The document discusses the challenges facing housing in Saudi Arabia, where only 30% of the population owns homes compared to a global average of 70%. There is a shortage of 400,000 households to meet the demand of 2.7 million households. The government is taking steps to address this by aiming to create 1 million new homes by 2015 and allocating billions of dollars to housing programs. However, challenges remain around a lack of affordable housing and financing options like mortgages, with only 2% mortgage penetration in the country. Private and public initiatives are ongoing to boost housing supply and availability of financing to meet the growing needs of the population.

1. SPECIAL REPORT
“HOUSING THE GROWING POPULATION
OF THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA”
FEBRUARY 2013
Prepared by KCORP for the Jeddah Economic Gateway
www.jeg.org.sa
www.kcorp.net

2. 30% of Saudi population own homes,
global average 70%, UAE home ownership 45%
0.4 Million Shortage of households
Demand 2.7 Million; Supply 2.3 Million
1.0 Million homes to be created by 2015,
young and fast growing population, rapid urbanization and rising
personal income driving the demand
Challenges in Provision of Affordable Hous ing
• Lack of mortgage system and low financing penetration
• Lack of affordable housing
• Shortage of arable land for affordable housing construction
• Supply – Demand gap
• Rising land prices
• Cultural and Infrastructural considerations
Resolving Housing Woe s
• Providing stimulus for affordable housing construction
– Ninth 5-year Development Plan aims at investin g
SAR 1.4 trillion on physical and social infrastructure
between 2010 and 2014
– In 2011, royal decree announced allocation of
SAR 250 billion, to build 500,000 housing units
– Package of spending measures amounting to
SAR 458 billion
– Ministry of Housing plans implementation of program to
construct 200,000 housing units
• Private financing
– Mortgage market expected to reach SAR 86.7 billion
within 3 years of law being enacted
– REDF, which provides low-cost loans to Saudis for home
purchases, had its capital boosted by SAR 40 billion,
thereby speeding up its loan approval process
2

3. Northern
Border
Riyadh
Jubail
Najran
Hail
Makkah
Asir
Madinah
Tabuk
Eastern
Province
Al Bahah
Jizan
Qasim
Al Qurayyat Jouf
Dammam
Taif
Buraydah
Hofuf
Arar
Yanbu
Jeddah
Abha
Sakaka
Key Indicators KSA
Population in Million (2010) 27.1
Population between 16 to 64 years of age 66%
Area (Sq. Km.) 2,149,690
Nominal GDP 2010 ($ B) 448
Nominal GDP 2015E ($ B) 696
GDP CAGR (2010–15E) 9.2%
Per Capita Income (PPP)($) 23,701
Average Inflation (2010–15E) 4.6%
3

4. Fuelling demand for affordable housing
The housing market in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) continues
to expand on the back of high economic growth, favorable population
demographics, and increasing urbanization.
Economic growth and growing population will trigger
the need for affordable housing
Expected GDP Growth at Current Prices in KSA (2010–15E)
448
CAGR: 9.2%
560 582
621
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Population & Age Group
Composition (2005–15E)1 Rate of Urbanization1
24.4
CAGR
2.2%
CAGR 30.5
2.3%
27.4
63.5% 66.6% 67.7%
Rate of Urbanization1
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
1. Source: UN population division, http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/Panel_profiles.htm
658
696
-
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
$ Billion
GDP per
Capita Growth 16,267 19,890 20,214 21,101 21,920 22,725
0
2005 2010 2015E
Population (M)
0-15 16-64 65 and above
82%
83.8%
CAGR: 2.2%
85.6%
87.5%
89.4%
91.4%
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
4

