r Academy of Management Journal
2015, Vol. 1015, No. 1, 1–9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.4006
FROM THE EDITORS
RETHINKING GOVERNANCE IN MANAGEMENT RESEARCH
In the field of management, the study of gover-
nance has primarily dealt with decision-making by
boards of directors, chief executives, and senior
managers. The corporate governance literature has
generated important insights regarding incentive
alignment, risk taking, and coordination chal-
lenges. Emerging trends, highlighted in this issue,
raise new questions regarding managerial roles,
organizational contexts, internal and social pro-
cesses, and changes in governance over time. We
encourage management scholars to rethink their
approach to governance research by considering
stakeholder engagement, the implications of big
data, social impact, global dimensions, and com-
parative analysis of governance. A broadened con-
ceptualization of governance may also deal with the
dynamics of interorganizational arrangements, in-
cluding the co-creation of organizations of varying
governance forms.
WHAT IS GOVERNANCE?
In this “thematic issue,” we assembled articles
that reflect evolving practices in governance.1
Corporate governance is the system by which
companies are directed and controlled. Boards of
directors are responsible for the governance of
their companies. The shareholders’ role in gover-
nance is to appoint the directors and the auditors
and to satisfy themselves that an appropriate gov-
ernance structure is in place. The responsibilities
of the board include setting the company’s strategic
aims, providing the leadership to put them into
effect, supervising the management of the business,
and reporting to shareholders on their stewardship.
The board’s actions are subject to laws, regulations,
and the shareholders in general meeting (Cadbury,
1992). Corporate governance is therefore about
what the board of a company does and how it sets
the values of the company, but is distinct from the
operational management of the company by full-
time executives.
These views of corporate governance stem pre-
dominantly from a financial perspective. For ex-
ample, Shleifer and Vishny (1997: 737) address
corporate governance as “the ways in which sup-
pliers of finance to corporations assure themselves
of getting a return on their investment. How do the
suppliers of finance get managers to return some
of the profits to them? How do they make sure
that managers do not steal the capital they supply
or invest it in bad projects? How do suppliers
of finance control managers?” These views stem
primarily from an agency theoretical perspective
that investigates the consequences of separation of
ownership and control in the modern corporation
(Jensen & Meckling, 1976). Recent corporate ac-
tivity and views, however, have an expanded view
of governance as involving stewardship and lead-
ership, in addition to the narrower financial pru-
dence role. From a survey of board members from
15 countri ...
Investigating Corporate Governance And Its Effect on Firm Performance with As...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Corporate governance and its effect on firm performance are investigated in this research. Research independent variables include non-bound members of board of directors, board of directors’ independence, institutional shareholders, and dependent variable includes assets return which is the index of firm’s performance. Accordingly, data of 125 accepted firms in Tehran securities exchange during 2009 to 2013 was extracted and panel data regression model was applied to test the hypotheses. Results indicate an inverse significant relationship between non-bound members of board of directors and assets return and a positive significant relationship between board of directors’ independence and firm’s performance. Also, there is a positive relationship between institutional shareholders and firm’s performance. In general, results showed that appropriate corporate governance improves firms’ performance.
Principles of Corporate Governance and Ethics for Sustainable Businessinventionjournals
This theoretical paper examines the importance of corporate governance and business ethics that impact organizations and individuals. In the aftermath of the public embarrassment of corporate malfeasance, organizations should underpin their policies and regulations to overcome numerous ethical issues and to ensure the well-being of all. Further, corporate governance is concerned with the ownership, control and accountability of organizations, and how the corporate pursuit of economic objectives relates to a number of wider ethical and societal considerations. Thus, this paper presents an adoption of proper governance practices and business ethics standards, and discusses the importance of such an approach in analyzing and understanding corporate governance practices. Many studies have discovered that an integrated approach towards corporate governance and business ethics should help organizations implement high standards of ethical behavior throughout the organization. In general, the prominence of such a holistic approach, by integrating several components, is the precondition of better understanding of corporate governance practices and procedures to enhance ethical behavior in organizations.
The corporate governance is a popular topic within two last decade, and the emerging economies are practicing &enhancing their performances. The review is conducted to assess the effectiveness of the corporate governance implications on firm’s performances. The study followed the deductive approach and the journal articles, and the reports have used the source of the review. As per the literature findings, the researcher developed a conceptual design for the case review. The independent variable is the corporate governance mechanism, and the dependent variable is organizations performances. Both independent and dependent variables comprise the different type of corporate governance practice and the different function of the organizational performances. The review found that all the types of corporate governance practices are influenced to the organizational performance and the better corporate governance mechanism can enhance all type of performances.
Corporate governance and bank performance: Empirical evidence from Nepalese f...Rajesh Gupta
This paper examines the effects of corporate governance on bank performance in the context of Nepal. Return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) are dependent variables for bank performance, and board size, female board members, financial institutions, CEO duality, independent directors, firm size, firm age, earnings per share, and the capital adequacy ratio are independent variables for corporate governance.
The following report by the Credit Suisse
Research Institute explores several important
aspects of the connection between sound governance
and improved business performance. It provides
new data to support the growing investor
interest in governance-related rules and practices
and introduces innovative ways to assess corporate
performance, such as the HOLT governance scorecard,
to support more effective governance-oriented
decision making. Moreover, our experts identify specific
company types and sectors, in which governance
can serve as a particularly robust investment
strategy instrument. Corporate governance is further
likely to contribute to investment decisions in
emerging economies, for instance when firm-level
structures actively compensate for the possible
absence of country-level governance provisions.
Investigating Corporate Governance And Its Effect on Firm Performance with As...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Corporate governance and its effect on firm performance are investigated in this research. Research independent variables include non-bound members of board of directors, board of directors’ independence, institutional shareholders, and dependent variable includes assets return which is the index of firm’s performance. Accordingly, data of 125 accepted firms in Tehran securities exchange during 2009 to 2013 was extracted and panel data regression model was applied to test the hypotheses. Results indicate an inverse significant relationship between non-bound members of board of directors and assets return and a positive significant relationship between board of directors’ independence and firm’s performance. Also, there is a positive relationship between institutional shareholders and firm’s performance. In general, results showed that appropriate corporate governance improves firms’ performance.
