This background paper analyzed reducing inequality in Brazil. Key points: - Brazil has high income inequality, with a 40% gap between rich and poor. Inequality impacts the political and economic environment. - Sources of economic growth include commodities and tourism. Business growth comes from sectors like oil and tourism. However, inequality presents challenges. - A PESTEL analysis found political instability, corruption, high crime, gender/ethnic inequality, weak laws, and tensions between government and society. - Recommendations include tougher anti-corruption laws, higher taxes on the rich to fund subsidies for the poor, to gradually reduce inequality over time.

1. Reducing
Inequality
In Brazil
Background paper
356SAM Globalisation and Emerging Markets
By: Yordan Dimitrov
SID: 5446890
Word count: 2253

2. 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1| INEQUALITY IN BRAZIL........................................................................................................................................ 3
1.1| INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................................................3
2| SOURCES OF GROWTH........................................................................................................................................ 3
2.1 SOURCES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH ........................................................................................................................................3
2.2 SOURCES OF BUSINESS GROWTH ..........................................................................................................................................4
3| ANALYSIS OF CHALLENGES.................................................................................................................................. 4
3.1 POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT...................................................................................................................................................4
3.2 ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT.................................................................................................................................................5
3.3 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT ......................................................................................................................................................6
3.4 TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT..........................................................................................................................................7
3.5 ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................................................7
3.6 LEGAL ENVIRONMENT........................................................................................................................................................7
4| CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................................. 8
REFERENCE LIST...................................................................................................................................................... 9
FURTHER READING................................................................................................................................................................14

3. 3
1| Inequality in Brazil
1.1| Introduction
This background paper will focus on reducing inequality in one of the “BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and
China)” (O'neill 2001) states – Brazil. Inequality has been defined as “the state of not being equal,
especially in status, rights, and opportunities” by the United Nations (2015). At present, there is a
40% gap (World Bank Poverty & Equality Portal 2018) between high income level earners and people
living in poverty. In terms of inequality, Brazil is placed is the second highest within the BRIC countries
(Góes and Karpowicz 2017) followed by South Africa (Oxfam International 2013).
The incentive for researching this topic originated from the Summer Olympic games in Rio 2016
(International Olympic Committee 2016), where the media’s focus was divided between coverage of
the event and the economic and political instability within the country. The extensive coverage
restated importance of analysing ways of reducing inequality within the empirical context of Brazil.
Research by Neckerman & Torche (2007), Wilson & Picket (2011), Dabla-Norris et al. (2015) and
Mendes (2015) done prior to the games explored the consequences of inequality. However, their
research did not analyse income inequality following the high-profile event. Thereby, this identified
a research gap that this background paper aims to explore.
This background paper would look into reducing income inequality within the BRIC economy through
analysing the sources of growth, making a direct comparison between government and society actors
and proposing suitable solutions.
2| Sources of growth
This section is going to define the sources of economic and business growth for Brazil in order to
identify the strengths of the BRIC state and set the scene for the analytical part of the background
paper.
2.1 Sources of economic growth
Brazil’s economic growth depends highly on heavy industries (Reuters 2017) and the economy is
considered a top exporter of key commodities such as oil, sugar, soybeans, corn and iron ore
(Bloomberg 2018). Furthermore, data from Euromonitor International’s National Resources report
(2017a) indicates “agricultural exports accounted for 38.0% of total goods exports in 2016”. The
report credits Brazil as the “largest energy consumer in Latin America with 38.6% of the total oil
share” and predicts a further growth with a focus on sustainable strategy aiming to deliver 45% of
energy from renewable resources by 2030 (Euromonitor International 2017a). Since the Olympic
games in Rio, the economy has seen year-on-year economy advance of 2.1 % (Trading Economics
2018) which indicates the event had positive impact on the economy. However, according to the
Emerging Markets Forum (2016) “Economic growth alone is not sufficient to improve people’s
wellbeing, to give equal opportunity for all, or to ensure the possibility of future growth and stability”.
Economic growth and its effectiveness in reducing inequality has been explored by Cingano (2014),
who suggested there is a direct correlation between inequality and opportunities for long term
development.

