The document provides an overview of experiments with autonomous and automated vehicles in various countries around the world in 2015. For the Netherlands, it describes several ongoing projects including Scania holding the first partially autonomous self-driving truck tests on Dutch public roads in February 2015. It also discusses projects in the Province of Gelderland involving automated vehicles transporting passengers between Ede-Wageningen railway station and Wageningen University. For the UK, it outlines the four cities (Greenwich, Bristol, Coventry and Milton Keynes) that received government funding to test innovative driverless cars and describes some of the specific projects and consortiums involved in each location.
This document summarizes World Bank initiatives to promote low carbon freight transport in China and Brazil. In China, a pilot program tested energy efficiency technologies on trucks in Guangzhou and found that dual low rolling resistance tires, aerodynamic devices, and automatic tire pressure monitoring systems reduced fuel consumption. A similar pilot program is being developed in Brazil to test innovative technologies and improved logistics and maintenance practices. The goals are to address market barriers to energy efficiency and demonstrate solutions to policymakers to facilitate nationwide adoption of green freight practices.
Towards Standards in City Logistcs in City Logistcs - DHL Marcelo Felipozzi
DHL Express is expanding their use of bicycles for last-mile deliveries across Europe. They have over 80 bike routes in 50+ cities across 11 countries. DHL presented on their efforts to standardize containers, vehicles, and processes for city logistics to improve efficiency. This includes developing standardized containers that can be used on bicycles, tricycles, and other electric vehicles. They are testing a prototype electric bicycle with a detachable cargo box that meets standardized dimensions. DHL hopes that establishing standards will help tackle complexity and allow greater flexibility, security, and scale within city logistics operations.
For-hire passenger transport services, including taxis, for-hire cars with drivers and some forms of on- demand micro-transit, are an essential component of well-functioning metropolitan areas. They deliver convenient door-to-door trips for those who either punctually or regularly require such services. Though they typically only account for a small share of overall trips, they are essential for some people, at some times and in certain circumstances.
Rotterdam and its hinterland; opportunities for synchromodal transport solutionsMaurice Jansen
This document summarizes a presentation given at Netherlands Maritime University on opportunities for synchromodal solutions in Rotterdam and its hinterland. The presentation discusses how Rotterdam has expanded physically over time to accommodate increasing shipping volumes. It also describes challenges around utilizing infrastructure better and reducing costs and pollution. Examples are provided of initiatives that cluster cargo flows and use alternative transport modes like rail and barge to reduce road congestion. Integrated information systems and cooperation between stakeholders are identified as important success factors for efficient synchromodal transport networks. The role of various players like port authorities, transport companies and shippers is also discussed.
The document discusses asset management challenges facing the Dutch railway system and the value of information and analytics. It describes the transition towards performance-based railway maintenance contracts in the Netherlands. This involved collecting extensive data on rail assets and developing predictive models to optimize maintenance planning and reduce delays and costs. A key part of this effort was establishing a common language and data standards for rail asset information across different operators and contractors. The approach helped improve railway performance and lower maintenance costs in the Netherlands.
ShoreTension Safe and Easy Cost Benefits to Southern Germany Widening of Ama...Cláudio Carneiro
The document discusses several recent developments at ECT, including a new order for 63 additional hybrid AGVs to be used at the ECT Delta Terminal, real-time container status information now available via the updated E-Gate app and European Gateway Services website, and faster veterinary inspections for containers in the port of Rotterdam through a new service level agreement. It also provides an example of how European Gateway Services offers customers efficient transportation solutions and reliable services.
A sustainable commercial hub in sri lanka CINEC Campus
- The automobile industry plays a crucial role in Sri Lanka's goal of becoming a commercial hub in Asia by enabling efficient transportation of goods. However, road congestion poses a serious problem for container transporters.
- The study examined factors influencing transport time and the impact of congestion based on surveys of transport companies. Road congestion around Colombo port was identified as a major issue.
- Potential solutions to congestion were proposed and evaluated, with dedicating truck lanes, improving traffic management, and clearing accidents quickly found to be the most effective ideas according to transporters. Addressing congestion through policy changes was recommended to improve sustainability.
This document summarizes World Bank initiatives to promote low carbon freight transport in China and Brazil. In China, a pilot program tested energy efficiency technologies on trucks in Guangzhou and found that dual low rolling resistance tires, aerodynamic devices, and automatic tire pressure monitoring systems reduced fuel consumption. A similar pilot program is being developed in Brazil to test innovative technologies and improved logistics and maintenance practices. The goals are to address market barriers to energy efficiency and demonstrate solutions to policymakers to facilitate nationwide adoption of green freight practices.
Towards Standards in City Logistcs in City Logistcs - DHL Marcelo Felipozzi
DHL Express is expanding their use of bicycles for last-mile deliveries across Europe. They have over 80 bike routes in 50+ cities across 11 countries. DHL presented on their efforts to standardize containers, vehicles, and processes for city logistics to improve efficiency. This includes developing standardized containers that can be used on bicycles, tricycles, and other electric vehicles. They are testing a prototype electric bicycle with a detachable cargo box that meets standardized dimensions. DHL hopes that establishing standards will help tackle complexity and allow greater flexibility, security, and scale within city logistics operations.
For-hire passenger transport services, including taxis, for-hire cars with drivers and some forms of on- demand micro-transit, are an essential component of well-functioning metropolitan areas. They deliver convenient door-to-door trips for those who either punctually or regularly require such services. Though they typically only account for a small share of overall trips, they are essential for some people, at some times and in certain circumstances.
Rotterdam and its hinterland; opportunities for synchromodal transport solutionsMaurice Jansen
This document summarizes a presentation given at Netherlands Maritime University on opportunities for synchromodal solutions in Rotterdam and its hinterland. The presentation discusses how Rotterdam has expanded physically over time to accommodate increasing shipping volumes. It also describes challenges around utilizing infrastructure better and reducing costs and pollution. Examples are provided of initiatives that cluster cargo flows and use alternative transport modes like rail and barge to reduce road congestion. Integrated information systems and cooperation between stakeholders are identified as important success factors for efficient synchromodal transport networks. The role of various players like port authorities, transport companies and shippers is also discussed.
The document discusses asset management challenges facing the Dutch railway system and the value of information and analytics. It describes the transition towards performance-based railway maintenance contracts in the Netherlands. This involved collecting extensive data on rail assets and developing predictive models to optimize maintenance planning and reduce delays and costs. A key part of this effort was establishing a common language and data standards for rail asset information across different operators and contractors. The approach helped improve railway performance and lower maintenance costs in the Netherlands.
ShoreTension Safe and Easy Cost Benefits to Southern Germany Widening of Ama...Cláudio Carneiro
The document discusses several recent developments at ECT, including a new order for 63 additional hybrid AGVs to be used at the ECT Delta Terminal, real-time container status information now available via the updated E-Gate app and European Gateway Services website, and faster veterinary inspections for containers in the port of Rotterdam through a new service level agreement. It also provides an example of how European Gateway Services offers customers efficient transportation solutions and reliable services.
A sustainable commercial hub in sri lanka CINEC Campus
- The automobile industry plays a crucial role in Sri Lanka's goal of becoming a commercial hub in Asia by enabling efficient transportation of goods. However, road congestion poses a serious problem for container transporters.
- The study examined factors influencing transport time and the impact of congestion based on surveys of transport companies. Road congestion around Colombo port was identified as a major issue.
- Potential solutions to congestion were proposed and evaluated, with dedicating truck lanes, improving traffic management, and clearing accidents quickly found to be the most effective ideas according to transporters. Addressing congestion through policy changes was recommended to improve sustainability.
I gave this presentation to the department Technology and Operations Management to explain my thoughts on how sea ports act in global supply chains through organisational, logistics, and information networks.
EU Commission, Ford, ACEA, AECC Confirm | Early Bird Ends Shortly | Real Driv...Automotive IQ
Do you want to learn the latest developments in EU’s Real Driving Emissions regulations and the WLTP process? Then join leading experts at the 3rd International Conference Real Driving Emissions taking place at the Novotel Berlin am Tiergarten Hotel, Berlin from the 27 - 29 October 2015.
There are limited places available, so make sure you secure your conference ticket today! Save up to 400€ with our early bird discount, if you book and pay by the 21 August 2015. Learn more here.
Don't miss this unique opportunity to hear expert presentations, take part in interactive workshops and meet with RDE experts from around the world at our:
3rd International Conference Real Driving Emissions
27 - 29 October 2015 | Novotel Berlin am Tiergarten, Germany
Download the agenda here:
http://bit.ly/RDE_SP_Agenda
This document discusses the implementation of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) in Qatar, a developing country. It outlines several challenges Qatar faces in developing a fully functional ITS network, such as coordinating different stakeholders, adopting other countries' ITS systems, keeping up with changing technology, integrating new systems with existing infrastructure, and budget constraints. The document provides an overview of Qatar's rapid infrastructure growth and associated traffic and safety issues. It also summarizes Qatar's national ITS master plan and the expected benefits of a comprehensive ITS network for improving transportation systems and road user experience.
CIPTEC - Collective Innovation for Public Transport in European CitiesERTRAC
This document summarizes a presentation given by Prof. Aristotelis Naniopoulos on the CIPTEC project. The CIPTEC project aimed to make public transport more attractive through collective innovation. It involved partners from 7 European countries. The project identified existing innovations, obtained new ideas through crowdsourcing and co-creation workshops, conducted advanced marketing research, and developed a toolbox. It identified market trends influencing public transport and segmented public transport users. The project is expected to impact public transport by encouraging the adoption of innovation mixes, utilizing ideas from its collective intelligence activities, and adopting a modern marketing perspective to promote public transport.
Volvo is considering launching an electric autonomous bus line in China. A presentation outlines Volvo's current situation, opportunities for growth through automation and electrification, safety considerations, and a strategic plan to rollout the bus line first in Wuhu, then Shenzhen, Shanghai, and Beijing. Financial projections estimate the bus line could generate CNY400 million in profits by 2021 while reducing emissions and saving lives.
Semantics for Technical Interoperability and Safer Transport: The Case Of Th...Ivo Velitchkov
This is the deck from my talk at SEMANTiCS 2021 in Amsterdam, within the Workshop on Rethinking Asset Information Management.
---
The European Interoperability Framework (EIF) identifies four levels of interoperability, two of which are semantic and technical interoperability. Technical interoperability in the context of EIF is that between digital services. In the transport domain, however, the main need is for technical interoperability between physical assets. And it is crucial for safety. The role of semantic interoperability is also somewhat different. It doesn't enter as an upper layer but as enabler.
