A brief overview of redlining and its impact on black homeownership, residential segregation, and discriminatory lending practices in the United States
This is an assignment i did for one of my 3rd year courses. I have tried to forward facts about the lives of american blacks and why the ongoing BLACK LIVES MATTER campaign is important.
A brief overview of redlining and its impact on black homeownership, residential segregation, and discriminatory lending practices in the United States
This is an assignment i did for one of my 3rd year courses. I have tried to forward facts about the lives of american blacks and why the ongoing BLACK LIVES MATTER campaign is important.
This lecture is devoted to the Jim Crow Era. It relates the different civil rights cases that marked the beginnings of the era, and sheds light on black disenfranchisement in the Southern states as well as segration in both public and private spheres
This lecture is devoted to the Jim Crow Era. It relates the different civil rights cases that marked the beginnings of the era, and sheds light on black disenfranchisement in the Southern states as well as segration in both public and private spheres
V. The Lived Experience of the Great DepressionA Hoove.docxjessiehampson
V. The Lived Experience of the Great Depression
A Hooverville in Seattle, Washington between 1932 and 1937. Washington State Archives.
In 1934 a woman from Humboldt County, California, wrote to First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt seeking a job for her husband, a surveyor, who had been out of work for nearly two years. The pair had survived on the meager income she received from working at the county courthouse. “My salary could keep us going,” she explained, “but—I am to have a baby.” The family needed temporary help, and, she explained, “after that I can go back to work and we can work out our own salvation. But to have this baby come to a home full of worry and despair, with no money for the things it needs, is not fair. It needs and deserves a happy start in life.”14
As the United States slid ever deeper into the Great Depression, such tragic scenes played out time and time again. Individuals, families, and communities faced the painful, frightening, and often bewildering collapse of the economic institutions on which they depended. The more fortunate were spared the worst effects, and a few even profited from it, but by the end of 1932, the crisis had become so deep and so widespread that most Americans had suffered directly. Markets crashed through no fault of their own. Workers were plunged into poverty because of impersonal forces for which they shared no responsibility. With no safety net, they were thrown into economic chaos.
With rampant unemployment and declining wages, Americans slashed expenses. The fortunate could survive by simply deferring vacations and regular consumer purchases. Middle- and working-class Americans might rely on disappearing credit at neighborhood stores, default on utility bills, or skip meals. Those who could borrowed from relatives or took in boarders in homes or “doubled up” in tenements. The most desperate, the chronically unemployed, encamped on public or marginal lands in “Hoovervilles,” spontaneous shantytowns that dotted America’s cities, depending on bread lines and street-corner peddling. Poor women and young children entered the labor force, as they always had. The ideal of the “male breadwinner” was always a fiction for poor Americans, but the Depression decimated millions of new workers. The emotional and psychological shocks of unemployment and underemployment only added to the shocking material depravities of the Depression. Social workers and charity officials, for instance, often found the unemployed suffering from feelings of futility, anger, bitterness, confusion, and loss of pride. Such feelings affected the rural poor no less than the urban.15
II. The Rise of the Suburbs
Levittown in the early1950s. Flickr/Creative Commons.
The seeds of a suburban nation were planted in New Deal government programs. At the height of the Great Depression, in 1932, some 250,000 households lost their property to foreclosure. A year later, half of all U.S. mortgages were in default. The foreclosure rate stood ...
Race, Redlining and our Neighborhoods: Brooklyn, Chicago & D.C.Swati Chaudhary
As participants in the racial justice movement, my team and I feel compelled to democratize and build upon the work that we have done over time for engagements.
This one is a brief insight into Redlining - an example of systemic racism which perpetuated segregation and inequality in America.
Attached analysis, the second of many I hope, is not designed to be comprehensive, nor is it new information. It's a snapshot, a reminder to play a part, however small or imperfect, in advancing the anti-racism movement. It's built upon publicly available information and it belongs to the public. Feel free to use any of the data in your work. Meanwhile I welcome your thoughts, direction, content, ideas, resources, collaboration, all of the above. #justice #antiracism
On a personal note, I love staring at maps. If you live in the US, I encourage you to find historical Redlined maps of your community (many of them are archived by National Community Reinvestment Coalition). Turns out I live on a previously Redlined street, and you might too.