4. 4
2.2 Sources of business growth
Whilst economic factors indicate strong commodity sector, business growth derives from tourism
(Frenzel et al. 2015). According to the country profile report by Euromonitor International (2018) the
sector makes up 72.1% of GDP, implying the importance of the service. The report is backed up by
the legacy report from the International Olympic Committee (2016). Both sources suggest the games
in Rio boosted tourism by further 10% from the previous year. Key companies outside tourism include
the state-owned Petrobras, which exports oil and accounts for 13% of the total GDP (Petrobras 2018)
which reinstates the importance of the sector. Additionally, according to the United Nations’ World
Investment Report (2017), investment from Brazilian investors outside the country has declined from
$3 billion to a net divestment of $12 billion meaning that Brazilian investors are reducing investments
outside the economy. This in essence indicates an increase in investor confidence and potential rise
in domestic investment. As a BRICS economy, Brazil could offer foreign and local businesses
opportunities for economies of scale through affordable labour force and a large population. The
207.7 million inhabitants (The World Bank 2017) are the third largest market (Statista 2018) within
the BRICS countries, thereby offer opportunities for investment scalability and growth. Domestic
business growth is pivotal to the reduction of inequality and specifically income inequality as
companies stimulate growth and development (Moen et al. 2015) and provide further tax income for
the government which could be used for social as well as infrastructure projects. Thereby reducing
inequality.
The two sub-sections indicated opportunities for gradual reduction in income inequality through
internal improvements such as generating economies of scale and focusing the government’s efforts
on sustainability. Whilst Brazil’s potential economic and business growth are visible, there are a
number of challenges within the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal
environments that are going to be further explored through the analytical part of this background
paper. The section will represent each environmental factor within the context of the Rio Olympics
and income inequality.
3| Analysis of challenges
According to Morrison (2017), actors are individuals, groups or society that influence or are
influenced by an organisation’s actions through a direct or indirect manner. Through the use of
PESTEL analysis, this section aims to deliver critical evaluation of the Brazilian environment. Thereby,
identifying key challenges from the perspective of two different actors – government and society.
3.1 Political Environment
Brazil’s political situation been described as “uncertain” by Kelly et al. (2015). Their research looks at
the value of uncertainty and suggests that it has negative effects on the economy and business
growth (as described in section two). According to Beauchamp (2016) in the year of the Olympics,
352 out of 594 members of congress were under investigation for corruption charges and the
president was threatened with impeachment. Corruption is a key problematic factor that has a direct
link with income inequality and result in further increase in the gap and tension between government
and society actors. Corruption continues to have a negative impact the relationship between the two
actors as society loses trust in government authorities. Indication of political uncertainty and a
historical clash between the two actors would be the most recent street protest in 2013 when over

5. 5
one million people marched against a 20-centavo (nine-cent) increase in bus fare prices (The
Economist 2013). The protests were followed by the Petrobras scandal where the largest contributor
to the country’s GDP (previously discussed in section two) “suffered R$21.6bn net loss due to
corruption” (Raval and Leahy 2016). The two examples indicate political instability and are key to
understanding the challenges facing the South American country. The two events were closely linked
as government had failed to monitor Petrobras, which resulted in rise in the cost of fuel and increase
in bus fares.
3.2 Economic Environment
Further developing on the context within section two, Brazil’s economy heavily depends on utilisation
of natural resources and tourism. Brazil is an upper-middle income country (The World Bank 2017)
and a developing economy (United Nations 2017). The Latin American economy has a high-income
concentration (Beghin 2009); In fact, “Brazil’s six richest men have the same wealth as poorest 50
percent of the population; around 100 million people” (Oxfam International 2018). This high-income
inequality of 51.3 according to the Gini Index (The World Bank 2015) has been described as one of
the factors influencing the political instability within the country and the mass protesting (Jelmayer
2015) against the government in power. For the government income inequality means insufficient
tax revenue and high demand in public benefits. Equally, the society is negatively impacted because
the disposable income per head is small and insufficient to meet the cost of living. As a result, theft
is common. Since 2016, car theft has risen by 37% (The Rio Times 2017) and crime rates are
significantly higher (Time 2017) in comparison to other BRICS countries like Russia. Economic growth
is vital for reducing the income inequality gap, as section one identified, Brazil has multiple
opportunities to stimulate economic growth.