5. Housing Ownership Scenario in KSA
KSA has been benchmarked with similar
countries in terms of GDP, population and
income levels. Based on this comparison, only
30% of the Saudi population own homes, a
ratio well below that of most developed and
many emerging economies, while the global
average stands at 70%
Real estate consultancy
Colliers International believes
the home ownership market is
hampered by affordability
constraints, ongoing increases in
selling prices, and the shortage
in supply of new residential
units aimed at the lower and
middle income segments
Only 30% of the Saudi population own homes
Home Ownership Rate by Resident Population2
Key Demand Centers for Housing
~66 % of the nation’s residents are clustered in three regions
Total Polulation by Provinces (million)3
98%
75% 70% 66%
30%
70%
Singapore Brazil Turkey US Saudi Arabia Global Average
6.9 6.8
4.1
1.9 1.8 1.4 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3
Jeddah
(Mecca)
Riyadh
Dammam
(Eastern)
Aseer
Madinah
Jazan
Qasim
Tabuk
Hail
Najran
Al Jouf
Al Baha
Northern
Borders
2. Source: Zawya
3. Source: http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english/
5

6. House ownership is still at a very low level in
these three cities.
Riyadh and Jeddah registered a house-hold
ownership of 33% and 34%
respectively, for the total number of house-holds
in those provinces. Household owner-ship
for Dammam was higher at 40%.
% of Owned Households of the Total Households
in Three Major Cities4
33% 34% 40%
Riyadh
Supply
The total inventory across Riyadh is roughly
900,000 housing units. Data from the Min-istry
of Economy and Planning and Ministry
of Municipal and Rural Affairs suggests an-nual
residential completions in Riyadh will be
around 30,000 units across all sectors (villa,
apartment, social, compound etc.).
Many of the projects announced in 2008 (such
as Al Wasl, Ajmakan and Shams Ar-Riyadh)
have still not delivered any units and many are
now being restructured.
Small builders continue to drive the residen-tial
sector. There are a handful of professional
developers, but these do not account for de-veloping
more than 10% of Riyadh’s annual
housing requirement.
According to the Ministry of
Economy and Planning, Riyadh,
Jeddah and Khobar account for
approximately 71% of total new
housing demand and are expected
to suffer from undersupply
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
The Government is taking action to increase
the supply of housing for Saudis falling in the
lower income bracket. In 2006 the Ministry
of Social affairs initiated a housing scheme to
build 66,000 units in different regions of the
Kingdom.
Demand
While most professional developers have been
providing houses priced at over SAR 1 mil-lion,
the demand remains in the SAR 500,000
to SAR 750,000 range.
Expatriate residents now make up a substan-tial
portion of the buying population in Ri-yadh,
representing up to 30% of purchasers at
some new developments.
Foreign residents are typically allowed to buy
for their own occupation in locations approved
by the Ministry of Interior. There are some re-strictions
on reselling though.
6.8 6.9
4.1
Riyadh province Jeddah (Mecca province) Dammam (Eastern province)
Total residing population Total number of households
0%
% of owned households
1.2 1.3
0.6
4. Source: http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english/
6

7. Majority of New Housing Supply is in Luxury Villas
Key Residential Projects
(Completion Year) Type Housing Units
Blncyah (2010) Residential villa 144
Canary Villas (2010) Residential villa 82
Sindad (2010) – 384
Al Bayt 32 (2012) Affordable 400
housing apartment
Al Ghorub (2012) Multi residential units. 300
Apartment and villa
Shams Al Riyadh (2013) All luxury villas 3,189
Nismat Riyadh (2013) 450 villas, rest affordable housing 4,200
Al Dar (2013) 20% for large multi units for middle 135
income, rest for low cost housing
Manzel Qurtaba (2014) – 1,400
Home finance is an important tool for enabling
affordability. For new community developments
‘mortgages’ are used to finance up to 40% of
sales. According to the notary public office in
Riyadh, between 3,000 and 4,000 ‘mortgage’
Jeddah
instruments are registered annually.
Supply
The Jeddah residential market remains dominated by small developers and individual owners, with the larg-er
developers delivering just 2,010 additional units to the residential market in 2010. Future housing supply
is likely to be reduced as applications for planning permission and building permits are being reviewed with
extra scrutiny after the impact of the record rainfall and floods in Jeddah in November 2009. Development
of two gated communities targeting the expatriate sector have been announced in the Rawdah and Zahra
districts.
Majority of New Housing Supply is in Luxury Apartments
Key Residential Projects
(Completion Year) Type Housing Units
Lamaar Towers (2012) Luxury apartments and offices 550
Jeddah Gate (2013) Affordable apartments for low 6,000
and mid income group and offices
Afsan Phase 1 (2014) – 2,500
Diamond (2015) – 300
Al Mada Tower (2015) High rise luxury apartments 998
Shams Al Arous (2016) Residential villas, apartment, offices and parks 10,000
Awaan Project (2016) – 2,500
7