Principles of Corporate Governance and Ethics for Sustainable Businessinventionjournals
This theoretical paper examines the importance of corporate governance and business ethics that impact organizations and individuals. In the aftermath of the public embarrassment of corporate malfeasance, organizations should underpin their policies and regulations to overcome numerous ethical issues and to ensure the well-being of all. Further, corporate governance is concerned with the ownership, control and accountability of organizations, and how the corporate pursuit of economic objectives relates to a number of wider ethical and societal considerations. Thus, this paper presents an adoption of proper governance practices and business ethics standards, and discusses the importance of such an approach in analyzing and understanding corporate governance practices. Many studies have discovered that an integrated approach towards corporate governance and business ethics should help organizations implement high standards of ethical behavior throughout the organization. In general, the prominence of such a holistic approach, by integrating several components, is the precondition of better understanding of corporate governance practices and procedures to enhance ethical behavior in organizations.
The corporate governance is a popular topic within two last decade, and the emerging economies are practicing &enhancing their performances. The review is conducted to assess the effectiveness of the corporate governance implications on firm’s performances. The study followed the deductive approach and the journal articles, and the reports have used the source of the review. As per the literature findings, the researcher developed a conceptual design for the case review. The independent variable is the corporate governance mechanism, and the dependent variable is organizations performances. Both independent and dependent variables comprise the different type of corporate governance practice and the different function of the organizational performances. The review found that all the types of corporate governance practices are influenced to the organizational performance and the better corporate governance mechanism can enhance all type of performances.
Corporate governance and bank performance: Empirical evidence from Nepalese f...Rajesh Gupta
This paper examines the effects of corporate governance on bank performance in the context of Nepal. Return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) are dependent variables for bank performance, and board size, female board members, financial institutions, CEO duality, independent directors, firm size, firm age, earnings per share, and the capital adequacy ratio are independent variables for corporate governance.
The following report by the Credit Suisse
Research Institute explores several important
aspects of the connection between sound governance
and improved business performance. It provides
new data to support the growing investor
interest in governance-related rules and practices
and introduces innovative ways to assess corporate
performance, such as the HOLT governance scorecard,
to support more effective governance-oriented
decision making. Moreover, our experts identify specific
company types and sectors, in which governance
can serve as a particularly robust investment
strategy instrument. Corporate governance is further
likely to contribute to investment decisions in
emerging economies, for instance when firm-level
structures actively compensate for the possible
absence of country-level governance provisions.
Article: Influence of Corporate Board Characteristics on Firm Performance of ...McRey Banderlipe II
Using disclosure information from 29 listed property companies in the Philippines, the results revealed that managerial ownership positively influences firm performance. Moreover, firm size, leverage, and age influence the accounting-based measures of performance to a great extent than the market-based measures. Further research should focus on the overall impact of corporate governance using different measures of performance to better assist the decision making of the company’s stakeholders.
Brennan, Niamh M. [2010] “A Review of Corporate Governance Research: An Irish...Prof Niamh M. Brennan
An overview of corporate governance is provided in this chapter, commencing with a discussion of alternative definitions of governance. Internal and external mechanisms of governance are described. The role of boards of directors, and theories explaining those roles, are also considered. In order to provide some insights into governance research, 15 academic papers with an Irish angle were selected for analysis, by reference to theoretical perspective, governance mechanism studied, research method adopted and results. The analytical table demonstrates the variety of research conducted. Some concluding comments are then drawn.
This study attempts to investigate the role of Corporate Governance in mitigating agency cost. For
this purpose a sample of 100 firms selected on the basis of 100 INDEX of Karachi Stock Exchange during the
period 2007 to 2011. To do so, alternative proxies for agency costs are employing: the ratio of total sales to total
assets (asset turnover) and the ratio of selling, general & administrative expenses (SG&A) to total sales.
Multivariate fixed effect regression is used to analyze the data. The explanatory variables include director
ownership, institutional ownership, ownership Concentration, board size, CEO/Chair duality, Non Executive
Directors, Debt Ratio, remuneration structure and board independence. The analysis is controlled for the
influence of company size. The results show that higher director and institutional ownership reduces the level of
agency cost. Smaller sized boards also results in lowering agency cost. Board independence has positive
association with asset utilization ratio. The separation of the post of CEO and chairperson and higher
remuneration lower agency cost. Bank debt constitutes one of the most important Corporate Governance devices
for Pakistani Listed Companies. Also, managerial ownership, managerial compensation and ownership
concentration seem to play an important role in mitigating agency costs
The Relationship between Board Tenure and Financial Performance. The Allegian...IJMREMJournal
PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper was to examine the relationship between the tenure of the board and
financial distress of listed firms in Kenya.
DESIGN/METHODOLOGY: The research design used in this study was exploratory design. The study employed
panel regression analysis and simultaneously used pooled regression and random effects on sample size of 57
listed firms in Kenya during the period of 2007-2016.
FINDINGS: The study found that board tenure was found to be negatively and significantly related to financial
performance (β=-0.091; p<0.01).
THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS: This study adds value to theory by studying the effect of tenure on
financial performance by updating empirical literature from a developing country.
ORIGINALITY: The paper fills an important gap in academic literature by providing insights into the role of
board tenure in performance of firms particularly in developing economies. In addition, given the increasing
collapsing of companies in developing nations, this paper provides policy makers with evidence on the
implications of board composition on financial distress.
