilateral and multilateral agencies to pool resources for
capacity building in the recipient countries.
In regard to outcomes, as we have pointed out, scale, enablement of environments and national
ownership are crucial. For the GCF to be successful, it should be expressly designed to support
different-sized projects and not to exclude sub-national level activity. Moreover, as we have shown,
the enablement of underlying policies and regulations decreases risk and allows smooth
implementation of projects while alignment with national priorities makes it possible to meet
national developmental needs. Finally, of particular interest is the reflection on project evaluation.
As soon as the GCF starts mobilising substantial resources, an important aspect will be that of
evaluating of outcomes, and this should rely not only on third-party assessments but also on
fieldwork and national engagement.
References
Adder, W.N., and Nicholson-Cole, S. (2011). “Ethical dimensions of adapting to climate change-
imposed risks”. In Arnold, D.G. (Ed.), “The ethics of global climate change”. New York: Cambridge
University Press pp 255-271.
Bird, N., and Glennie, J. (2011). “Going beyond aid effectiveness to guide the delivery of climate
finance”. Overseas Development Institute (ODI). Background Note August 2011.
Bonner, M. (2014). “Green Climate Fund progress- on the road to Paris via New York”. Retrieved
from http://globalccsinstitute.com/insights/authors/MarkBonner/2014/05/22/green-climate-fund-
progress---“road-paris”-new-york?author=NzU3
Brown, J., Bird, N. and Schalatek, L. (2010). “Direct access to the Adaptation Fund: realising the
potential of National Implementing Entities”. Overseas Development Institute (ODI). Climate
Finance Policy Brief No. 3.
9. Multilateral climate funds and their effectiveness: key lessons for the
Green Climate Fund
ICCG Reflection No. 25/July 2014
8
Buchner, B., Falconer, A., Trabacchi, C., and Wilkinson, J. (2012). “Public climate finance: a survey
of systems to monitor and evaluate climate finance effectiveness”. Climate Policy Initiative Report.
Buchner, B., Herve-Mignucci, M., Trabacchi, C., Wilkinson, J., Stadelmann, M., Boyd, R., Mazza, F.,
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