The first Linked Data pilot at the EU Agency for Railways addressed a problem of interoperability between physical assets – track and trains – by increasing the interoperability of their datasets. And while many Linked Data projects focus on the backend and publication, this one delivered a full-stack solution in a very short time that convinced the board to adopt Linked Data as the default paradigm for data management.
The document summarizes a study on the potential for using cargo bicycles for freight transport in London. Key findings include:
- Interviews were conducted with existing cargo bike operators, retailers, and carriers who expressed interest in cargo bike pilots.
- Five potential pilot projects were outlined involving own-account fleets, 3rd party carriers, and shopping delivery.
- Barriers like perception, range, and payload can be addressed, while benefits include lower costs, parking access, and environmental impact. The report identifies opportunities for TfL to further trials with interested operators.
sách Thuật ngữ Logistics _ Glossary for logistic book_ có hình minh hoạ
ĐÀO TẠO XUẤT NHẬP KHẨU - LOGISTICS THỰC TẾ - MASIMEX
Hotline : 0165 477 2330 || 0987 287 988
Địa chỉ *Cơ sở 1* : Tầng 3, Đơn nguyên 1, KTX Mỹ Đình, Đường Hàm Nghi, Q. Nam Từ Liêm, Hà Nội (cách bến xe Mỹ Đình 300 mét)
Địa chỉ *Cơ sở 2* : Số 45-A , đường Thái Hà, Q. Đống Đa, Hà Nội (cạnh FPT Shop Thái Hà)
Để tìm hiểu thêm về Nội dung + Học phí chương trình đào tạo thực tế : bạn vui lòng truy cập : http://bit.ly/ctrinhdtmsm18
Để tìm hiểu thêm về kiến thức ngành xuất nhập khẩu - logistics : bạn vui lòng truy cập : http://masimex.vn/category/blog/nghiep-vu/
Để tải xuống tài liệu kiến thức ngành xuất nhập khẩu - logistics : bạn vui lòng truy cập :
http://bit.ly/tailieuxnkmsm
Facebook page :
https://www.facebook.com/masimex/
Website :
http://masimex.vn/
học xuất nhập khẩu
học xuất nhập khẩu ở đâu
học xuất nhập khẩu ở đâu tại hà nội
học xuất nhập khẩu tại hà nội
đào tạo xuất nhập khẩu
đào tạo xuất nhập khẩu logistics
đào tạo xuất nhập khẩu logistics tại hà nội
El documento describe la evolución de la información y la tecnología a través de la historia. Explica cómo la información ha sido comunicada desde los primeros pictogramas y bibliotecas, hasta la invención de la imprenta. Luego describe las revoluciones industriales y el desarrollo de tecnologías como la máquina de vapor, la electricidad y el telégrafo. Finalmente, discute cómo avances en los 1970s como el microprocesador dieron inicio a la era de la información basada en la convergencia tecnológica.
AdReaction 2012: Navigating the mobile landscapeNewsworks
The document summarizes key findings from the 2012 AdReaction study on mobile advertising. The study consisted of online surveys with 100 general population online users and 400 smartphone/tablet users. Key findings include: 1) attitudes toward mobile ads are becoming more favorable but still vary based on usage; 2) mobile apps have good potential but usability is important; 3) localized and tailored mobile ads have more positive impressions. Attitudes toward various ad formats, both online and offline, are also compared between 2009 and 2012 surveys.
This document contains a resume for Anubhav Kumar Jaiswal. It summarizes his contact information, 12 years of work experience in project management and IT consulting, education credentials including an LL.B. and B.Com., and highlights major projects in areas like CCTNS, SSDG, and e-District projects in various states in India. It also outlines his roles and responsibilities in previous positions managing projects, business development, and project delivery. Core competencies, skill sets, and certifications in areas like PRINCE2 and ITIL are also summarized.
Feasibility studies of wireless sensor network and its implicationsIAEME Publication
This document discusses several topics related to electrical engineering and technology:
1. It describes research on the feasibility of wireless sensor networks and their limitations in collecting usable information.
2. It discusses the fabrication and testing of high-temperature superconductor thin films for potential use in radio frequency applications.
3. It summarizes the development of GSM 900 receivers and a transmitter for testing the receiver electronics. Testing showed the receivers provided adequate signals for further digital signal processing within specifications.
Museums Offer Emotion and Transformation - Edwin van Huis MuseumNext
Museums offer visitors emotion and transformation. There are seven types of visitor motivations including explorers, experience seekers, and respectful pilgrims. Museums should focus on a "big idea" like "Nature is awesome" and communicate this idea throughout the museum using it everywhere. Placemaking aims to create public spaces that promote people's wellbeing. A space thrives when people have 10 or more reasons to spend time there. An effective museum chooses one audience, one big idea, sets the stage well, and uses the power of 10 to provide multiple reasons for visiting.
This document provides information about Shree Vardhman Gardenia, including its location, floor plans, features, construction status, contact details, and price list. The development offers amenities such as a mini golf course, kids pool, central park, spacious balconies, 24/7 power and water supply, and a clubhouse with pool. Floor plans are provided for 3 towers, and images show the construction progress of 5 towers. Contact information is given at the end.
El documento describe los servicios de una empresa que produce y vende abono de origen animal de forma ecológica y sostenible. La empresa ofrece servicios de recogida de excrementos de granjas, tratamiento a través de compostaje para producir abono sin olor, envasado y venta del abono, y aplicación del producto final en explotaciones agrícolas. El objetivo es ayudar a los agricultores y ganaderos de forma respetuosa con el medio ambiente.
This document discusses measuring and classifying angles. It defines an angle as being formed by two rays with a common endpoint. Angles are measured using a protractor and can be acute (<90 degrees), right (90 degrees), obtuse (>90 degrees but <180 degrees), or straight (180 degrees). The document also mentions the angle addition postulate and that congruent angles have the same measure.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Uma campanha promocional oferece um kit de produtos da linha Rose com shampoo, condicionador e creme hidratante por R$39,99 e um par de sandálias. Participantes concorrem a um jantar sorteado no dia 12/05. A divulgação ocorrerá em camisas, sacolas, panfletos e no site da empresa.
I gave this presentation to the department Technology and Operations Management to explain my thoughts on how sea ports act in global supply chains through organisational, logistics, and information networks.
EU Commission, Ford, ACEA, AECC Confirm | Early Bird Ends Shortly | Real Driv...Automotive IQ
Do you want to learn the latest developments in EU’s Real Driving Emissions regulations and the WLTP process? Then join leading experts at the 3rd International Conference Real Driving Emissions taking place at the Novotel Berlin am Tiergarten Hotel, Berlin from the 27 - 29 October 2015.
There are limited places available, so make sure you secure your conference ticket today! Save up to 400€ with our early bird discount, if you book and pay by the 21 August 2015. Learn more here.
Don't miss this unique opportunity to hear expert presentations, take part in interactive workshops and meet with RDE experts from around the world at our:
3rd International Conference Real Driving Emissions
27 - 29 October 2015 | Novotel Berlin am Tiergarten, Germany
Download the agenda here:
http://bit.ly/RDE_SP_Agenda
This document discusses the implementation of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) in Qatar, a developing country. It outlines several challenges Qatar faces in developing a fully functional ITS network, such as coordinating different stakeholders, adopting other countries' ITS systems, keeping up with changing technology, integrating new systems with existing infrastructure, and budget constraints. The document provides an overview of Qatar's rapid infrastructure growth and associated traffic and safety issues. It also summarizes Qatar's national ITS master plan and the expected benefits of a comprehensive ITS network for improving transportation systems and road user experience.
CIPTEC - Collective Innovation for Public Transport in European CitiesERTRAC
This document summarizes a presentation given by Prof. Aristotelis Naniopoulos on the CIPTEC project. The CIPTEC project aimed to make public transport more attractive through collective innovation. It involved partners from 7 European countries. The project identified existing innovations, obtained new ideas through crowdsourcing and co-creation workshops, conducted advanced marketing research, and developed a toolbox. It identified market trends influencing public transport and segmented public transport users. The project is expected to impact public transport by encouraging the adoption of innovation mixes, utilizing ideas from its collective intelligence activities, and adopting a modern marketing perspective to promote public transport.
Volvo is considering launching an electric autonomous bus line in China. A presentation outlines Volvo's current situation, opportunities for growth through automation and electrification, safety considerations, and a strategic plan to rollout the bus line first in Wuhu, then Shenzhen, Shanghai, and Beijing. Financial projections estimate the bus line could generate CNY400 million in profits by 2021 while reducing emissions and saving lives.
Semantics for Technical Interoperability and Safer Transport: The Case Of Th...Ivo Velitchkov
This is the deck from my talk at SEMANTiCS 2021 in Amsterdam, within the Workshop on Rethinking Asset Information Management.
---
The European Interoperability Framework (EIF) identifies four levels of interoperability, two of which are semantic and technical interoperability. Technical interoperability in the context of EIF is that between digital services. In the transport domain, however, the main need is for technical interoperability between physical assets. And it is crucial for safety. The role of semantic interoperability is also somewhat different. It doesn't enter as an upper layer but as enabler.
The first Linked Data pilot at the EU Agency for Railways addressed a problem of interoperability between physical assets – track and trains – by increasing the interoperability of their datasets. And while many Linked Data projects focus on the backend and publication, this one delivered a full-stack solution in a very short time that convinced the board to adopt Linked Data as the default paradigm for data management.
The document summarizes a study on the potential for using cargo bicycles for freight transport in London. Key findings include:
- Interviews were conducted with existing cargo bike operators, retailers, and carriers who expressed interest in cargo bike pilots.
- Five potential pilot projects were outlined involving own-account fleets, 3rd party carriers, and shopping delivery.