Abstract
Corporate governance is very important in our business world today, especially after the frequent non-stop worldwide financial crises. Strong corporate governance is now considered a basic condition to accept and register an organization in most of the Stock Exchange Markets all over the world. The audit committee plays a major role in corporate governance regarding the organization’s direction, control, and accountability. As a representative of the board of directors and main part of the corporate governance mechanism, the audit committee is involved in the organization’s both internal and external audits, internal control, accounting and financial reporting, regulatory compliance, and risk management. This paper focuses on the audit committee’s powers, functions, responsibilities, and relationships within the framework of corporate governance.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
Brennan, Niamh M. [2008] “Introduction. Corporate Governance and Financial Re...Prof Niamh M. Brennan
Corporate governance is the subject of a burgeoning literature. Accordingly it is impossible to summarise an entire field in a book of readings. For this reason, I have focused this selection of readings on the financial reporting aspects of corporate governance, which marries two of my research interests. Given the speed of change in the area of corporate governance, generally-speaking the volume of readings is skewed towards more recent publications. However, some seminal material is included from which a considerable amount of corporate governance empirical research was derived, especially Jensen and Meckling (1976), Fama & Jensen (1983) and Jensen (1993). Denis (2001) suggests that the groundswell for research on corporate governance by financial economists stated with Jensen and Meckling’s (1976) paper on the theory of the firm and featuring agency theory.
This is a focussed interdisciplinary compilation of readings which brings together corporate governance and financial reporting, and issues of accountability. It does not comprise a broad coverage of all corporate governance issues. Instead, it takes a narrower perspective, concentrating only on those corporate governance mechanisms influencing financial reporting and accountability.
The aim of this study was to determine the link between multiple directorships (MDs) and cash holdings. This study used the source from the firm’s annual report, as these studies were secondary data. Smart PLS 3.0 was used to verify the secondary data collected. This study shows that the number of people holding MDs inside the institution is growing, and this has a great effect on the organization’s interests. In addition, the findings support the first theory, which promotes chief executive officers to hold varied directorships because they contain desired elements from the companies. This study is unique because it is the first in the Sultanate of Oman to investigate financial enterprise at the Muscat Stock Exchange with the goal of achieving certainty. It evaluates whether having executives with one or numerous directorships is advantageous for the organization and its stakeholders
According to Davenport (2014) social media and health care are c.docxmakdul
According to Davenport (2014) social media and health care are collaborating in meeting the needs of health care providers and patients. Social media is taking a step towards focusing on an analytic model to evaluate the value of social media in healthcare. For this assignment you research and investigate the areas of social media that might embrace and benefit from an analytic model combining acquired data and value-based analytics. You will then evaluate the resource addressing the following points:
· Five major stakeholder roles of social media—patients, physicians (and other outpatient care), hospitals, payers (employers, health plans), and health information technology (IT)
· Will social media improve a practice? How so? Provide a thorough rationale.
· Provide a conclusion with the main points .
format:
· Must be two to four
· Must use at least three scholarly sources
.
According to (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.) theoretical orient.docxmakdul
According to (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.) theoretical orientation represent styles of mind for understanding reality. This theoretical orientation can be organized as a continuum from theoretical constructs that are independent and concrete as with the Behavioral/ CBT theories, to theoretical constructs that are interdependent and abstract as with the Psychodynamic theories (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.). Family systems and Humanistic/Existential are theoretical midpoints (Fatehi, Gordon & Florida, N.D.). Trait theory tends to focus on the premise that we are born with traits or characteristics that make us unique and explain our behaviors (Cervone& Pervin, 2019). For example, introversion, extroversion, shyness, agreeableness, kindness, etc. all these innate characteristics that we are born help to explain why we behave in a certain manner according to the situations we face, (Cervone& Pervin, 2019). Psychoanalytic perspective on the other hand focuses on childhood experiences and the unconscious mind which plays a role in our personality development, (Cervone& Pervin, 2019).
According to Freud, (Cervone& Pervin, 2019) our unconscious mind includes all our hidden desires and conflicts which form the root cause of our mental health issues or maladaptive behaviors. The main difference between these two perspectives is that trait theory helps to explain why we behave in a certain manner, whereas psychoanalytic theory only describes the personality and predicting behavior and not really explaining why we behave the way we do. There is no such evident similarity between the two perspectives, but kind of rely on underlying mechanisms to explain personality. Also, there is some degree of subjectivity present in both the perspectives. Trait theories involve subjectivity regarding interpretations of which can be considered as important traits that explain our behaviors, and psychoanalytic theory is subjective and vague in the concepts been used like the unconscious mind. My opinions accord with the visible contrasts between the two, one focused on internal features describing our behaviors in clearer words, whilst other concentrating on unconscious mind in anticipating behavior which is ambiguous and harder to grasp.
References
Cervone, D., & Pervin, L. A. (2019). Personality: Theory and research (14th ed.). Wiley.
Fatehi, M., Gordon, R. M., & Florida, O. A Meta-Theoretical Integration of Psychotherapy Orientations.
.
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Article: Influence of Corporate Board Characteristics on Firm Performance of ...McRey Banderlipe II
Using disclosure information from 29 listed property companies in the Philippines, the results revealed that managerial ownership positively influences firm performance. Moreover, firm size, leverage, and age influence the accounting-based measures of performance to a great extent than the market-based measures. Further research should focus on the overall impact of corporate governance using different measures of performance to better assist the decision making of the company’s stakeholders.
Brennan, Niamh M. [2010] “A Review of Corporate Governance Research: An Irish...Prof Niamh M. Brennan
An overview of corporate governance is provided in this chapter, commencing with a discussion of alternative definitions of governance. Internal and external mechanisms of governance are described. The role of boards of directors, and theories explaining those roles, are also considered. In order to provide some insights into governance research, 15 academic papers with an Irish angle were selected for analysis, by reference to theoretical perspective, governance mechanism studied, research method adopted and results. The analytical table demonstrates the variety of research conducted. Some concluding comments are then drawn.
This study attempts to investigate the role of Corporate Governance in mitigating agency cost. For
this purpose a sample of 100 firms selected on the basis of 100 INDEX of Karachi Stock Exchange during the
period 2007 to 2011. To do so, alternative proxies for agency costs are employing: the ratio of total sales to total
assets (asset turnover) and the ratio of selling, general & administrative expenses (SG&A) to total sales.