8. At King Abdullah Economic City, the Bay La Sun apartments developed by Emaar have opened bookings
this year, most units priced at over SAR 1 million/unit. The next residential development within this pro-ject
‘Hawadi’ is much more affordable, offering a range of apartments and duplexes targeted at the middle
income bracket, priced between SAR 250,000 and SAR 750,000. Large districts in the south east of Jeddah
have been set aside by the municipality for development of low-income housing. These areas will be needed
to accommodate the population that will eventually be resettled from the Khozama and Ruwais districts
that are to be redeveloped by public-private consortiums.
Demand
KSA’s Ministry of Commerce estimates that formation of new households will result in demand for around
40,000 new housing units per annum over the next few years.
Eastern Province – Dammam
Supply
The most dominant markets in the Eastern province are
Dammam, Dhahran and Al Khobar. The importance of these
cities is underscored by the fact that Dammam is the third
largest city in Saudi Arabia, and ARAMCO, the state-owned
oil company, is based in Dhahran.
e quality of residential
stock (recently added or under
construction) in Dammam and
Al Khobar is higher than that of
other cities in the country, due to a
higher standard of construction,
improved finishing, and better
periodic maintenance.
– Colliers’ Research
Key Residential Projects
(Completion Year) Type Housing Units
Murcia Apartments (2012) – 78
Murjana (2014) Luxury villas 400
Masaken Homes (2014) – 250
Dammam Hills (2015) Villas for
mid to high segment 700
Abraj Al Salam (2015) 12 luxury villas, rest are 850
apartments for mid to low segment
Khobar Lakes (2016) – 2,100
Dammam, Dhahran and Al Khobar are increasingly being seen as one major unified city that is connected
by new residential and commercial developments, rather than three individual cities.
Dhahran is also expanding its residential developments near major thoroughfares such as the Prince Mo-hammad
Bin Fahd Road in new districts such as Al Qusoor. Unlike Dammam which is dominated by large
developers, Dhahran is characterized by the presence of medium-sized developers. Khobar is expanding
mostly towards the south near Azizia Beach with medium-sized developers delivering most of the stock
Stark contrasts are observed between mid-scale developers operating in Dammam and Khobar and those
in Riyadh and Jeddah. Developers in Dammam and Khobar are more active with multiple ongoing projects
and have a higher number of units per project.
8

9. Demand
There is a preference for quality apartment developments in Dammam and Al Khobar. A fitting example
would be the Al Hamraa District (also commonly known as Shobily High Rise) in Al Khobar, which is a
prime location for quality apartments. Most home buyers in the district believe in the investment potential
of their purchases, particularly with the expected forthcoming completion of the Shobily Masterplan, which
has been on hold for several years.
Challenges in provision of affordable housing
Lack of mortgage system and low financ-ing
penetration
Inadequate housing finance constitutes a major
challenge for the provision of affordable housing
in the country. Housing finance includes plot dis-tribution,
land servicing, and the provision of loan
and mortgage facilities through the banking system:
The much-debated Saudi mortgage law has been in
the pipeline for almost a decade. Market demand is
suppressed by limited mortgage availability. The law
aims to provide:
• Better lending access to home ownership
seekers
• Wider funding options for low and middle
income groups
The law has been recently approved and is await-ing
ratification. This law also includes articles on
property repossession and asset liquidation in the
case of delinquencies. An extremely low percentage
of Saudi home purchases are financed by mortgag-es.
Experts estimate that Saudi Arabia has only a
2% mortgage penetration in its real estate market.
Mortgages are difficult to obtain for those on low
monthly salaries due to the limitations of the mort-gage
market. Other obstacles include the restriction
of mortgage information, a dearth of innovative so-lutions,
and an inadequate regulatory framework.
Moreover, borrowers have tended to treat extended
loans as charity and default on payments is high.
Bank financing is still relatively limited and out of
reach for a significant proportion of the population.
Real estate and construction loans accounted for 7.1
% of total bank credit in 2010 while home loans
were only 2.8% of total bank credits. This is very
low in comparison to other GCC countries.
Structural Factors
KSA has Very Low Housing Loan Penetration Compared
to Other Middle East Countries
Housing loan as % of GDP (2010)
0.5% 1% 2% 3.4%
7.2% 7.9%
12.2%
15% 15.5%15.9%
Egypt
Algeria
KSA
Oman
Lebanon
Jordan
Tunisia
Kuwait
UAE
Morocco
Access to housing finance has been tightly constrained with very little mort-gage
financing available. Some subsidized loans were available through the
Real Estate Development Fund (REDF), a state-funded entity. But they had
a very long waiting list, and loan amounts were not necessarily sufficient to
cover construction costs, says David O. Robinson, IMF mission chief
9