- Barriers like perception, range, and payload can be addressed, while benefits include lower costs, parking access, and environmental impact. The report identifies opportunities for TfL to further trials with interested operators.
sách Thuật ngữ Logistics _ Glossary for logistic book_ có hình minh hoạ
ĐÀO TẠO XUẤT NHẬP KHẨU - LOGISTICS THỰC TẾ - MASIMEX
Hotline : 0165 477 2330 || 0987 287 988
Địa chỉ *Cơ sở 1* : Tầng 3, Đơn nguyên 1, KTX Mỹ Đình, Đường Hàm Nghi, Q. Nam Từ Liêm, Hà Nội (cách bến xe Mỹ Đình 300 mét)
Địa chỉ *Cơ sở 2* : Số 45-A , đường Thái Hà, Q. Đống Đa, Hà Nội (cạnh FPT Shop Thái Hà)
Để tìm hiểu thêm về Nội dung + Học phí chương trình đào tạo thực tế : bạn vui lòng truy cập : http://bit.ly/ctrinhdtmsm18
Để tìm hiểu thêm về kiến thức ngành xuất nhập khẩu - logistics : bạn vui lòng truy cập : http://masimex.vn/category/blog/nghiep-vu/
Để tải xuống tài liệu kiến thức ngành xuất nhập khẩu - logistics : bạn vui lòng truy cập :
http://bit.ly/tailieuxnkmsm
Facebook page :
https://www.facebook.com/masimex/
Website :
http://masimex.vn/
học xuất nhập khẩu
học xuất nhập khẩu ở đâu
học xuất nhập khẩu ở đâu tại hà nội
học xuất nhập khẩu tại hà nội
đào tạo xuất nhập khẩu
đào tạo xuất nhập khẩu logistics
đào tạo xuất nhập khẩu logistics tại hà nội
El documento describe la evolución de la información y la tecnología a través de la historia. Explica cómo la información ha sido comunicada desde los primeros pictogramas y bibliotecas, hasta la invención de la imprenta. Luego describe las revoluciones industriales y el desarrollo de tecnologías como la máquina de vapor, la electricidad y el telégrafo. Finalmente, discute cómo avances en los 1970s como el microprocesador dieron inicio a la era de la información basada en la convergencia tecnológica.
AdReaction 2012: Navigating the mobile landscapeNewsworks
The document summarizes key findings from the 2012 AdReaction study on mobile advertising. The study consisted of online surveys with 100 general population online users and 400 smartphone/tablet users. Key findings include: 1) attitudes toward mobile ads are becoming more favorable but still vary based on usage; 2) mobile apps have good potential but usability is important; 3) localized and tailored mobile ads have more positive impressions. Attitudes toward various ad formats, both online and offline, are also compared between 2009 and 2012 surveys.
This document contains a resume for Anubhav Kumar Jaiswal. It summarizes his contact information, 12 years of work experience in project management and IT consulting, education credentials including an LL.B. and B.Com., and highlights major projects in areas like CCTNS, SSDG, and e-District projects in various states in India. It also outlines his roles and responsibilities in previous positions managing projects, business development, and project delivery. Core competencies, skill sets, and certifications in areas like PRINCE2 and ITIL are also summarized.
Feasibility studies of wireless sensor network and its implicationsIAEME Publication
This document discusses several topics related to electrical engineering and technology:
1. It describes research on the feasibility of wireless sensor networks and their limitations in collecting usable information.
2. It discusses the fabrication and testing of high-temperature superconductor thin films for potential use in radio frequency applications.
3. It summarizes the development of GSM 900 receivers and a transmitter for testing the receiver electronics. Testing showed the receivers provided adequate signals for further digital signal processing within specifications.
Museums Offer Emotion and Transformation - Edwin van Huis MuseumNext
Museums offer visitors emotion and transformation. There are seven types of visitor motivations including explorers, experience seekers, and respectful pilgrims. Museums should focus on a "big idea" like "Nature is awesome" and communicate this idea throughout the museum using it everywhere. Placemaking aims to create public spaces that promote people's wellbeing. A space thrives when people have 10 or more reasons to spend time there. An effective museum chooses one audience, one big idea, sets the stage well, and uses the power of 10 to provide multiple reasons for visiting.
This document provides information about Shree Vardhman Gardenia, including its location, floor plans, features, construction status, contact details, and price list. The development offers amenities such as a mini golf course, kids pool, central park, spacious balconies, 24/7 power and water supply, and a clubhouse with pool. Floor plans are provided for 3 towers, and images show the construction progress of 5 towers. Contact information is given at the end.
El documento describe los servicios de una empresa que produce y vende abono de origen animal de forma ecológica y sostenible. La empresa ofrece servicios de recogida de excrementos de granjas, tratamiento a través de compostaje para producir abono sin olor, envasado y venta del abono, y aplicación del producto final en explotaciones agrícolas. El objetivo es ayudar a los agricultores y ganaderos de forma respetuosa con el medio ambiente.
This document discusses measuring and classifying angles. It defines an angle as being formed by two rays with a common endpoint. Angles are measured using a protractor and can be acute (<90 degrees), right (90 degrees), obtuse (>90 degrees but <180 degrees), or straight (180 degrees). The document also mentions the angle addition postulate and that congruent angles have the same measure.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Uma campanha promocional oferece um kit de produtos da linha Rose com shampoo, condicionador e creme hidratante por R$39,99 e um par de sandálias. Participantes concorrem a um jantar sorteado no dia 12/05. A divulgação ocorrerá em camisas, sacolas, panfletos e no site da empresa.
El documento resume los estudios de localización de genes y herencia citoplasmática en maíz realizados en el Instituto Fitotécnico de Santa Catalina entre 1942 y 1950, identificando genes responsables de varios caracteres en diferentes cromosomas. También describe los programas de mejoramiento genético de maíz, trigo, arroz y cereales de invierno llevados a cabo por el instituto, que condujeron a la obtención de nuevas variedades.
Increased access to the data generated is fuelling increased consumption and accelerating the cycle of discovery. But the successful integration and re-use of heterogeneous data from multiple providers and scientific domains is a major challenge within academia and industry, often due to incomplete description of the study details or metadata about the study. Using the BioSharing, ISA Commons and the STATistics Ontology (STATO) projects as exemplar community efforts, in this breakout session we will discuss the evolving portfolio of community-based standards and methods for structuring and curating datasets, from experimental descriptions to the results of analysis.
http://www.methodsinecologyandevolution.org/view/0/events.html#Data_workshop
Diana fue originalmente una diosa de la caza relacionada con los animales salvajes. Se la representaba como una joven cazadora acompañada de perros o ciervas, con una luna creciente en la frente y portando un arco y flechas. Tuvo templos importantes en Roma, Capua y el lago Nemi. También se enamoró platónicamente del pastor Endimión.
This document appears to be a list of landscape photography categories by Emily Beards including Urban-Industrial landscapes, Graffiti, Still Water landscapes, Skyscapes, Monochrome landscapes, and Leading Lines landscapes.
Концепция электронного правительства региона на основе СЭДКРОК
Концепция построения автоматизированной информационной системы «Электронное правительство региона» раскрывает ключевые архитектурные подходы к созданию электронного правительства субъекта Российской Федерации, а также предлагает последовательность этапов проекта внедрения системы. Основанием для разработки концепции послужили следующие нормативные акты правительства Российской Федерации:
1) Концепция формирования в Российской Федерации электронного правительства до 2010 года.
2) Сводный перечень первоочередных государственных и муниципальных услуг, предоставляемых органами исполнительной власти субъектов Российской Федерации и органами местного самоуправления в электронном виде.
An overview of the lessons learned and resources available from the Clean Fleets project, dedicated to helping public authorities procure greener, more energy efficient vehicle fleets.
An overview of the lessons learned and resources available from the Clean Fleets project, dedicated to helping public authorities procure greener, more energy efficient vehicle fleets.
USING LEVEL 4 AUTONOMY TO BRING VALUE TO LOGISTICS AND MOBILITYiQHub
Applied Autonomy provides an autonomous vehicle management platform called xFlow that allows large fleets of autonomous vehicles to be monitored and operated at scale more efficiently than using human drivers. xFlow has been used to operate over 15 autonomous bus projects worldwide totaling over 150,000 km. Applied Autonomy's solution for a bus operator in Stavanger, Norway involves running an autonomous electric bus route that could save the operator over $2 million per year by replacing 10 vehicles worth of drivers with automated vehicles managed by xFlow.
Public policy aspects of Connected and Autonomous VehiclesBill Harpley
This is a presentation which I gave to the Brighton IoT Forum meetup group ( of which I am the founder ).
I outlines the key public policy challenges for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles.
It then considers policy responses from the UK Government and examines selected cases studies from U.S. , China and Germany.
The Dutch National LNG Platform was established in 2012 to support the development of LNG as a transport fuel for trucks, barges, and ships. Its goals are to eliminate regulatory obstacles and bring together parties to develop LNG supply systems and encourage its use. The document outlines the organization of task forces focused on safety, trucks, shipping, stakeholder engagement, bio-LNG, and international cooperation to achieve these goals and facilitate the use of LNG by at least 50 ships, 50 inland vessels, and 500 trucks by 2015.
The future of autonomous vehicles 2019 Interim ReportFuture Agenda
There are great expectations around the future of autonomous vehicles (AVs) and equally much uncertainty. Some believe that AVs will transform safety and efficiency and are making significant investments in this area. Others are concerned that the technological developments are outpacing society’s ability to adapt, and there is an urgent requirement to develop better regulation before there is widespread deployment. A global Open Foresight project exploring the key issues for the future of AVs is being undertaken by Future Agenda. Expert workshops around the world are building the informed view.
This interim report shares the findings from the first five expert discussions in Los Angeles, Frankfurt, Singapore, Wellington and Melbourne. It highlights the emerging issues that are the source of major debate around the world. These include the impact of regulation; the ambition for less congestion; rethinking transport planning; the first/last mile challenge; the opportunities for automated freight and the need for more and better data sharing.
The patent makes it possible to achieve a mechanical coupling between vehicles in order to guarantee the safety and operation of a convoy of up to 10 vehicles capable of circulating as if it were a single vehicle.
Future of autonomous vehicles interim report summary - 29 august 2019-compr...Future Agenda
The document provides a summary of insights from expert discussions on the future of autonomous vehicles. Some key points discussed include:
1. Safety is seen as a prerequisite for adoption of autonomous vehicles. While improvements are expected, high expectations exist.
2. Robo-taxi fleets are emerging as the dominant business model, driving further progress in autonomous vehicle development.
3. Automated trucking is also seen as coming soon and bringing significant efficiency gains, with regulatory and industry support.
4. Whether autonomous vehicles will actually reduce congestion or initially increase it through new mobility services is still an open question depending on user behavior and strategies of transportation companies.
TCI 2016 Automotive Industry and Technology The NetherlandsTCI Network
Benno Hüsken from AutomotiveNL gave a presentation on smart mobility in the Netherlands. The presentation covered the Dutch automotive industry strengths in areas like green mobility, smart mobility, manufacturing, and materials. It discussed the Netherlands' role in pioneering electric vehicles and being a testing environment for connected and automated vehicles. It also highlighted several smart mobility projects in the Netherlands involving traffic management technologies, vehicle platooning, and a cooperative ITS corridor between the Netherlands, Germany, and Austria.