Multivariate fixed effect regression is used to analyze the data. The explanatory variables include director
ownership, institutional ownership, ownership Concentration, board size, CEO/Chair duality, Non Executive
Directors, Debt Ratio, remuneration structure and board independence. The analysis is controlled for the
influence of company size. The results show that higher director and institutional ownership reduces the level of
agency cost. Smaller sized boards also results in lowering agency cost. Board independence has positive
association with asset utilization ratio. The separation of the post of CEO and chairperson and higher
remuneration lower agency cost. Bank debt constitutes one of the most important Corporate Governance devices
for Pakistani Listed Companies. Also, managerial ownership, managerial compensation and ownership
concentration seem to play an important role in mitigating agency costs
The Relationship between Board Tenure and Financial Performance. The Allegian...IJMREMJournal
PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper was to examine the relationship between the tenure of the board and
financial distress of listed firms in Kenya.
DESIGN/METHODOLOGY: The research design used in this study was exploratory design. The study employed
panel regression analysis and simultaneously used pooled regression and random effects on sample size of 57
listed firms in Kenya during the period of 2007-2016.
FINDINGS: The study found that board tenure was found to be negatively and significantly related to financial
performance (β=-0.091; p<0.01).
THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS: This study adds value to theory by studying the effect of tenure on
financial performance by updating empirical literature from a developing country.
ORIGINALITY: The paper fills an important gap in academic literature by providing insights into the role of
board tenure in performance of firms particularly in developing economies. In addition, given the increasing
collapsing of companies in developing nations, this paper provides policy makers with evidence on the
implications of board composition on financial distress.
Abstract
Corporate governance is very important in our business world today, especially after the frequent non-stop worldwide financial crises. Strong corporate governance is now considered a basic condition to accept and register an organization in most of the Stock Exchange Markets all over the world. The audit committee plays a major role in corporate governance regarding the organization’s direction, control, and accountability. As a representative of the board of directors and main part of the corporate governance mechanism, the audit committee is involved in the organization’s both internal and external audits, internal control, accounting and financial reporting, regulatory compliance, and risk management. This paper focuses on the audit committee’s powers, functions, responsibilities, and relationships within the framework of corporate governance.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
Brennan, Niamh M. [2008] “Introduction. Corporate Governance and Financial Re...Prof Niamh M. Brennan
Corporate governance is the subject of a burgeoning literature. Accordingly it is impossible to summarise an entire field in a book of readings. For this reason, I have focused this selection of readings on the financial reporting aspects of corporate governance, which marries two of my research interests. Given the speed of change in the area of corporate governance, generally-speaking the volume of readings is skewed towards more recent publications. However, some seminal material is included from which a considerable amount of corporate governance empirical research was derived, especially Jensen and Meckling (1976), Fama & Jensen (1983) and Jensen (1993). Denis (2001) suggests that the groundswell for research on corporate governance by financial economists stated with Jensen and Meckling’s (1976) paper on the theory of the firm and featuring agency theory.
This is a focussed interdisciplinary compilation of readings which brings together corporate governance and financial reporting, and issues of accountability. It does not comprise a broad coverage of all corporate governance issues. Instead, it takes a narrower perspective, concentrating only on those corporate governance mechanisms influencing financial reporting and accountability.
The aim of this study was to determine the link between multiple directorships (MDs) and cash holdings. This study used the source from the firm’s annual report, as these studies were secondary data. Smart PLS 3.0 was used to verify the secondary data collected. This study shows that the number of people holding MDs inside the institution is growing, and this has a great effect on the organization’s interests. In addition, the findings support the first theory, which promotes chief executive officers to hold varied directorships because they contain desired elements from the companies. This study is unique because it is the first in the Sultanate of Oman to investigate financial enterprise at the Muscat Stock Exchange with the goal of achieving certainty. It evaluates whether having executives with one or numerous directorships is advantageous for the organization and its stakeholders
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According to Davenport (2014) social media and health care are collaborating in meeting the needs of health care providers and patients. Social media is taking a step towards focusing on an analytic model to evaluate the value of social media in healthcare. For this assignment you research and investigate the areas of social media that might embrace and benefit from an analytic model combining acquired data and value-based analytics. You will then evaluate the resource addressing the following points:
· Five major stakeholder roles of social media—patients, physicians (and other outpatient care), hospitals, payers (employers, health plans), and health information technology (IT)
· Will social media improve a practice? How so? Provide a thorough rationale.
· Provide a conclusion with the main points .
format:
· Must be two to four
· Must use at least three scholarly sources
.
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According to Freud, (Cervone& Pervin, 2019) our unconscious mind includes all our hidden desires and conflicts which form the root cause of our mental health issues or maladaptive behaviors. The main difference between these two perspectives is that trait theory helps to explain why we behave in a certain manner, whereas psychoanalytic theory only describes the personality and predicting behavior and not really explaining why we behave the way we do. There is no such evident similarity between the two perspectives, but kind of rely on underlying mechanisms to explain personality. Also, there is some degree of subjectivity present in both the perspectives. Trait theories involve subjectivity regarding interpretations of which can be considered as important traits that explain our behaviors, and psychoanalytic theory is subjective and vague in the concepts been used like the unconscious mind. My opinions accord with the visible contrasts between the two, one focused on internal features describing our behaviors in clearer words, whilst other concentrating on unconscious mind in anticipating behavior which is ambiguous and harder to grasp.
References
Cervone, D., & Pervin, L. A. (2019). Personality: Theory and research (14th ed.). Wiley.
Fatehi, M., Gordon, R. M., & Florida, O. A Meta-Theoretical Integration of Psychotherapy Orientations.
.
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Consider this town
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Data examination: Identifying physical properties and meaning
Data transformation: Enhancing your data through modification and consolidation
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How has rap culture perpetuated subcultural values, and promoted violence and crime among young men?