Mortgage Fraud: A Description and Community Research ResultsAndy Carswell
The following presentation highlights a white-collar crime activity that has flourished within American neighborhoods since the late 1990s and early 2000s. The slide show not only provides a description of mortgage fraud, but also highlights some of the academic research findings by the author over the past five years.
Confronting Redlining: Understanding its Impact and Building a Fairer FutureDanon Real Estate
Redlining is a malicious practice that has plagued the United States for decades, with its effects still being felt by marginalized communities today. This discriminatory practice has its roots in the early 20th century, when federal housing policies and mortgage lending practices effectively institutionalized segregation and economic disenfranchisement of minority communities. The history of redlining is a dark stain on the social fabric of this country, and it is crucial to understand its origins and impact in order to combat its lasting effects.
Higher levels of economic segregation are associated with lower incomes, particularly for black residents. Higher levels of racial segregation are associated with lower incomes for blacks, lower educational attainment for whites and blacks, and lower levels of safety for all area residents.”
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. THE TERM
REDLINING, or
red-lining, originates from
the 1930s practice of color
coding maps of cities based
on different neighborhoods’
eligibility to receive a loan
or mortgage. The lowest
ranked neighborhoods were
often literally lined in red,
and were almost always a
community of color or other
marginalized identity.
4. Redlining began in 1935 when the Home
Owner’s Loan Corporation began producing
maps of virtually every major city upon
request of the Federal Home Loan Bank Board.
Neighborhoods were color coded based on their
desirability, from “A - First Grade” to “D - Fourth
Grade.” Most often the “D” ranking neighborhoods
were black communities, or other communities of
minorities, while the “A” ranking neighborhoods
were affluent white suburbs.1
The maps were used by both public and private
banks and loan offices to directly discriminate
and refuse loans to residents of the “D”
neighborhoods.
The Fair Housing Act of 1968 made discrimination
during the process of selling a house illegal,
yet redlining was not effectively outlawed until
1977. The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975
required transparency thus making redlining
unfeasible, and was followed by the Community
Reinvestment Act of 1977 that finally prohibited it.2
THE ORIGINS
OF REDLINING
5. ABOVE A redlinined
map of Oakland,
California, created
by Home Owner’s
Loan Corporation.
BELOW Detail of the
legend describing
the zones.
ABOVE A legend from
a map of Philadelphia
showing language used to
describe neighborhoods.
6. REDLINING IN IN
FREQUENCY OF INSURANCE CLAIMS ARE
18%
HIGHER
in cities compared to
neighboring communities
(less than 5 miles away)
CLAIMS PER 1,000
INSURED HOMES
124
105
URBAN
SUBURBAN
THE AVERAGE
CLAIM IS
20%HIGHER
in cities.
INDUSTRY COSTS PER INSURED HOME:
42%
HIGHER FOR URBAN VS.
SUBURBAN RESIDENTS
(InsuranceResearch
Council,1997)
7. Insurance is vital in the purchase of a home
that requires a loan. Banks rarely approve
loans without insurance, since their claim in
the property is high as well. The vast majority
of homeowners require a mortgage to purchase
their house, and therefore, insurance. Yet there
is a problem in finding insurance that will cover
a neighborhood that is redlined, has historically
been redlined, or is an inner-city community.
The high density of housing increases fire risk,
and there is an increased risk of theft and
crime, so insurance companies set an extra high
premium. The issue continues when insurance
companies take the characteristics of high-
density, inner-city communities, and apply them
to communities that are similar in race or age
of housing. Residents are at a disadvantage in a
variety of neighborhoods because they cannot
afford the high premium.2
NSURANCE
Believe it or not, redlining can be observed
in health insurance as well. Insurance
companies’ historical mistreatment of HIV/AIDS
patients is extensive, from refusing to cover AIDS
unless it was contracted through transfusion,
to capping treatment costs for HIV. They have
also been accused of not offering insurance to
residents in historically gay neighborhoods,
another form of redlining a marginalized group.3
8. As supermarkets became larger and more
advanced throughout the latter half of
the 20th century, they began to push out
independent grocers. These stores were not
occupying occupying the same space, though.