6. 6
3.3 Social Environment
Figure 1. Hofstede Insights (2018) report on Brazil, Russia, India and China
According to the “subjective” (Fang 2003) Hofstede Insights (2018), the Brazilian society believes in
hierarchy and inequalities between people are acceptable. A high masculinity score of 49 indicates
the competitive nature of the nation and the definition of success deriving from individual as opposed
to team success. The insight has direct link with the previously discussed political instability. The
uncertainty avoidance score of 76 identifies the Brazilian community as unobedient towards laws
and government regulations. In direct comparison to the original four BRIC countries (Figure 1),
Brazil’s metrics significant difference is in terms of the level of indulgence. This implies Brazilians are
have an optimistic view of life. Hofstede Insights (2018) however is only based on IBM and the
quantitative data may not represent an entire society of individuals. The insights are a good visual
comparison of differences between countries, as Figure 1 “Hofstede Insights (2018) report on Brazil,
Russia, India and China” shows.
In relation to demographics however, there is even a bigger gap within gender and ethnic inequality
which is even more significant than the economy’s income inequality as a whole. Study from Agénor
and Canuto (2015) discovered male members of the society have greater benefits than females in
relation to social benefits and personal income, the research looked into the pay gap between male
and female earners and identified a 19% gap, that had increased from 11% since the previous year.
Equally, diversity is not tolerated within Brazil, in fact ethnic minorities such as Black African members
of society. Bucciferro (2017) made direct comparison between historical situation and in particular
and present-day income inequality. Bucciferro (2017) suggests the inequality of income is in fact at
an all-time high.

7. 7
There is a significant negative gap between the two actors in terms of social environment.
3.4 Technological Environment
In regard to technology, Brazil has been making progress and has welcomed technological
investments. Successful co-operations like the ones described by Ljung and Bengtson (2012) where
Amazon had invested in region of Para, showcase the benefits of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on
foreign markets. FDI provides additional tax income for governments and job opportunities for the
society, thereby positively influences both actors. Equally, digital technology and specifically social
media has had a dual effect on the two actors. Through raising awareness about the income
inequality within the country, society has been able to voice out their concern and more importantly,
use social media platforms to reach organise protests and indirectly communicate with the
government. However, the government body has been pressured to account for their actions and is
being directly criticised by society. In terms of challenges, this presents difficulties for both actors as
it deprives them of improving efficiency and integrating modern technology in effort to reduce the
income inequality within the country.
3.5 Environmental Environment
The country has covers the area of 8.516 million square kilometres (CIA 2018) and provides
opportunities for both government and society actors. Opportunities in relation to inequality relate
to government power within least developed parts of the economy such as Sertão where income
inequality for members of the society is strong. Breitenbach et al. (2017) research focused on the
northern area of Brazil and specifically the Sertão. They argued that agro-industry of family owned
companies would be a pivotal starting point in improving the living condition for society actors and
thereby benefiting the government as a whole from higher income taxes and less spending on
benefits.
3.6 Legal Environment
The laws within Brazil have failed to enforce income equality (Ferriera 2017). Whilst the corruption
levels index has dropped from 40 to 37 (Transparency International 2017), the government has been
criticised for not providing enough public benefits to the low-income earners and those living close
or below the poverty line (Bursztyn 2016). These gaps in the law system have negative effect on both
authors as their roles within the country are not being fulfilled.
Another legal aspect would look into the relationship between the two actors in terms of their legal
power. In direct comparison to other BRIC countries, researchers Colares Oliveira et al. (2016) looked
at the corporate governance practices and their research outlined that Brazil has the a median of 17
organisations disclosing corporate governance in comparison to Russia’s 45 and China’s 44
companies (Colares Oliveira et al. 2016). Outlining that corporate governance is not a common
practice in Brazil. This has a negative effect on both parties as corporate governance has been
described as beneficial by researchers (McCahery et al. 2016) who place high value on imbedding
corporate social responsibility into organisational behaviour.

8. 8
4| Conclusion & Recommendations
The analysis has outlined the differences between government and society and indicates the income
inequality challenges in relation to five environments of PESTEL. Some factors were given more in-
dept analysis than others due to their relevance in relation to this background paper.
Overall, the environmental factors within Brazil show signs of reduction within the income inequality
gap between rich and poor. However, as the section suggests, the significant gap will remain
significant for the next two decades before becoming similar to the income inequality gap of
developed economies such as the United Kingdom (Oxfam International 2018).
Based on the findings from this background paper, recommendations would suggest tougher control
on laws and regulations in an attempt to reduce corruption, increase in income tax on high-income
earners in order to provide opportunity for higher government subsidies and aid for poorer members
of the society thereby reducing the income inequality gap by higher percentage over a shorter period
of time.

9. 9
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Further reading
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Of Nations: A Novel Approach To Quantitative Accounting Of Income Inequality". Plos ONE 9 (10),
e110881
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37
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Political Connections For Emerging Multinationals: Evidence From Brazil". Business, Society And
Politics 155-171
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March 2018]
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Electronic Journal [online] available from
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