Given its sharp deviation from conventional values and norms, how and why would theorists explain the persistence and popularity of this subculture? (See examples Tupac Shakur page 109-110 and 50 Cent page 135).
Be sure to cite three to five relevant scholarly sources in support of your content
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According to Gray et al, (2017) “critical appraisal is the process of carefully and systematically assessing the outcome of all aspects of a study, judging the strengths, limitation, trustworthiness, meaning, and its applicability to practice”. The steps involved in critical appraisal include “identifying the study's elements or processes, determining the strengths and weaknesses, and evaluating the credibility and trustworthiness of the study” (Gray et al., 2017). The journal article chosen is
“change in staff perspectives on indwelling urinary catheter use after implementation of an intervention bundle in seven Swiss acute care hospitals: a result of a before/after survey study”
by Niederhauser, Zullig, Marschall, Schweiger, John, Kuster, and Schwappach. (2019).
Identifying the study's elements or processes
A significant issue addressed by the study is the nursing “staffs’ perspective towards indwelling urinary catheter (IUC) and evaluation of changes in their perspectives towards indwelling urinary catheter (IUC) use after implementation of a 1-year quality improvement project” (Niederhauser et al, 2019). the process of the research was conducted in “seven acute care hospitals in Switzerland” (Niederhauser et al, 2019). With a “sample size of 1579 staff members participated in the baseline survey and 1527 participated in the follow-up survey. The survey captures all nursing and medical staff members working at the participating hospitals at the time of survey distribution, using a multimodal intervention bundle, consisting of an evidence-based indication list, daily re-evaluation of ongoing catheter needs, and staff training were implemented over the course of 9 months” (Niederhauser et al, 2019).
Determining the strengths and weaknesses
A great strength of the study is a large sample size of over 1000 and the use of well-constructed and easy-to-read heading for better understanding. Also, the use of figures, graphs, and tables make the article less cumbersome to read. Another strength is the implementation of the ethical principles of research by enabling informed consent and voluntary participation as well as confidentiality and anonymity of information.
On the other hand, the study has several weaknesses such as the use of “the theory of planned behavior to model intentions to reduce catheter use, but it is not possible to know if changes observed in staff perception led to a true change in practice” (Niederhauser et al, 2019). Another weakness of the study is the repeated survey design which allows assessment of changes in staff perspectives after implementation of a quality improvement intervention but the sustainability of the effects over time could not be evaluated.
Evaluating the credibility and trustworthiness of the study
Although the study used a larger sample size of over 1000, the “use of a single-group design and no control group weakens its credibility and trustworthiness because there are no causal inferences abou.
According to article Insecure Policing Under Racial Capitalism by.docxmakdul
According to article "Insecure: Policing Under Racial Capitalism" by Robin D.G. Kelley and the article "Yes, We Mean Literally Abolish the Police" by Mariame Kaba, the police are no longer an attribute of safety and security. The facts that are given in the articles are similar within the meaning of the content. The police do not serve for the benefit of the whole community. Racial and class division according to social status became the basis of lawlessness and injustice on the part of the police. Kaaba in his article cites several stories confirming the racial hatred that led to the murder of African Americans. After that, people massively took to the streets of many cities in several countries, demanding an end to racial discrimination and the murder of African Americans. Kelley's article describes numerous manifestos where demands for police abolition have been raised, but all have been rejected. In the protests, people suggested that they themselves would take care of each other, which the police could not do. I understand that the police system is far from ideal and the permissiveness of police representatives should be limited. Ruth Wilson Gilmore says that "capitalism is never racial." I think that this phrase she wants to say that the stronger people take away from the weak people and use them for their own well-being. And since the roots of history go back to slavery, then African Americans are the weak link. In this regard, a huge number of prisons and police power appeared. The common and small class do not feel protected, on the contrary; they expect a threat from people who must protect them. The police take an oath to respect and protect human and civil rights and freedoms, regardless of skin color and social status. If this does not happen, then you need to change the system.
.
Abstract In this experiment, examining the equivalence poi.docxmakdul
Abstract:
In this experiment, examining the equivalence point in a titration with NaOH identified an
unknown diprotic acid. The molar mass of the unknown was found to be 100.78 g/mol with pKa
values of 2.6 and 6.6. The closest diprotic acid to this molar mass is malonic acid with a percent
error of 3.48%.
Introduction:
The purpose of the experiment was to determine the identity of an unknown diprotic acid. The
equivalence and half-equivalence points on the titration curve give important information, which
can then be used to calculate the molecular weight of the acid. The equivalence point is the
moment when there is an equal amount of acid and NaOH. Knowing the concentration and
volume of added NaOH at that moment, the amount of moles of NaOH can be determined. The
amount of moles of NaOH is then equivalent to the amount of acid present. Dividing the original
mass of the acid by the moles present gave the molar mass of the acid.
In this particular titration, there were two equivalence points as the acid is diprotic.
Consequently, the titration curve had two inflection points. The acid dissociated in a two-step
process with the net reaction being:
H2X + 2 NaOH Na2X + 2 H2O
This was important to take into consideration when calculating the molar mass of the diprotic
acid. If the first equivalence point was to be used, the ratio of acid to NaOH was 1:1. If the
second equivalence point was used in the calculations, the ratio became 1:2 as now a second
set of NaOH molecules reacted with the acid to dissociate the second hydrogen ion. The
titration curve also showed the pKa values of the acid. This happened at the half-equivalence
point where half of the acid was dissociated to its conjugate base (again, because of the diprotic
properties of the acid, this happens twice on the curve). The Henderson Hasselbalch equation
pH = pKa+log(A-/HA)
shows that at the half-equivalence point, the pKa value equaled the pH and was visually
represented by the flattest part of the graphs.
Discussion:
The titration graph showed that the data was consistent with the methodology and proved to be
an precise execution of the procedure and followed the expected shape. One possible source of
error was the actual mass of the acid solid. While transferring the dust from the weigh boat to
the solution, some remained in the weigh boat this could have altered the molar mass
calculations and shifted the final the final mass lighter than actual.