10. The Real Estate Development Fund (REDF), es-tablished
in 1974, was set up to meet the needs and
aspirations of the Kingdom’s citizens by helping to
raise the quality of life in society through the devel-opment
of high quality housing.
In its first five years, the Fund fulfilled its major
objective by solving the housing crisis of the time
engendered by the Kingdom’s extraordinary pace of
development.
The total loans disbursed by the Real Estate Devel-opment
Fund (REDF) since its inception until the
end of 2006 amounted to SAR 134.1 billion.
Due to the absence of a mortgage law, the Real Es-tate
Development Fund (REDF) is the main pro-vider
of home financing. REDF is not able to meet
the demand, which is increasing exponentially;
there are more than 650,000 applications pending
since the end of 2009, up from 450,000 in 2006,
mainly due to obstacles faced by REDF in collec-tion
of debts. This leaves an average earning house-hold
individual with no option but to live on rent
instead of buying his own property.
Supply–Demand Gap
In 2010, total demand for household units in the
KSA market was 2,700,000; but the total sup-ply
was 2,300,000, implying a shortage of 400,000
household units in the country.
However there is an oversupply of luxury houses
and villas. While most professional developers have
been providing houses priced at over SAR 1 million,
the demand remains in the SAR 500,000 to SAR
750,000 range. According to the Government’s
9th 5-Year Development Plan, 1.2 million units are
needed over the next five years, (250,000 units every
year). NCB Capital estimates less aggressive figures,
predicting that the country will need an additional
973,000 units over 2010–15 and a total of 2.1 mil-lion
units over the coming decade (215,000 units
per year).
The major driver of housing demand is the young
and fast growing population base, with an estimated
1,000,000 new households expected to be created
across KSA by 2015, which will further exacerbate
the current shortage.
Additional Demand of 1 Million Homes by 2015
Housing market size vs. Total population6
3,991
4,208
4,643
5,718
7,080
22,674
23,981
27,137
31,874
37,551
2004 2007 2010 2015 2020
Total Housing Stock Total Population
6. Source: CDSI, NCB Estimates
10

11. Incremental Housing Demand vs. Investment Required6
Units SAR Millions
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
Exorbitantly high prices for housing
Artificially high-priced land plots are increasingly
sought as a long-term investment option by high
net worth Saudis, making these plots inaccessible to
Saudi citizens and home developers. Though there
is a shortage of affordable housing, there is an over-supply
of high end developments. Most developers
seek profitable luxurious projects to serve the high
income class.
Lack of available land for affordable
housing construction
Arable land is scarce due to drought, desertification
and land degradation due to which agricultural pro-ductivity
and rural subsistence are threatened. Saudi
Arabia occupies four-fifths of the Arabian Penin-sula
but the majority of its land is desert. According
to the World Bank (2009), the percentage of land
that is arable in Saudi Arabia is only 1.5 percent of
the total land area. In such conditions, a land owner
180,000
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
prefers to hold on to
his land instead
of turning it
into an af-fordable
housing
develop-m
e n t .
Moreo-ver,
the
a b s e n c e
of fees on
land owners
motivates owners
to hold on more to those
assets. However, it is expected that regulations on
imposing fees on empty plots of land are expected
to take effect soon. Many realtors in the Kingdom
believe that such regulations would help reduce the
prices of real estate units.
-
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Annual New
Demand
-
Estimated Annual
Investment
6. Source: CDSI, NCB Estimates
Because of the strength in the
market for serviced plots, land
development (rather than full
residential development) became a
popular phenomenon in recent years.
is trend is, however, expected to be
curbed by the efforts of the Riyadh
Municipality and ArRiyadh
Development Authority to control
land prices by increasing the
supply of land in the city
– Colliers Research
11