Supermarkets grew in the suburbs of cities while
most independent grocers were within. Even
so, with the low prices the supermarkets were
able to provide, whether ethically or not, they
killed the small grocers, many of which were the
regular food supply for inner-city communities.
Though more expensive, these local groceries
were necesary, considering a significant amount
of people in inner-city communities do not have
cars, and often do not have the money to taxi to a
suburban supermarket.
The markets available after independent grocers
are pushed out often have a selection much less
healthy, many could critique that the options are
outright unhealthy. This contributes to lesser
well-being of these communities, and could
lead to “diseases of lifestyle,” such as obesity,
coronary heart disease, and diabetes. Since these
are seen as controllable diseases, people are
often looked upon negatively for having these
conditions. This only perpetuates negative views
of urban poor.4
9. SUPERMARKETS &
RETAIL REDLINING
10%-50%
OF PEOPLE IN INNER-CITY COMMUNITIES
DO NOT OWN CARS.
$400-$1000
ANNUAL AMOUNT TO TRAVEL TO MARKET
BY CAB (URBAN TO SUBURBAN.)
Retail redlining can exist in many different
forms, depending on chain stores,
franchisees, and employees. There may be higher
fees charged to franchises operating in minority
areas, refusal of service providers to serve
customers, and even restricting minority owned
franchises to minority areas only. This often
hurts not only the customer, but the company
and franchisee as well.5
10. Housing discrimination and geographic redlining are
outlawed today, but that doesn’t mean that they’re
no longer in practice. Multiple companies have found
to be discriminatory against communities that are
predominantly minorities.
From 2008-2010, Wisconsin’s largest bank, Associated
Bank, denied qualified applicants from Hispanic and
black communities at a much higher rate than equally
qualified white applicants. This affected major cities such
as Chicago, Minneapolis, and Milwaukee.6
Mortgage lenders in Boston have also been found to
discriminate through redlining, though not through
outright denial. It is common to include extra expenses
and mortgage insurance that is often not required of
white communities.7
LASTING EFF
CRIMINALIZA
HOMEOWNERSHIP RATE
73.5% 46.1% 43.9%
white hispanic black
(CenterforGlobalPolicySolu-
tions,2014)
11. The combination of housing discrimination
and geographic redlining creates a volatile
and long lasting effect on communities of
minorities. If a family living during heavy
practice of this discrimination was denied
the rental of a home in the suburbs, or denied
a home loan in a community of their own,
it’s likely that family wealth would not be
available to the descendents to obtain loans
present day. Because of these unjust practices,
people in targeted communities had little
oppurtunity to grow their wealth in the ways
that white communities of similar eligibility
were.6
This leads to a greater likelyhood of broken
windows policing (the targeting of minor
crimes in order to prevent more serious ones).
Many communities were unable to grow as a
result of redlining. Vacant homes and poor
housing give oppurtunity to minor crimes,
and thus gave oppurtunity to broken windows
policing, which often alienates community
members and creates harmful relationships
with law enforcement.
FECTS &
ATION
12. REFERENCES
1. Jackson, Kenneth T. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of
the United States. New York: Oxford UP, 1985. Print.
2. Squires, Gregory D. “Racial Profiling, Insurance Style: Insurance
Redlining and the Uneven Development of Metropolitan Areas.”
Journal of Urban Affairs 25.4 (2003): 391-410. Print.
3. Levine, Martin P., Peter M. Nardi, and John H. Gagnon. In Changing
Times: Gay Men and Lesbians Encounter HIV/AIDS. Chicago: U of
Chicago, 1997. Print.
4. Eisenhauer, Elizabeth. “In poor health: Supermarket redlining and
urban nutrition.” GeoJournal 53 (2001): 125-33. JSTOR. Web. 19 Dec.
2016.
5. D’rozario, D. “Retail Redlining: Definition, Theory, Typology, and
Measurement.” Journal of Macromarketing 25.2 (2005): 175-86. Print.
6. Badger, Emily. “Redlining: Still a thing.” The Washington Post. WP
Company, 28 May 2015. Web. 19 Dec. 2016.
7. Tootell, G. M. B. “Redlining in Boston: Do Mortgage Lenders
Discriminate Against Neighborhoods?” The Quarterly Journal of
Economics 111.4 (1996): 1049-079. Print.