Connected and Autonomous Vehicles Cohort WorkshopKTN
The document provides an agenda and overview for a Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAV) Cohort Workshop on December 14th, 2021. The agenda includes introductions from heads of CCAV and Future Regulations discussing key outcomes and areas of focus. There will also be presentations on the state of CAV development in the UK and potential use cases. The workshop aims to facilitate discussion and networking among innovators in the CAV field.
This document discusses mobility and transportation topics related to upcoming European Commission calls for proposals. It covers multimodal transportation, which involves using multiple modes of transport, as well as key topics for 2011-2012 calls including intelligent cargo logistics, low-carbon freight, and cooperative intelligent transportation systems. Funding will support research projects and coordination actions on technologies and services for cleaner, more efficient transportation. The goals are strengthening Europe's logistics industries, improving transportation efficiency and sustainability, and expanding markets for new mobility services.
The European Commission published calls for research funding in 2013, including several calls related to vehicle electrification under the Green Cars Initiative (GCI). The GCI aims to support technologies for renewable and non-polluting energy sources in transportation. It has a goal of 5 million electric vehicles on European roads by 2020. The 2013 calls will fund research projects in areas like batteries, charging solutions, electric motors, and electric vehicles and buses, with a focus on developing sustainable transportation solutions and boosting European industries. Consortia are required to include partners from multiple European countries to develop and submit proposals for funding by November or December 2013.
Declaration of Amsterdam Autonomous Driving 2016 04-08 Ludovic Privat
The document is a declaration from a meeting in Amsterdam on cooperation for connected and automated driving in Europe. It acknowledges the potential benefits of connected and automated vehicles, but also challenges that need to be addressed. It outlines shared objectives to work towards an interoperable EU framework by 2019. It proposes a joint agenda and actions for member states, the European Commission, and industry to support development and deployment, address legal and technical issues, ensure security and privacy, and increase public awareness and acceptance.
This document discusses the EU's regulatory and policy actions around automated and connected vehicles. It defines different levels of vehicle automation from driver assistance to fully autonomous. The EU is working to address challenges around legal frameworks, infrastructure, data, and liability. The GEAR 2030 initiative aims to develop a roadmap for deploying automated vehicles by 2030. Recommendations will focus on systems reaching level 3-4 automation by 2020 related to motorways and traffic. The existing regulatory framework is being reviewed to address issues like road safety, liability, data storage, and connectivity requirements. International cooperation is also occurring to harmonize regulations and research efforts.
This document discusses policies for regulating freight vehicles in cities to reduce their negative impacts. It provides examples from Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, and China. Germany implemented distance-based tolling for trucks and restricted older, more polluting vehicles from entering cities. Hungary limits truck access based on time, weight, and zone. The Netherlands uses restrictions on time, location, emissions, weight, and noise. China piloted fuel-saving technologies on trucks and aims to optimize freight logistics. Overall, the document advocates for setting clear regulatory goals and understanding local traffic/business conditions to effectively manage urban freight.
This brochure describes the practical experiences of the cities’ introduction and extension of the usage of sharing schemes with traditional bicycles, electric bicycles as well as with electric and hybrid cars. Numerous advantages of sharing schemes are pointed out in the brochure. Besides saving money for the individual and improving the environment, the concept paves the way for multi-modal use of transport systems since the vehicle-sharing concept excels at high flexibility due to the independency of timetables and predetermined routes. Automated sharing systems can reliably be in operation year-round, day and night. Furthermore, the user freely chooses the fastest route to his destination not being bound to bus or train lines. In other words, a vehicle-sharing system adds customer value to the whole transport chain.
DYN@MO (2012-2016) is part of the CIVITAS Initiative, supporting cities to introduce ambitious transport measures and policies towards sustainable urban mobility.
Ivo cré, novatoriškų idėjų perdavimas viešajame transporte tide projekto pati...Sį Susisiekimo Paslaugos
TIDE is a 3-year EU project that aims to enhance the adoption of innovative urban transport solutions across Europe. It works with 15 cities to demonstrate new measures and provides tools to analyze measures' impacts and assess their potential for transfer. TIDE developed methodologies for impact assessment and transferability analysis to help cities understand measures' effects and readiness for implementation. It shares knowledge on measures like multimodal pricing, traveler information apps, bus priority, and integrated transit authorities to encourage more widespread adoption of innovation in public transport.
The document describes an invention for automatic vehicle convoys that allows a single driver in the lead vehicle to control multiple vehicles connected mechanically behind it. This patented technology couples vehicles together into a convoy that moves as a single unit for more efficient transport. It could allow things like car-sharing fleets to be relocated automatically or buses to extend their routes without adding drivers. The system has already been prototyped and could be implemented by vehicle manufacturers or logistics companies to optimize their fleet management and transport services.
Similar to rapport-inventarisatie-zelfrijdende-auto-def (20)
3. 3
Experiments on autonomous and automated driving:
an overview 2015
Content
Introduction 4
Netherlands 5
United Kingdom 8
Sweden 12
Italy 14
France 15
Germany 16
Spain 18
Switzerland 18
Belgium 19
Finland 19
Greece 19
Austria, Bulgaria and Bosnia and Herzegovina 19
USA 20
Australia 24
Japan 25
China 27
Singapore 27
Republic of Korea 27
4. 4
Introduction
Autonomous and automated driving will be happening in the near future.
Today, manufacturers like Audi, Mercedes and Volvo are developing and testing new vehicles
for future use. And new players like Google and Apple have also arrived on the scene.
Governments need to be involved in these developments because testing on the road means
changing existing legislation. In some countries governments are prepared to cooperate with
manufacturers and developers to test these new services. The Dutch government is also willing
to allow tests with connected, autonomous and automated vehicles. The Netherlands has
crowded roads - which create good circumstances to conduct road tests - and a lot of technical
institutions and companies that can support these tests. Therefore the Netherlands is one of
the countries that want to have a leading role in the development of these new technologies; it
also believes it can offer a premium location for such tests. At the same time, experiments in
other countries are also contributing to these developments.
This was the reason for ANWB to collect information about all such activities and to create an
overview of what activities are happening all around the world. What tests have already been
conducted in other countries and how can the Netherlands be of additional value?
The collected information in this report has been combined with information provided by the
clubs and collected from websites and reports like ‘The pathway to driverless cars’ by the UK
Department for Transport and VRA’s ‘Regulatory needs and solutions for deployment of vehicle
and road automation’.
One of the important differences among experimenting countries is their involvement in the
conventions of Vienna and Geneva. Many clubs have pointed out the contradictions in the
Vienna Convention. A lot of countries are signatories to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic,
which requires that ‘every moving vehicle or combination of vehicles shall have a driver’ and
that ‘every driver shall at all times, be able to control his vehicle’. Some countries have taken
this to be a barrier to the introduction of automated vehicles. The Convention is in the process
of being amended to allow a car to drive itself so long as the system can be overridden or
switched off by the driver, though it has been argued that a further change is needed to allow
automated vehicles on the roads in many countries.
It is interesting to note that the Vienna Convention is not considered an obstacle in the UK and
China. The UK has signed but not ratified the Convention, and testing is consistent with proper
driver control. China has not ratified the convention either.
Summarize
Many countries are active in the field of autonomous vehicles, but the level and intensity of
their activities vary. We hope that this inventory will provide you with a good impression of the
different global initiatives.
The developments in automated and autonomous driving will, of course, continue.
This document was finalized at the beginning of April 2015. To keep up with the latest
developments worldwide, we suggest that you check the website: www.driverless-future.com.
Public Affairs ANWB
ITS team
5. 5
Netherlands
In general
In June 2014 the Dutch government announced its intention to allow large-scale testing of
self-driving vehicles on Dutch roads, but acknowledged that, in order to make this possible,
existing legislation needed to be amended. The Netherlands wants to position itself as an
international leader and testing country.
The Dutch sector is already involved in small-scale trials on the main road network, such as the
Dutch Integrated Test Site on Cooperative Mobility (DITCM) in Helmond. Over the next four
years, they will carry out projects with the market, building upon the existing innovative
projects.
In January 2015 a proposal to extend exemption rules to allow the large- scale testing of self-
driving cars and trucks was approved. A spokesperson stated that testing would start in
summer 2015 once parliament approved the necessary legislative changes.
The Dutch also plan to initiate amendments to international regulations and have launched a
study into potential issues such as liability, driving skills requirements, traffic data and the
possible impact on infrastructure. The Dutch will occupy the EU presidency in 2016 and have
stated that they might then further develop these issues.
In February 2015 Scania held the first partially autonomous self-driving truck tests on Dutch
public roads. The Dutch government is currently backing a plan to market automated trucks to
deliver goods from Rotterdam to other cities in the Netherlands within 5 years. They claim
benefits include reduced road space requirements, improved safety and environmental
impacts.
RDW, a public authority in the mobility chain appointed by the Ministry of Infrastructure, has
other autonomous driving test applicants. The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific
Research (TNO), the Dutch truck manufacturer DAF, the Port of Rotterdam, the Province of
Gelderland and the University of Wageningen all partnered together and tested self-propelled
vehicles in the vicinity of Wageningen early this year, a Twente University release stated.
On behalf of the minister of the Ministry of Infrastructure, RDW has published an exemption
process for large-scale testing on public roads. It consists of four steps:
1. Intake
- ‘Mission analysis’
- Functional description
- Comprehensive risk analysis
- EMC
2. Desk Research
- In consultation with the applicant
3. Testing on a closed proving ground
- Physical inspection of the vehicle(s)
- ‘Happy flow’ testing
- Stress testing
6. 6
4. Limited admittance with an exemption
- With requirements and conditions, such as insurance, test times, test location,
duration, monitoring and logging
In general
Scania
Swedish heavy-truck manufacturer Scania held the first partially autonomous self-driving truck
tests on Dutch public roads on Monday, 9 February 2015. During the test, Scania trucks drove
themselves in a convoy. The trucks departed from Scania factories and carried the test out on
the A28 motorway in a partnership with Transport en Logistiek Nederland (TLN).
The test demonstrated linked driving, in which the trucks are within a fixed distance from each
other and linked to other lorries in such a way that when the first truck brakes, the others brake
simultaneously.
Province of Gelderland
The province of Gelderland, together with the municipalities of Ede and Wageningen and
Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), have conceived a plan to realize a system
of fully automated vehicles on the public roads between Ede-Wageningen railway station and
WUR to transport WUR guests in a way that is representative of a leading innovative region.
Commissioned by the province of Gelderland, TU Delft will conduct the WE-pod pilot, which
will be operative by May 2016.