12. Rising land prices
While government stimulus has helped launch the sector into gear,
rising land prices have slowed down the momentum of building
affordable housing units. In fact, land prices are rising at a much
higher rate than property prices.
Prices of developable
land have been increasing at
roughly 15% per annum,
compared to a 5–6% increase in
prices for housing units, says
John Harris of
Jones Lang LaSalle
Cultural and infrastructural considerations
Saudi nationals prefer to live in houses rather than apartments. Social
requirements such as privacy, social cohesion of family members within
the same housing unit, and independence from residential density are main factors considered for affordable
housing.
Location and public transport systems represent another challenge for affordable housing. Most projects
are usually built outside the boundaries of the city where land is cheaper and these places lack an adequate
public urban transportation system. The absence of transport disadvantages residents needing to travel to
work or school as not everyone has access to private cars.
Initiatives to mitigate housing woes of population
Government Stimulus Measures
Creation of new growth centers
Government is focusing on creating new growth
centers, away from Riyadh, Mecca and Dammam.
The Economic Cities Authority, a government
body, plans to develop Rabigh, Jizan, Madinah and
Hail as the new growth centers or emerging cit-ies
of KSA. Rabigh and Jizan are being developed
with infrastructure projects worth USD 27 billion,
Madinah and Hail are USD 7 billion and 8 billion
respectively. The KSA Government also supported
Emaar Economic City, the developer of the King
Abdullah Economic City in Rabigh, with an invest-ment
of USD 1.3 billion in 2011. By 2020 these 4
cities are forecasted to contribute USD 150 billion
to GDP and house about 4.5 million people.
KSA’s growing economy, on the back of high oil
prices, has led to heavy investment in infrastruc-ture
including housing over the period 2005–2010.
The 9th Development Plan aims at investing SAR
1.4 trillion on physical and social infrastructure be-tween
2010 and 2014.
In 2011, a royal decree was announced to allocate
SAR 250 billion to build
500,000 housing
units under the
newly estab-lished
Minis-try
of Hous-ing.
This will
in Rabigh has currently
created 12,000 jobs –
Fahd al Rasheed,
Chief executive,
King Abdullah Economic City
a c c e l e r a t e
the supply of
housing units,
especially to the
low and middle in-come
groups
King Abdullah
Economic City
Saudi authorities have unveiled a package of spend-ing
measures amounting to SAR 458 billion that is
set to have a significant impact on economic perfor-mance
this year and in the future. The extra-budget-ary
spending, announced by King Abdullah in Feb-ruary
and March, is primarily aimed at improving
living conditions, particularly for those in the lower
income category.
12