The Vernier pH method was definitely a much more concrete method of interpreting the results.
It was possible to see which addition of NaOH gave the greatest increase in pH ( greatest 1st
derivative of the titration graph). The relying solely on the indicator color would make it very
difficult to judge at which precise point the color shifted most, as the shift was a lot more gradual
compared to the precise numbers. This may have been a more reliable method if there was a
de.
ACC 403- ASSIGNMENT 2 RUBRIC!!!
Points: 280
Assignment 2: Audit Planning and Control
Criteria
UnacceptableBelow 60% F
Meets Minimum Expectations60-69% D
Fair70-79% C
Proficient80-89% B
Exemplary90-100% A
1. Outline the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Based upon the type of company selected, provide specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program.
Weight: 15%
Did not submit or incompletely outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Did not submit or incompletely provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected.
Insufficiently outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Insufficiently provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected.
Partially outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Partially provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected.
Satisfactorily outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Satisfactorily provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected.
Thoroughly outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Thoroughly provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected.
2. Examine at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests to perform. Identify the accounts that you would test, and select at least three (3) analytical procedures that you would use in your audit.
Weight: 15%
Did not submit or incompletely examined at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests to perform. Did not submit or incompletely identified the accounts that you would test; did not submit or incompletely selected at least three (3) analytical procedures that you would use in your audit.
Insufficiently examined at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests to perform. Insufficiently identified the accounts that you would test; insufficiently selected at least three (3) analytical procedures that you would use in your audit.
Partially examined at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests .
ACC 601 Managerial Accounting Group Case 3 (160 points) .docxmakdul
ACC 601 Managerial Accounting
Group Case 3 (160 points)
Instructions:
1. As a group, complete the following activities in good form. Use excel or
word only. Provide all supporting calculations to show how you arrived at
your numbers
2. Add only the names of group members who participated in the completion
of this assignment.
3. Submit only one copy of your completed work via Moodle. Do not send it to
me by email.
4. Due: No later than the last day of Module 7. Please note that your professor
has the right to change the due date of this assignment.
Part A: Capital Budgeting Decisions
Chee Company has gathered the following data on a proposed investment project:
Investment required in equipment ............. $240,000
Annual cash inflows .................................. $50,000
Salvage value ............................................ $0
Life of the investment ............................... 8 years
Required rate of return .............................. 10%
Assets will be depreciated using straight
line depreciation method
Required:
Using the net present value and the internal rate of return methods, is this a good investment?
Part B: Master Budget
You have just been hired as a new management trainee by Earrings Unlimited, a distributor of
earrings to various retail outlets located in shopping malls across the country. In the past, the
company has done very little in the way of budgeting and at certain times of the year has
experienced a shortage of cash. Since you are well trained in budgeting, you have decided to
prepare a master budget for the upcoming second quarter. To this end, you have worked with
accounting and other areas to gather the information assembled below.
The company sells many styles of earrings, but all are sold for the same price—$10 per pair. Actual
sales of earrings for the last three months and budgeted sales for the next six months follow (in pairs
of earrings):
January (actual) 20,000 June (budget) 50,000
February (actual) 26,000 July (budget) 30,000
March (actual) 40,000 August (budget) 28,000
April (budget) 65,000 September (budget) 25,000
May (budget) 100,000
The concentration of sales before and during May is due to Mother’s Day. Sufficient inventory should
be on hand at the end of each month to supply 40% of the earrings sold in the following month.
Suppliers are paid $4 for a pair of earrings. One-half of a month’s purchases is paid for in the month
of purchase; the other half is paid for in the following month. All sales are on credit. Only 20% of a
month’s sales are collected in the month of sale. An additional 70% is collected in the following
month, and the remaining 10% is collected in the second month following sale. Bad debts have been
negligible.
Monthly operating expenses for the company are given below:
Variable:
Sales commissions 4 % of sales
.
Academic Integrity A Letter to My Students[1] Bill T.docxmakdul
Academic Integrity:
A Letter to My Students[1]
Bill Taylor
Professor of Political Science
Oakton Community College
Des Plaines, IL 60016
[email protected]
Here at the beginning of the semester I want to say something to you about academic integrity.[2]
I’m deeply convinced that integrity is an essential part of any true educational experience, integrity on
my part as a faculty member and integrity on your part as a student.
To take an easy example, would you want to be operated on by a doctor who cheated his way through
medical school? Or would you feel comfortable on a bridge designed by an engineer who cheated her
way through engineering school. Would you trust your tax return to an accountant who copied his
exam answers from his neighbor?
Those are easy examples, but what difference does it make if you as a student or I as a faculty member
violate the principles of academic integrity in a political science course, especially if it’s not in your
major?
For me, the answer is that integrity is important in this course precisely because integrity is important in
all areas of life. If we don’t have integrity in the small things, if we find it possible to justify plagiarism or
cheating or shoddy work in things that don’t seem important, how will we resist doing the same in areas
that really do matter, in areas where money might be at stake, or the possibility of advancement, or our
esteem in the eyes of others?
Personal integrity is not a quality we’re born to naturally. It’s a quality of character we need to nurture,
and this requires practice in both meanings of that word (as in practice the piano and practice a
profession). We can only be a person of integrity if we practice it every day.
What does that involve for each of us in this course? Let’s find out by going through each stage in the
course. As you’ll see, academic integrity basically requires the same things of you as a student as it
requires of me as a teacher.
I. Preparation for Class
What Academic Integrity Requires of Me in This Area
With regard to coming prepared for class, the principles of academic integrity require that I come having
done the things necessary to make the class a worthwhile educational experience for you. This requires
that I:
reread the text (even when I’ve written it myself),
clarify information I might not be clear about,
prepare the class with an eye toward what is current today (that is, not simply rely on past
notes), and
plan the session so that it will make it worth your while to be there.