This plan is in line with the province’s policy objective to find alternatives for private car use
and regional bus services, considering automated vehicles as an alternative to local public
transport. The WE-pods project is taking automated transport at the WUR Campus into
account in its ambition to support several policy areas.
This WE-pods project intends to realize a demonstration project by December 2015 to show the
concrete possibilities of automated transport, contribute to the desired Food Valley image and
provide a basis for further developing future mobility concepts.
Where other projects focus mainly on transportation in vehicles with a driver on motorways,
WE-pods focuses on automated transportation in driverless vehicles on local public road
systems.
The WE-pods vehicles will have to be able to cope
with cyclists, pedestrians and oncoming traffic, as
well as cross-signalized intersections. This puts
high demands on the detection of other road users
and on the strategies that secure safe interactions.
During the WE-pod pilot, researchers will
systematically study under which conditions safe
interactions can be realized and where and which
adjustments to the infrastructure are required.
For the time being and for safety reasons, the
vehicles will not be able to exceed a speed of 25 km
per hour during this pilot. The vehicles’ speed will
be adapted in bends, at side roads, intersections,
etc. The route has been selected for its relatively
quiet roads with maximum speed limits of 30 or 60
km per hour.
7. 7
The WE-pod project will use a phased development approach and work towards increasing
complexity, functionalities and speed. The project referred to above is only the first step. With
the WE-pod pilot, the province of Gelderland wants to pave the road for the long-term
development of self-driving vehicle systems.
Source: Province of Gelderland
DAF/TNO
On 25 March 2015 and in cooperation with DAF, TNO demonstrated Truck Platooning with two
trucks on the N270. This test involved two virtually linked trucks: one driver drove and the
other (second) driver had no driving task. This unique demonstration was the start of a series of
tests in real traffic on a public road to show that Truck Platooning makes road transport more
efficient, more economical, cleaner and safer. The next tests of DAF and TNO are planned for
the near future at the Maasvlakte, near Rotterdam.
DAVI
The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative (DAVI), which develops highly automated vehicles for
research and demonstrations on public roads, was initiated by TU Delft, RDW, Connekt and
TNO. Their research tries to prove the safety of these vehicles and focuses on human factors in
automated driving. DAVI implements automation technology in real cars that can be driven on
existing roads in normal traffic.
Source: http://davi.connekt.nl
Role national automobile and touring club
ANWB
ANWB is member of Connekt, an association of ITS parties in the Netherlands. It is also
involved in DITCM. Together with TNO, ANWB has worked out a proposal to start a community
in which road users can do live tests and exchange experiences. Working with the Ministry of
Infrastructure, ANWB is investigating how consumer involvement can be of value.
8. 8
United Kingdom
In general
As part of the 2013 National Infrastructure Plan, the government pledged a review of the
legislative and regulatory framework to enable the trialling of driverless cars on UK roads.
These plans were also announced in the 2013 Autumn Statement. On 30 July 2014, the
government also launched a driverless cars competition inviting UK cities to join together with
businesses and research organizations and host vehicle trials locally.
On 3 December 2014, as part of the Government’s Autumn Statement, 4 cities were awarded
up to £10 million in funding from Innovate UK for testing innovative driverless cars in the real
world.
Greenwich, in south-east London;
Bristol;
Coventry and Milton Keynes.
The decision was made public after George Osborne's Autumn Statement. The chancellor also
announced an additional £9m in funding for the work, adding to the £10m that had been
awarded in July 2014. The businesses involved will add further funds. The tests will last from
between 18 to 36 months and begin on 1 January.
Bristol will host the Venturer consortium, which aims to investigate whether driverless cars can
reduce congestion and make roads safer. Its members include the insurance group Axa, and
much of its focus will be on the public's reaction to the technical as well as the legal and
insurance implications of its introduction.
Greenwich is set to run the GATEway scheme. This will be led by the Transport Research
Laboratory consultancy and also involves General Motors and the IAM, AA and RAC motoring
associations. It plans to carry out tests of automated passenger shuttle vehicles as well as
autonomous valet parking for adapted cars. In addition, a self-drive car simulator will make use
of a photorealistic 3D model of the area to study how people react to sharing the driving of a
vehicle with its computer.
Milton Keynes and Coventry will host the UK Autodrive programme. Among other parties, this
involves Ford, Jaguar Land Rover and the engineering consultancy Arup and will test both self-
drive cars on the road as well as self-driving pods designed for pedestrian areas. Part of this
group's work will be to develop the technologies that will need to be built into roads and the
surrounding infrastructure to aid vehicle navigation.
The UK Government published a detailed review of regulations on 11 February 2015,
examining the regulatory framework for the safe testing of driverless cars. The main
conclusions were
Driverless vehicles can legally be tested on public roads in the UK today, providing a test
driver is present and takes responsibility for the safe operation of the vehicle and that
the vehicle can be used compatibly with the road law;
A Code of Practice will be published in this spring for those wishing to test driverless
vehicles on UK roads;
Review and amend domestic regulations by the summer of 2017 to accommodate
driverless vehicle technology;
9. 9
Liaise at an international level with an aim to amend international regulations by the
end of 2018.
More information can be found on the website:
www.gov.uk/government/publications/driverless-cars-in-the-uk-a-regulatory-review
Sources: www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-30316458 and
https://interact.innovateuk.org/competition-display-page/-
/asset_publisher/RqEt2AKmEBhi/content/introducing-driverless-cars-to-uk-
roads?p_p_auth=CjGJE10t
In detail
Greenwich
A consortium led by TRL has been selected by Innovate UK to deliver the GATEway project
(Greenwich Automated Transport Environment), one of three projects awarded to test
‘driverless’ vehicles in UK urban locations. The £8 million GATEway project will see three trials
of different types of zero-emission automated vehicles within an innovative, technology-
agnostic testing environment set in the Royal Borough of Greenwich. The project will build
upon Greenwich’s reputation as one of the UK’s premier digital hubs and aims to leave the
legacy of a driverless vehicle test environment in Greenwich, attracting international
manufacturers and associated industries to the UK.
In each of the three trials to be undertaken
within the GATEway project, safety will be
effectively managed through the careful
choice of test environments, vehicle
systems and testing protocols and by
working closely with the relevant
authorities. The purpose of the project is
multifaceted. It will demonstrate
automated transport systems to the
public, industry and media stakeholders in
the three planned trials. These will include
various public tests of fully automated
passenger shuttle transport systems and
autonomous valet parking for adapted cars.
In undertaking these tests, objective and subjective feedback on their use will be captured to
build a detailed understanding of the extent to which these systems are used, trusted and
accepted. This will inform how such systems can integrate into and complement existing
multimodal transport infrastructure and provide essential insights into the human factor
issues that may be critical for the successful deployment of automated transport systems.
Source: www.trl.co.uk/news-hub/trl-press-releases/2014/december/greenwichs-digital-
credentials-driven-home-after-trl-led-consortium-wins-%C2%A38m-trial-to-pilot-futuristic-
automated-vehicles
GATEway will test self-drive passenger shuttle vehicles in Greenwich
10. 10
Milton Keynes and Coventry
The huge potential of autonomous (self-driving) vehicles has been identified by the Transport
Systems Catapult (TSC) as a key growth area, and the LUTZ Pathfinder (autonomous pods)
programme marks our first foray into this exciting sector.
Carried out on behalf of the UK
Automotive Council and the Department
for Business, Innovation and Skills, and
sitting within the wider LUTZ (Low-carbon
Urban Transport Zone) programme, the
LUTZ Pathfinder programme is overseeing
a trial of three autonomous pods in Milton
Keynes and assessing their feasibility from
both a technical and societal point of view.
Currently being built by the Coventry-
based firm RDM, the electric-powered
two-seater pods will be equipped with
sensor and navigation technology initially
provided by the University of Oxford's
Mobile Robotics Group, but with an open platform capability that will allow other Autonomous
Control System suppliers to use the pods for test purposes.
Later this year, the TSC will test the pods in an "urban laboratory" using a footpath route
agreed with our partners at Milton Keynes Council. Some of the initial findings from the project
will also be fed into the larger-scale Autodrive UK programme, which will trial both footpath-
and road-based vehicles in Milton Keynes and Coventry.
Source: https://ts.catapult.org.uk/lutz
Bristol
The VENTURER consortium has secured funding from Innovate UK to test driverless cars in the
Bristol region. This appointment followed Osborne’s Autumn Statement announcement to
make the UK a world centre for the testing and development of this new technology.
VENTURER is made up of organizations in the South West that includes Atkins, Bristol City
Council, South Gloucestershire Council, AXA, Williams Advanced Engineering, Fusion
Processing, Centre for Transport and Society, University of the West of England (UWE Bristol),
University of Bristol and Bristol Robotics Laboratory, a collaboration between the University of
Bristol and UWE Bristol.
The VENTURER consortium have joined forces to explore the feasibility of driverless cars in the
UK, by trialling autonomous vehicles in the Bristol region, investigating the legal and insurance
aspects of driverless cars and exploring how the public react to such vehicles.
The novelty of Bristol’s approach is the focus on public-private-citizen partnerships,
championing experimental solutions through the deployment of information and
communications technology (ICT) and digital technologies in a people-friendly manner.
Source: www.bristol.gov.uk/press/venturer-consortium-test-driverless-cars-bristol-region
11. 11
Role national automobile and touring clubs
IAM and AA
The IAM and the AA are involved in the Advisory Group for the GATEway project in
Greenwich. As no one knows how transition from driver control to driverless will work and how
long it will take, the pilot studies are the best way to build real world experience in each
country’s unique road environment.
There is also a report on the future of motoring being undertaken by the Transport Committee
in the UK Parliament. It is not sure when the final report will be published. The IAM gave
evidence1
that covers wider issues, but does nevertheless contain some IAM survey figures on
driverless cars. It appears that IAM members are sceptical.
RAC
The RAC Foundation (that represents the Royal Automobile Club at FIA Meetings) consists of
GATEway project advisory group members. This advisory group will review project
documentation and provide insight to ensure that the project meets its objectives and delivers
best value for Innovate UK.
1
House of Commons Transport Committee Inquiry on Motoring of the Future by Neil Greig,
Director of Policy and Research, September 2014
12. 12
Sweden
In general
Initial findings from the Swedish Transport Agency in May 2014 stated that current vehicle
legislation, driver’s license rules and liability rules may need amending to permit the testing of
vehicles using information systems, which might be considered beyond those cars offering only
driver assistance.