13. Construction of new Housing
The biggest single element of the spending is SAR
250 billion to fund the construction of 500,000 new
housing units over an unspecified time period. In
order to construct this number of units in a reason-able
timeframe, the authorities will need to use pri-vate
sector developers.
In terms of providing affordable financing, REDF
will have a key role to play. REDF, which provides
low cost loans to Saudis for home purchases, had
its capital boosted by SAR 40 billion and has been
instructed to speed up its loan approval process
Arab News reported that the Ministry of Housing
plans to implement a program that will result in the
construction of 200,000 housing units. The ministry
said that 17,600 units are currently being imple-mented.
Private financing
In view of the cramped demand for housing and the
scale of the Government’s plans, private financing
will also be necessary in addition to REDF’s recapi-talization.
The mortgage market is expected to reach
SAR 86.7 billion within the next three years of the
mortgage law being enacted.
Alternative Solutions
Mortgages customized for low income
nationals
The aim is to provide mortgages to modest income
nationals who are currently locked out of the mort-gage
market due to low incomes and perceived sus-tainability
of those incomes. This endeavor would
be structured as a hybrid between traditional charity
and a marketplace mortgage company that would
generally not consider lower income nationals as a
target market or would charge very high interest to
justify this perceived higher risk exposure.
Access the pool of high net worth Saudis
Route it through the mortgage company to provide
lower income nationals with long-term mortgages.
Solar power mud houses
This concept focuses on changing the types of houses
offered in the market by making home development
more economically scalable. The aim is to build tra-ditional
mud houses from cost-effective materials
using natural resources and modern technology for
energy. These houses can be handmade and work-shops
can be provided. For over a thousand years in
the Arabian Peninsula, Arabs have built houses out
of a mixture of natural resources with mud being
used instead of cement.
Reducing the block size
Given the constraints of high land values, a strategy
to reduce the area of individual villa blocks presents
a potential tool to increase the supply of affordable
housing.
Affordable housing models by govern-ments
in other countries
Governments in other countries facing the issue of
affordable housing for a growing population have
initiated a range of workable models. In Morocco,
government and private developers are working to-gether
to address the need for affordable housing.
To reduce housing shortages, the Moroccan Gov-ernment
gave away 3,800 hectares of land at re-duced
prices to developers for constructing 200,000
housing units. To qualify for the subsidized land,
developers were asked to agree to sell flats at below
140,000 Moroccan dirhams on one third of the al-located
land, at 200,000 dirham or below, on the
other third, and they could build properties of their
choice on the final third.
13

14. The Turkish Government has utilized a form of
public private partnership to deliver mass housing
projects through TOKI (Housing Development
Administration of Turkey). TOKI issues tenders
for disposal of Government-owned land to private
developers. Developers are asked to submit plans
as to how many housing units they are willing to
build on the amount of land awarded and out of
that how much land are they willing to return to
TOKI so that it can be used for affordable hous-ing
by Government for low income groups. This ap-proach
avoids purchasing of the land by the devel-oper,
thereby improving the cash flow situation.
In UAE, reduction in block size for villa plots is a
new emerging solution by private developers. Hous-ing
preference of high net worth Emirati families
can be satisfied by delivering attractive, livable villas
in a standard villa block of 600 to 650 square meters.
This represents a saving of around 40% in land area,
compared to the current standard of villa block size
of 1050 square meters
A Canadian government body, Canada Mortgage
and Housing Corporation (CMHC) provides a
range of mortgage loan insurance products for
owned and rented housing. CMHC provides seed
funding and proposal development funding to pri-vate
developers, in order to help with some of the
upfront expenses for developing a housing project.
CMHC facilitates the production of new affordable
housing by providing knowledge and expertise as
well as interest-free loans to groups from the pri-vate,
non-profit, and public sector.
14

15. Sources:
l Colliers International
l Deloitte report – Living in the KSA
l Jeddah City Profile, Riyadh City Profile – Jones Lang LaSalle
l http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english/
l U.S. Census Bureau, International Database
l https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html
l http://www.joneslanglasalle-mena.com/ResearchLevel1/JLLMENA_Affordable%20Hous-ing_
2011.pdf
l http://www.sagia.gov.sa/Documents/Laws/Real_Estate_by_Foreigners.pdf
l http://www.lw.com/upload/pubcontent/_pdf/pub3507_1.pdf
l http://www.euromoneyconferences.com/downloads/Saudi10/Colliers_International_MENA_
Real_Estate_Overview_Q1_2010.pdf
l http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english/
l http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6c25a83c-ae25-11e1-b842-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2LGNRZli5
l http://www.zawya.com/story/ZAWYA20120206044503/
l http://www.zawya.com/story/Saudi_Arabia_needs_SR13trn_housing_investment_by_2020-ZAW-YA20121203031051/
l http://www.zawya.com/story/Saudi_developers_focus_on_affordable_housing_sector-ZAW-YA20120419090923/
l http://www.ewaan.com.sa/en/pressrelease/media-center/press-releases/saudi-arabian-real-estate-sector-
is-all-set-for-exponential-growth.html
l http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2011/int092111b.htm
l http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/01/01/185769.html
l http://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/country_result.jsp?country=Saudi+Arabia
15