What Academic Integrity Requires of You in This Area
With regard to coming prepared for class, the principles of academic integrity suggest that you have a
responsibility to yourself, to me, and to the other students to do the things necessary to put yourself in
a position to make fruitful contributions to class discussion. This will require you to:
read the text before.
Access the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) Nu.docxmakdul
Access the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s)
“Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity: Data, Trends and Maps”
database. Choose a state other than your home state and compare their health status and associated behaviors. What behaviors lead to the current obesity status?
Initial discussion post should be approximately 300 words. Any sources used should be cited in APA format.
.
According to DSM 5 This patient had very many symptoms that sugg.docxmakdul
According to DSM 5 This patient had very many symptoms that suggested Major Depressive Disorder.
Objective(s)
Analyze psychometric properties of assessment tools
Evaluate appropriate use of assessment tools in psychotherapy
Compare assessment tools used in psychotherapy
.
Acceptable concerts include professional orchestras, soloists, jazz,.docxmakdul
Acceptable concerts include professional orchestras, soloists, jazz, Broadway musicals and instrumental or vocal ensembles, and comparable college or community groups performing music relevant to the content of this class. (Optionally, either your concert report
or
your concert review - but not both unless advance permission is given - may be based on a concert of non-western music selected from events on the concert list.)
Acceptable concerts include the following:
• Symphony orchestras • Concert bands and wind ensembles • Chamber Music (string quartets, brass and woodwind quintets, etc.) • Solo recitals (piano, voice, etc.) • Choral concerts • Early music concerts • Non-western music • Some jazz concerts • Opera• Broadway Musicals• Flamenco• Ballet• Tango
Assignment Format
The following are required on the concert review assignment and, thus, may affect your grade.
• Must be typed• Must be double-spaced• Must be between
2 and 4 pages
in length
not including the cover sheet
.• Must use conventional size and formatting of text - e.g. 10-12 point serif or sans serif fonts with normal margins. • Must include the printed program from the concert and/or your ticket stubs. Photocopies are unacceptable. (Contact me at least 24 hours before due date if any materials are unavailable.)• All materials (text, program, ticket stub) must be
stapled
together securely. Folded corners, paper clips, etc. instead of staples will not be accepted.• Careful editing, proofreading, and spelling are expected, although minor errors will not affect your grade.
Papers that do not follow these format guidelines may be returned for resubmission, and late penalties will apply.
Concert Review Assignment Content
I. Cover Sheet:
Include the following on a cover sheet attached to the front of your review:
• Title or other description of the event/performers you heard, along with the date and location of the performance. For example:
New World Symphony Orchestra
1258 Lincoln Road
Saturday, June 5, 2013
Lincoln Road Theater, Miami Beach
• Your name, assignment submission date, course. For example:
Pat Romero
October 31, 2013
Humanities 1020 MWF 8:05 a.m.
II. Descriptions
The main body of the concert review should include brief discussions of
three of the
pieces
in the concert you attend. In most cases, a single paragraph for each piece should be sufficient, although you may wish to break descriptions of longer pieces into separate short paragraphs, one per movement.
Your description of each piece (song) should include:
• The title of the piece and the composer's name if possible, as listed in the concert program.• A brief description of your reaction to the piece. For example:
When the piece started I thought it was going to be slow and boring, but the faster section in the first movement made it more exciting. A really great flute solo full of fast and high notes in the third movement caught my attention. I'm not sure, but I thought that som.
ACA was passed in 2010, under the presidency of Barack Obama. Pr.docxmakdul
ACA was passed in 2010, under the presidency of Barack Obama. Prior to this new act, there were plenty of votes that did not agree with the notion of accessible insurance. Before 2010, The private sector had been given coverage in such a way that Milstead and Short (2019) called it sickness insurance; meaning companies will risk incurring medical expenses as long as it was balanced by healthy people. They were doing so by excluding people that had pre-existing conditions, becoming a very solvent business (Milstead & Short, 2019). After ACA was passed that was no longer the case. When President Trump came into term he did so by bringing his own healthcare agenda, which attempted to repeal ACA, but ultimately failed to come up with a replacement.
In 2016, the Republican's party platform was to repeal ACA, while continuing Medicare and Medicaid, but on the other hand, democrats put down that Obamacare is a step towards the goals of universal health care, and that this was just the beginning (Physicians for a National Health Program, n.d.). As for the cost analysis of repealing the Affordable Care Act, this would increase the number of uninsured people by 23 million, and it will cost about 350 billion through 2027, as well as creating costly coverage provisions to replace it (Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, 2017).
(2 references required)
.
Access the FASB website. Once you login, click the FASB Accounting S.docxmakdul
Access the FASB website. Once you login, click the FASB Accounting Standards Codification link. Review the materials in the FASB Codification, especially the links on the left side column. Next, write a 1-page memo to a friend introducing and explaining this new accounting research resource that you have found. Provide at least one APA citation to the FASB Codification and reference that citation using the APA guidelines.
.
Academic Paper Overview This performance task was intended to asse.docxmakdul
Academic Paper Overview This performance task was intended to assess students’ ability to conduct scholarly and responsible research and articulate an evidence-based argument that clearly communicates the conclusion, solution, or answer to their stated research question. More specifically, this performance task was intended to assess students’ ability to: • Generate a focused research question that is situated within or connected to a larger scholarly context or community; • Explore relationships between and among multiple works representing multiple perspectives within the scholarly literature related to the topic of inquiry; • Articulate what approach, method, or process they have chosen to use to address their research question, why they have chosen that approach to answering their question, and how they employed it; • Develop and present their own argument, conclusion, or new understanding while acknowledging its limitations and discussing implications; • Support their conclusion through the compilation, use, and synthesis of relevant and significant evidence generated by their research; • Use organizational and design elements to effectively convey the paper’s message; • Consistently and accurately cite, attribute, and integrate the knowledge and work of others, while distinguishing between their voice and that of others; and • Generate a paper in which word choice and syntax enhance communication by adhering to established conventions of grammar, usage, and mechanics.
.