Existing vehicle regulations and roadworthiness testing would have to be amended to cover
the hardware and software used for automated vehicles. Driver’s licenses could be introduced
for those with impairments to license the use of fully automated vehicles only. The study
highlighted required improvement to Sweden’s registry of all national and local traffic
regulations.
The ‘world’s first full-size safety test track for driverless vehicles’ opened near Gothenburg in
August 2014.
In detail
Lindholmen Science Park
Lindholmen Science Park is leading a national process from the ‘Automated Transport System’.
The current main activity is to establish a so-called ‘Strategic Innovation Programme’ through
the Swedish Innovation Agency Vinnova. Together with this activity, Lindholmen is also
involved in other initiatives, like the “Drive Me” project, initiated by Volvo Cars.
‘Drive Me’: Autonomous Driving
In Sweden Volvo Cars will play a leading role in the world’s first large-scale autonomous driving
pilot project in which 100 self-driving Volvo cars will use public roads in everyday driving
conditions around the Swedish city of Gothenburg.
The groundbreaking project ‘Drive
Me – Self-driving cars for
sustainable mobility’ is a joint
initiative between Volvo Car Group,
the Swedish Transport
Administration, the Swedish
Transport Agency, Lindholmen
Science Park and the City of
Gothenburg. The ‘Drive Me’ project
has been endorsed by the Swedish
government. The aim is to pinpoint
the societal benefits of
autonomous driving and position
Sweden and Volvo Cars as leaders
in the development of future
mobility.
Autonomous vehicles are an integrated part of Volvo Cars’ and the Swedish government’s
vision of zero traffic fatalities. This public pilot represents an important step towards this goal
for Volvo. It will give an insight into the technological challenges as well as providing valuable
feedback from real customers driving on public roads.
13. 13
The pilot will involve self-driving cars using approximately 50 kilometres of selected roads in
and around Gothenburg. These roads are typical commuter arteries and include motorway
conditions and frequent queues. The aim is for the car to be able to handle all possible traffic
scenarios by itself, including leaving the traffic flow and finding a safe ‘harbour’ if the driver for
any reason is unable to regain control.
What makes the ‘Drive Me’ project unique is that it involves all the key players: legislators,
transport authorities, a major city, a vehicle manufacturer and real customers.
Focus areas
The ‘Drive Me’ project will focus on a number of areas, such as:
How autonomous vehicles bring societal and economic benefits by improving traffic
efficiency, the traffic environment and road safety;
Infrastructure requirements for autonomous driving;
Typical traffic situations suitable for autonomous vehicles;
Customers’ confidence in autonomous vehicles;
How surrounding drivers interact smoothly with a self-driving car.
The project commenced in 2014 with customer research and technology development, as well
as the development of a user interface and cloud functionality. The first cars are expected to be
on the roads in Gothenburg by 2017.
In April 2014 Volvo reported that the first test cars were already rolling around the Swedish city
of Gothenburg and the sophisticated Autopilot technology was performing well.
Source: www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/media/pressreleases/136182/volvo-car-
group-initiates-world-unique-swedish-pilot-project-with-self-driving-cars-on-public-
roads
Role national automobile and touring clubs
Motormännen/SMVC
Neither Motormännen nor SMVC is involved in the ‘Drive Me’ pilot.
14. 14
Italy
In general
In Italy automated activities are not allowed on public roads for safety reasons, though some
very special tests may be performed on short road sections after the area has been secured for
that purpose. Inprinciple,automatedtransportsystemsinItalymaybeconsideredlegal iftheyare
certifiedaccordingtoatechnicalstandardthat hasbeen developedforrailsystems.
The only regulatory acts on this matter are the Decree of 1 February 2013 on the diffusion of
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) - published in the Official Journal of the Italian Republic and
signed by the Minister of Transport- and the National Action Plan for ITS approved by Minister
Maurizio Lupi on 12 February 2014. The problem is that both the above-mentioned documents
deal exclusively with cooperative driving (connected car, vehicular applications), whereas no
mention is made of automated driving (meaning driverless cars on public roads).
In detail
In 2010 VISLab, the research group of the University of Parma led by Prof. Alberto Broggi,
launched a research and development project that saw an automated van successfully drive
from Italy to China through different traffic, weather and road conditions. The van followed a
lead vehicle that was also automated but required some input from a human driver and that
consisted of a solar-powered self-driving vehicle equipped with an artificial vision system.
Technological development has led to the creation of Braive, a prototype that has already
circulated through the streets of Parma during some experimental tests.
Other research projects included the testing of both automated cars and buses. One of these
projects, PROUD, was carried out in a mix of rural, freeway and urban traffic. It required a police
escort at all times and a passenger ready to use the brake pedal in an emergency.
Role national automobile and touring club
ACI
Though currently not directly involved, ACI is closely monitoring these issues.
15. 15
France
In September 2013, French authorities launched 34 programmes for a new industrial conquest
called the 34 plans of the Nouvelle France Industrielle. France pressed for an amendment to the
Vienna Convention and, in July 2014, it published its roadmap for automated vehicles.
This included proposals such as pilot zones for testing, changes to driver training, R&D projects
running to 2018 and the development of regulatory requirements to support testing
automated vehicles and their entry to the market. They are currently examining the regulatory
issues that may inhibit the testing of automated vehicles. The authorization of experimental
testing on roads of partial and highly automated vehicles is targeted for the beginning of 2015.
Driverless cars must improve road safety and allow the driver, in complete safety, a new
moment of free or productive time. They should also help:
to improve traffic flow;
to develop new flexible public transport services that are adaptable based on the flow;
to make transport more accessible to people with disabilities, the elderly and the most
vulnerable of the public.
It now appears that the first tests on French roads will be launched early this year (perhaps
within the first quarter). The government’s objective is to market these driverless cars in 2020
at an affordable price.
Source: http://proxy-pubminefi.diffusion.finances.gouv.fr/pub/document/18/17721.pdf#page=12
France has established the VeDeCom Institute, a public-private initiative focused on
sustainable mobility. Their stated aim is to “deliver to the market an affordable autonomous
car for all before 2020.”
Source: Automated Vehicles: Strategic Overview by Bishop Consulting for Rijkswaterstaat
Role national automobile and touring club
Automobile Club
For the moment the Automobile Club is not involved in any particular project, but follows all of
the developments on the subject since it has a major impact on society (technological barriers,
French and European regulatory framework, road safety, etc.).
16. 16
Germany
In 2012, the Federal Highway Research Institute published a report summarizing the situation
with respect to automated vehicles and current German regulations. The report concluded that
existing levels of automation are compatible with German regulatory law since the driver has
constant availability of control over the vehicle. Highly and fully automated vehicles do not
currently comply with the German law.
In November 2013 a round table on automated driving was inaugurated. This round table can
be considered as a national platform where all relevant stakeholder groups (Federal Ministries
involved, public authorities, industry, insurance companies, user associations, technical
inspection, research institutes) are represented. The operational work is done by the working
groups ‘Legal Issues’, ‘Driver/Vehicle’ and ‘Research’. The objectives are to build a consensus on
the core issues of automated driving, thereby creating basic preconditions to implement highly
automated driving. This national platform also acts as an advisory board to the Federal
Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. This ministry is looking at the next steps in the
areas of the law, drivers and cars, and research requirements. The round table was due to
report first findings at the end of 2014.
Currently each federal state in Germany can grant exemptions from the technical
requirements of the German Road Traffic Licensing Regulations. This allows a vehicle to
operate autonomously on public roads, provided there is a driver in the driver’s seat who has
full legal responsibly for the safe operation of the vehicle. There have been a number of
vehicles tested on German roads with varying levels of automation. In January 2015,
Germany’s transport minister announced that the A9 autobahn between Munich and
Nuremburg would be fitted with technology to allow driverless cars to use the road and
communicate with other vehicles and the road infrastructure.
To ADAC’s knowledge there are as yet no plans for major field tests like those in Sweden.
Nevertheless, all OEMs and Tier1 are currently carrying out their own tests with test cars on
public roads.
Role national automobile and touring club
ADAC
ADAC believes there is a great market potential for automated driving because it enhances
driver comfort and productivity. Plus, it is expected to positively affect road safety and the
efficiency of road traffic. ADAC promotes user-friendliness and legal certainty and takes the
following position in this discussion:
Drivers should constantly be aware of the car’s level of automation and their
responsibilities to take action and monitor the car;
Drivers of partially automated cars are required to permanently monitor the car.
Currently, drivers are not allowed to take their eyes off the road for a continued period
of time. Partially automated systems should be designed (e.g. temporary activation) to
prevent a critical decrease in attention;
Drivers are not required to permanently monitor conditionally automated cars.
Conditionally automated driving features should therefore comply with verifiable
technical minimum requirements. Drivers are allowed to engage in activities not
related to driving as long as they are able to assume the driving task at the vehicle’s
request within a period of time adequate to the situation. Drivers of conditionally
automated cars who show a typical standard user behaviour should not be subject to
sanctions and be indemnified against any and all liability;
17. 17
Technical measures should be introduced to prevent foreseeable and dangerous
misuse of automated driving features (e.g. sleeping, leaving the driver’s seat);
System operations and driver interventions should be recorded so that they can be
used as evidence to clarify whether or not a driver of an automated car is liable for an
incident. Data protection and data security as well as transparency should be ensured
for the user;
Roadworthiness testing should uses interfaces and schemes to assess the operability
and safety of automated driving features. However, this should not result in a
significant increase in the cost.
18. 18
Spain
The Spanish Road Code still contains the statement: “Drivers should at all times be in a
condition to control their vehicles”, which could be problematic for autonomous vehicles.
Platooning trials have already been undertaken, with more planned for autumn 2016, as well
as a trial testing an automated vehicle on 100 kilometres of highway. The government has
invested in an outdoor test track for testing the most advance technologies. Spain hosted the
SARTRE FP7 project for open-road platooning. FP7 projects Citymobil and Citymobil 2 hosted
demonstrations of automated transport in Castellon, Leon and San Sebastian. The Spanish
government has also supported a project that saw the open road test of an automated vehicle
on 100 kilometres of a highway without requiring input from a driver. The government has
invested in building offices and an outdoor test track for testing the most advance driving
technologies. ScaniaisworkingwithaSpanishtestlaboratory(IDIADA)totesttheirentire
platooningsystemonSpanishroadsinautumn2016.
Barcelona in particular seeks to be one of top cities in urban self-driving, for which they have
the support of the city council support. A Barcelona Board of Cooperative and Automated
Driving has been formed with the aim of creating a supportive ecosystem and infrastructure
for testing. They have chosen Cituadella Park for a ‘Self Driving Urban Lab’.2
Role national automobile and touring club
RACC
RACC is involved in an initiative of the city of Barcelona aimed at testing cars with automated
functionalities in real-traffic conditions. The role of the RACC is to provide private user testers,
provide end-user requirements (for HMI, for instance), validate results and end-user
satisfaction and acceptance as well as the social impact of automated driving.
So far, there is no documentation that can be shared.
Switzerland
Thus far there are no known plans about completely driverless cars in Switzerland.
Role national automobile and touring club
TCS
Together with other partners TCS is in AG Fahrzeugsicherheit, a national consortium founded by
the government. Activities from all partners are presented twice a year. In addition, TCS tests
new cars and their systems; together with their partners, they are also preparing a report on
the results of how a driver’s knowledge of safety influences driver-assist systems.
They have tested two systems with different drivers and their knowledge of these systems:
Adaptive Cruise Control ACC and Emergency Braking System EBS. Reports about these tests will
be available after the project is finished this spring.
2 Automated Vehicles: Strategic Overview by Bishop Consulting for Rijkswaterstaat
19. 19
Belgium
The Flemish government will set up pilots beginning in 2015. The governmental department of
Mobility has announced that autonomous Tesla vehicles will drive on the Belgian public motorways
this autumn. The Tesla software update 6.2 enhances the cars’ active safety features, bringing the
Model S closer to autonomous capabilities.
Source: http://newsmonkey.be/article/35847
Role national automobile and touring club
TCB
TCB is not involved and has not yet decided on a potential role for the club.
Finland
Finland is currently preparing experimental legislation to run for five years, starting in 2015,
that will enable automated vehicles to drive within restricted testing areas and at certain times
on public roads once they have been issued with a permit. Between 2013 and 2015 they will
assess this technology’s business potential, legislative requirements and potential profitability
for the transport sector.
Greece
In 2013 the Greek Ministry of Infrastructure, Transport and Networks, in cooperation with
stakeholders in the country (e.g. ICCS, eTricala), began discussions about allowing driverless
vehicles within the Greek transport network. The occasion for starting this discussion was the
possible CITYMOBIL2 pilot. The ministry has encouraged discussion between all relevant actors
in different European countries; for this purpose, they convened a meeting in Athens in May
2014 with representatives from other foreign ministries to discuss different approaches
(www.e-trikala.gr/node/448). The participating countries were Greece, France, Italy, Finland,
Spain, Sweden, Germany, UK, Poland, Malta and Cyprus. As a result, a legislative act has been
prepared and will be proposed to the Greek Parliament. The act states that pilot trials of
automated vehicles on public roads are allowed under specific conditions (mainly a thorough
analysis of the proposed routes, supervision by appropriate research or academic bodies and
the active support of local authorities).
Austria, Bulgaria and Bosnia and Herzegovina
No developments have been reported in Austria, Bulgaria or Bosnia and Herzegovina.
20. 20
USA
In general
Several automakers, automotive suppliers and, most famously, Google are all involved in
driverless- car development and testing. In May, the Department of Transportation’s National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) issued a preliminary statement of policy on
autonomous vehicles that has since helped frame everyone’s understanding of the various
degrees of automation. Stanford University’s Center for Internet and Society publishes a
website on which it tracks public policy activity regarding autonomous vehicles.
In detail
Legislation
North America was the first country to introduce legislation to permit the testing of automated
vehicles, but only four states have done this. California began issuing licenses in the autumn of
2014.
State-by-state laws vary significantly and, according to one source, no state has fully
determined how existing traffic laws should apply to automated vehicles. Fifteen states are
reported to have rejected bills related to automated driving3
.
In May 2013 NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) issued a ‘preliminary
statement of policy concerning automated vehicles’. Aimed at levels 3 and 4 automation for
testing purposes only it recommended that:
License drivers to operate self-driving vehicles for testing;
Require proof of safe operation of self-driving vehicles;
Limit tests to locations suitable for self-driving vehicles;
Establish reporting requirements to monitor self-driving technology performance;
Ensure that the process for transitioning from self-driving mode to driver control is safe,
simple and timely;
Require self-driving vehicles to have the capability to detect, record and inform the
driver that the automation system has malfunctioned;
Ensure that self-driving vehicle technologies do not disable any required safety features
or systems;
Ensure that all information about the status of the automated control technologies is
recorded in the event of a crash or loss of vehicle control.
Those states permitting automated vehicle testing each have their own set of requirements,
which vary from one another.
Examples of requirements set out by the four states include an insurance or surety bond up to
the value of $5 million and testers being required to have either a specific permit or special
vehicle license plates.
Google
Google plans to deploy a test fleet of Roush-built prototypes in 2015. On closed courses the
cars will be able to operate without a steering wheel, brakes or accelerator -- and drive
3 Gabriel Weiner and Bryant Walker Smith, Automated Driving: Legislative and Regulatory Action,
cyberlaw.stanford.edu/wiki/index.php/Automated_Driving:_Legislative_and_Regulatory_Action
21. 21
themselves without a human passenger. Due to California regulations, controls will be added
and a test driver will be behind the wheel when the car travels on public roads.
Internet giant Google Inc. has started talks with most of the world's top automakers and
assembled a team of global suppliers to speed its push to market self-driving cars. The
suppliers named by Google included Bosch, which supplies power electronics and long-range
radar to Google; ZF Lenksysteme, which supplies a new steering gear; LG Electronics, which
supplies the batteries; Continental; and Roush.
Google did not ask a large automaker to build this car, but intends to do so in the future when
it seeks to commercialize its technology.
Audi
In January 2015, Audi demonstrated the A7 prototype, which drove unassisted from San
Francisco to Las Vegas, a distance of 550 miles, using radar sensors for long-range and 360-
degree views, as well as LIDAR laser scanners at the front and back. It also used a new, high-
resolution 3D video camera to take a wide-angle view from the front, combining the data from
four other cameras around the car.
All of the data was managed by the advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS, such as lane
departure warning, advanced cruise control, traffic sign recognition, pedestrian and object
detection, forward collision warning and reversing prevention), but these are all key algorithms
for the self-driving car. Indeed, these emerging devices already support autonomous
emergency braking, and are also being designed for the ISO26262 automotive safety standard.
Source: www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1325276
Mercedes
Mercedes unveiled the Mercedes-Benz
F 015 Luxury in Motion concept vehicle
at the 2015 International CES on 5
January. Inside, there are six digital
display screens so passengers can
interact with the car by touch. LED
displays on the front and rear (and a
frontal laser projection system) allow
the car to sense traffic.
The vehicle is also eco-friendly: the car
has an electric-hybrid system that runs
close to 700 miles on pure electric
power with no emissions.
The F 015 allows passengers to take control if they want, but also gives them the opportunity
to sit back and relax – and look super cool while doing so.
The design will probably force other car and tech companies to consider what future
consumers might be looking for in their driverless cars.
Source: www.boston.com/cars/news-and-reviews/2015/01/12/the-self-driving-car-game-
mercedes-may-have-google-beat/p6WpoFpDlEfaDqyeaFtwzM/story.html
Attendees sat in the self-driving
Mercedes-Benz F 015 concept car.
22. 22
Delphi
On 22 March 2015, an autonomous car by Delphi successfully set out from the Golden Gate
Bridge toward New York for a 3,500-mile drive. The company built a self-driving car based on a
2014 Audi SQ5 and packed with the sensors and computers that Delphi developed to replace
humans: A camera in the windshield looks for lane lines, road signs, and traffic lights.
Delphi installed a midrange radar system, with a range of about 80 metres, on each corner.
There is another radar at the front and a sixth at the rear. All of this is in addition to the long-
range radars on the front and back, which look 180 metres ahead and behind.
“What we expect to do is be able to create better sensors and more sensors, and then the
software algorithms as well, which the automakers will need as they take more steps along
that journey to automated driving,” said Delphi CTO Jeff Owens.
Why the road trip? It is about
collecting data. Delphi says it has
covered hundreds of miles in the
past year or so around Silicon
Valley and Las Vegas, both on the
highway and on city streets.
Going from California to New York
provides terabytes of information
on how the sensor suite detects
the world around it and how the
car drives. With that data, Delphi
can continue to improve its
technology, tweaking software
and hardware alike to make the
car’s driving more reliable.
Delphi plans to make the trip in
eight days, driving at most eight
hours a day.
The rolling catalogue of automotive expertise arrived in the Big Apple on the eve of the New
York auto show, showing the public and automakers what the future holds.
Source: www.wired.com/2015/03/delphis-self-driving-car-taking-cross-country-road-
trip/?mbid=social_fb
Nissan and Nasa
NASA’s Ames Research Center and Nissan North America have signed a Reimbursable Umbrella
Space Act Agreement and the first annex to that agreement. The umbrella agreement allows
for partnerships in autonomous vehicle systems, robotics, human-machine interface, software
analysis/verification and network-enabled applications. The first annex to this agreement
initiates cooperative research and the development of algorithms, concepts and integrated
prototypes for self-driving cars.
Ames and Nissan have extensive expertise and interest in autonomous vehicles. Ames will
assist in reimbursed design, development, testing and assessment of Nissan’s autonomous
vehicles, including limited use of Ames’s campus for testing. These tests will build toward a
proof-of-concept remote operation of autonomous vehicles to transport materials, goods,
payloads or humans, which NASA parallels to the way it remotely operates planetary rovers
from a mission control centre.
Lessons learned from integration, testing and demonstrations will enable Nissan North
America to better plan for the development and commercialization of autonomous vehicles
and applications.
23. 23
Source: www.nasa.gov/ames/from-rovers-to-self-driving-cars-nasa-ames-and-nissan-north-
america-sign-agreement/#.VPR2BHyG_rw
University of Michigan
Last September, the University of Michigan founded the Mobility Transformation Center, a new
connected-vehicle testing and research institution. The MTC is planning several future large-
scale laboratory and real-world testing projects with government and industry partners.
Source: www.mtc.umich.edu
Role national automobile and touring club
AAA
AAA is not currently involved in any self-driving vehicle tests. That is the exclusive domain of
the companies developing the technologies. AAA has been closely monitoring all of these
developments and has taken advantage of numerous opportunities for engagement.
For instance, representatives from Google have met with AAA repeatedly over the last few
years to provide updates on their self-driving car project.
The Automobile Club of Southern California has been supportive of state legislation to expand
the regulatory framework for the operation of these cars on public roads.
The Auto Club Group participated in a Florida Automated Vehicle Summit last month.
AAA has also been invited to participate in upcoming meetings to create a uniform state law
for the regulation of these technologies.
24. 24
Australia
In general
The Centre for Road Safety, New South Wales (NSW) is conducting a Cooperative Intelligent
Transport Initiative (CITI) trial of vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure
communications systems utilizing 5.9GHz DSRC. The trial is being conducted on a 42-kilometer
route from the Hume Highway to Port Kembla on the coast. The focus of this trial is to determine
truck positions and speed and send alerts about incidents or potential crashes back to truck
drivers to improve safety. The roadside units will also transmit traffic signal conditions so that
vehicles can be alerted to stop. Further information is available at – the website:
www.nrspp.org.au
The State Road Authority in Victoria, VicRoads, has released an industry framework for trialling
road freight intelligent systems on Victorian roads. This framework is calling for proposals from
industry to trial technology solutions to improve freight access and productivity. The information
below describes the background of the proposal.
The freight and logistics sector contributed between $19 billion and $23 billion to Victoria’s Gross
State Product (GSP) in 2011, representing up to eight per cent of the Victorian economy. Because
freight and logistics plays such a critical role, the efficiency of the sector’s operations is a key
driver of productivity throughout the broader economy.
Freight and logistics efficiency not only drives direct costs for freight operators but influences how
readily these businesses can reorganize to achieve productivity improvements. Improved freight
and logistics efficiency enables businesses across many sectors to consolidate warehousing
facilities, reduce inventory costs, increase geographical market reach and create higher-value
services and products.
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and other associated technologies can provide significant
benefits to the freight and logistics sector by improving efficiency, reliability and safety.
The Victorian Government and VicRoads are committed to facilitating and partnering with
industry to drive innovation and have developed this framework to support the research and
development of new technologies.
More information website: www.vicroads.vic.gov.au
Role of national automobile and touring clubs
In general
Brian Negus, GM Public Policy at RACV, is also the chair of the Intelligent Transport Systems
Committee and is the spokesperson for all clubs on this issue.
RACQ
RACQ is not aware of any trials or development activity that is currently underway in
Queensland for self-driving cars. They are keeping an eye on this topic.
RACV
RACV is aware of the two trials as part of its membership of Intelligent Transport Systems,
Australia (ITS Australia). ITS Australia is an independent non-profit membership organization
representing ITS suppliers, government authorities, academia and transport businesses and
users. It promotes the development and deployment of advanced technologies to deliver safer,
more efficient and environmentally sustainable transport across all public and private modes –
air, sea, road and rail.
25. 25
Japan (JAF)
In general
Thefirstpublicroadtestofanautomatedvehicleona Japanesehighway wasconductedin
November2013withPrimeMinisterShinzoAbeinthe car.TheNissanLeafwasawardeda
registration plateforuseonthe publicroadinSeptember2013.
Japan has argued that European regulations need to be updated to allow further development
of automated vehicle technologies. However, this review was not able to find firm information
regarding Japan’s own plans to review or introduce new national regulations.
Hosted by the Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, the
‘Study Panel for Autopilot systems’ has been set up to discuss the challenges that Japanese car
manufacturers are facing with regard to building autonomous systems enabling autonomous
driving on expressways.
Preparations are underway for the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo; the government plans to
implement the next generation of the Urban Transportation Systems. This is considered the
first milestone of launching automation into the megacity.4
In detail
There is a ‘Research & development plan for the self-driving car’ led by the Cabinet Office.
Consult the following link and for the outline of the plan.
A proposal for a dynamic map (DM) has been presented.
Create a detailed driving route based on precise map information and traffic
regulation information
Recognize an accurate vehicle position by comparing GPS with DM
Grasp condition of vehicle surroundings by combining map and traffic / road
information
All by public and private sectors
collaborate. Researchers would like to
receive reliable outside information by
using a double source: map and on-board
sensors.
The DM prototype will be prepared and
tested by the end of this fiscal year
(March 2015). The test area includes busy
traffic on an ordinary road, busy
intersections, shopping streets,
expressways, several highway
interchanges and tall (ETC) gates.
Expected schedule:
2014: Preliminary investigation phase
4 Automated Vehicles: Strategic Overview by Bishop Consulting for Rijkswaterstaat
26. 26
2015-16: Development phase
2017: Practical use
Source: www.sip-adus.jp/archive/index.html
Toyota
Toyota has said that it is focusing its efforts on ‘infrastructure-cooperative’ automated driving,
but has admitted to recently developing an automated vehicle that uses on-board sensors.
Public road experiments are being initiated.
Nissan
Nissan is aiming to be the leader in the introduction of automated features. It has stated that it
will market more than one fully automated vehicle by 2020 with lower levels of automation
being released from 2016 onwards. Nissan is building a dedicated automated vehicle proving
ground in Oppama, Japan.
27. 27
China
Like the UK, China has not ratified the Vienna Convention.
This review was unable to find any official plans for testing automated vehicles in China.
However, it has been reported that Baidu, the Chinese internet search engine group, started
developing a ‘highly automated’ car in 2014. Baidu reportedly signed an agreement with BMW
to research automated vehicle technology to develop a semi-autonomous vehicle within three
years.
Organizations wishing to test automated vehicles in China require a Chinese number plate and
Chinese driving licenses for the test drivers.
Singapore
InAugust2014,theLandTransportAuthority(LTA)inSingapore announceditwassettingupthe
SingaporeAutonomousVehicleInitiative (SAVI)incollaborationwiththeAgencyforScience,
Technologyand Research.Singaporehasalsostatedthatpublicroadtestingwillbeginin January
2015.
A200-hectareareahasbeenselectedasthefirstareafortesting and will containlightandheavy
traffictestroutes.Companieswishingtotest musthave“safetyproceduresincludingimmediate
manualover-rideto takefull controlofthevehicleat any pointintime” aswellas comprehensive
third-party insurance.
Severaltrialsarecurrentlyunderway,includingafleetofautonomousgolf buggiesasacar-sharing
concept aswellasadriverlesscar.Nanyang TechnologicalUniversityisalsotestingandoptimizing
adriverlessInduct NAVYAshuttlethatcanseatupto10people.Twofurthertrialsin Singaporeare
alsoongoing.
Republic of Korea
Hyundai-KIA, Renault Samsung and GM-Daewoo are all believed to be actively researching
automated vehicle technologies. Hyundai-Kia Motors started a biennial competition for
autonomous vehicles in Korea in 2010.
SsangYong Motor has also signed a memorandum of understanding with the Korea
Automotive Technology Institute (KATECH) to develop a self- driving car, stating, “the self-
driving system has emerged as one of core competences for the future automobile industry.”
In July 2014 Hyundai released a video demonstrating a combination of existing technologies
that allowed a convoy of vehicles to circulate their test circuit with no driver present.
Research is ongoing on both second-generation vehicles featuring lower cost sensors and the
demonstration of the safe operation of the vehicle in a dense urban area where GPS signals
may be unreliable. Research is also being conducted on Automatic Guidance Systems (AVGS).
28. Experiments on autonomous and automated driving:
an overview 2015
Country Vienna convention Geneva Convention Project Description Type of vehicle Type of road
Netherlands, The 8-11-2007 * 19-09-1952 ** WE-pods Fully automated pods between Ede-
Wageningen railwaystation and
Wageningen University and Research
Centre (WUR).
Pods Public
DAF/TNO Truck platooning with linked trucks. Trucks Public
DAVI Test program for tests with automated Miscellaneous Public, closed
United Kingdom 8-11-1968
Not ratified
08-07-1957 ** VENTURER Test of driverless cars in the Bristol region. Autonomous
vehicles
Public
GATEway Three trials of different types of zero-
emission automated vehicles set in
Greenwich.
Passenger shuttles Public
UK Autodrive LUTZ Pathfinder programme is overseeing a
trial of three autonomous pods in Milton
Keynes.
Pods Public
Sweden 25-07-1985 ** 25-02-1952 ** Drive Me Large-scale autonomous driving pilot
project with 100 self-driving Volvo cars.
Volvo Public
Italy 02-10-1996 ** 15-12-1952 ** VISLab Platooning' automated van following lead
vehicle (automated but with some input
from human driver) from Italy to China.
Van Public
France 09-12-1971 ** 15-09-1950 **
Germany 03-08-1978 ** A9 autobahn Autobahn A9 between Munich and
Nuremburg fitted with technology to allow
driverless cars to use the road and
communicate with other vehicles and the
road infrastructure.
Miscellaneous Public
Spain 08-11-1968
Not ratified
13-02-1958 *
Swiss 11-12-1991 ** 19-9-1949
Not ratified
Belgium 16-11-1988 ** 23-04-1964 ** Autonomous Tesla Autonomous Tesla vehicles on Belgian
public motorways.
Tesla Public
Finland 01-04-1985 ** 24-09-1958 *
Greece 18-12-1986 * 01-07-1952 *
Austria 11-08-1981 ** 02-11-1955 **
Bulgaria 28-12-1978 ** 13-02-1963 *
Bosnia and Herzegovina 01-09-1993 ** Not signed
USA Not signed 30-08-1950 ** Google Test fleet of Roush-built prototypes. Roush-built Public, closed
Audi A7 prototype driving 550 miles unassisted
from San Franscisco to Las Vegas.
Audi A7 Public
Delphi Autonomous car by Delphi driving 3,500
miles from San Franscisco to New York.
Audi SQ7 Public
Mobility
Transformation
Center
September 2014, the University of Michigan
founded the Mobility Transformation
Center, a new connected-vehicle testing
and research institution. Planning several
large-scale laboratory and real world testing
projects.
Miscellaneous Public, closed
Australia Not signed 07-12-1954 * CITI-trial A Cooperative Intelligent Transport
Initiative (CITI) trial of vehicle-to-vehicle
and vehicle-to-infrastructure
communications. The trial is being
conducted on a 42-kilometer route from the
Hume Highway to Prt Kembla.
Trucks Public
Japan Not signed 07-08-1964 * Research &
development plan
for the self-driving
car
A dynamic map (DM) for the project has
been presented. The DM prototype will be
prepared and tested by the end of March
2015. Practical use is planned in 2017.
Public
China Not signed Not signed
Singapore Not signed 29-11-1972 ** SAVI Singapore Autonomous Vehicle Initiative
(SAVI). A 200-hectare area has been
selected as the first area for testing and will
contain light and heavy traffic test routes.
Miscellaneous Public
Republic of Korea 29-12-1969
Not ratified
14-06-1971 *
* First signing
** Ratified
All mentioned projects can be found in the document 'Experiments on autonomous and automated driving: an overview 2015'.
No rights can be derived from this document.
28