Academic Research Team Project PaperCOVID-19 Open Research Datas.docxmakdul
Academic Research Team Project Paper
COVID-19 Open Research Dataset Challenge (CORD-19)
An AI challenge with AI2, CZI, MSR, Georgetown, NIH & The White House
(1) FULL-LENGTH PROJECT
Dataset Description
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the White House and a coalition of leading research groups have prepared the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19). CORD-19 is a resource of over 44,000 scholarly articles, including over 29,000 with full text, about COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, and related corona viruses. This freely available dataset is provided to the global research community to apply recent advances in natural language processing and other AI techniques to generate new insights in support of the ongoing fight against this infectious disease. There is a growing urgency for these approaches because of the rapid acceleration in new coronavirus literature, making it difficult for the medical research community to keep up.
Call to Action
We are issuing a call to action to the world's artificial intelligence experts to develop text and data mining tools that can help the medical community develop answers to high priority scientific questions. The CORD-19 dataset represents the most extensive machine-readable coronavirus literature collection available for data mining to date. This allows the worldwide AI research community the opportunity to apply text and data mining approaches to find answers to questions within, and connect insights across, this content in support of the ongoing COVID-19 response efforts worldwide. There is a growing urgency for these approaches because of the rapid increase in coronavirus literature, making it difficult for the medical community to keep up.
A list of our initial key questions can be found under the
Tasks
section of this dataset. These key scientific questions are drawn from the NASEM’s SCIED (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Standing Committee on Emerging Infectious Diseases and 21st Century Health Threats)
research topics
and the World Health Organization’s
R&D Blueprint
for COVID-19.
Many of these questions are suitable for text mining, and we encourage researchers to develop text mining tools to provide insights on these questions.
In this project, you will follow your own interests to create a portfolio worthy single-frame viz or multi-frame data story that will be shared in your presentation. You will use all the skills taught in this course to complete this project step-by-step, with guidance from your instructors along the way. You will first create a project proposal to identify your goals for the project, including the question you wish to answer or explore with data. You will then find data that will provide the information you are seeking. You will then import that data into Tableau and prepare it for analysis. Next, you will create a dashboard that will allow you to explore the data in-depth and identify meaningful insights. You will then give structure .
AbstractVoice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is an advanced t.docxmakdul
Abstract
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is an advanced telecommunication technology which transfers the voice/video over
high speed network that provides advantages of flexibility, reliability and cost efficient advanced telecommunication
features. Still the issues related to security are averting many organizations to accept VoIP cloud environment due to
security threats, holes or vulnerabilities. So, the novel secured framework is absolutely necessary to prevent all kind of
VoIP security issues. This paper points out the existing VoIP cloud architecture and various security attacks and issues
in the existing framework. It also presents the defense mechanisms to prevent the attacks and proposes a new security
framework called Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) using video watermarking and extraction technique and Liveness
Voice Detection (LVD) technique with biometric features such as face and voice. IPSs updated with new LVD features
protect the VoIP services not only from attacks but also from misuses.
A Comprehensive Survey of Security Issues and
Defense Framework for VoIP Cloud
Ashutosh Satapathy* and L. M. Jenila Livingston
School of Computing Science and Engineering, VIT University, Chennai - 600127, Tamil Nadu, India;
[email protected], [email protected]
Keywords: Defense Mechanisms, Liveness Voice Detection, VoIP Cloud, Voice over Internet Protocol, VoIP Security Issues
1. Introduction
The rapid progress of VoIP over traditional services is
led to a situation that is common to many innovations
and new technologies such as VoIP cloud and peer to
peer services like Skype, Google Hangout etc. VoIP is the
technology that supports sending voice (and video) over
an Internet protocol-based network1,2. This is completely
different than the public circuit-switched telephone net-
work. Circuit switching network allocates resources to
each individual call and path is permanent throughout
the call from start to end. Traditional telephony services
are provided by the protocols/components such as SS7, T
carriers, Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS), the Public
Switch Telephone Network (PSTN), dial up, local loops
and anything under International Telecommunication
Union. IP networks are based on packet switching and
each packet follows different path, has its own header and
is forwarded separately by routers. VoIP network can be
constructed in various ways by using both proprietary
protocols and protocols based on open standards.
1.1 VoIP Layer Architecture
VoIP communication system typically consist of a front
end platform (soft-phone, PBX, gateway, call manager),
back end platform (server, CPU, storage, memory, net-
work) and intermediate platforms such as VoIP protocols,
database, authentication server, web server, operating sys-
tems etc. It is mainly divided into five layers as shown in
Figure1.
1.2 VoIP Cloud Architecture
VoIP cloud is the framework for delivering telephony
services in which resourc.
Abstract
Structure of Abstract
Background on the problem
purpose/objective of the study
Method used
Interpretation of results
Conclusion&Recommendation for future research
.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
r Academy of Management Journal2015, Vol. 1015, No. 1, 1–9..docx
1. r Academy of Management Journal
2015, Vol. 1015, No. 1, 1–9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.4006
FROM THE EDITORS
RETHINKING GOVERNANCE IN MANAGEMENT
RESEARCH
In the field of management, the study of gover-
nance has primarily dealt with decision-making by
boards of directors, chief executives, and senior
managers. The corporate governance literature has
generated important insights regarding incentive
alignment, risk taking, and coordination chal-
lenges. Emerging trends, highlighted in this issue,
raise new questions regarding managerial roles,
organizational contexts, internal and social pro-
cesses, and changes in governance over time. We
encourage management scholars to rethink their
approach to governance research by considering
stakeholder engagement, the implications of big
data, social impact, global dimensions, and com-
parative analysis of governance. A broadened con-
ceptualization of governance may also deal with the
dynamics of interorganizational arrangements, in-
cluding the co-creation of organizations of varying
governance forms.
WHAT IS GOVERNANCE?
In this “thematic issue,” we assembled articles
2. that reflect evolving practices in governance.1
Corporate governance is the system by which
companies are directed and controlled. Boards of
directors are responsible for the governance of
their companies. The shareholders’ role in gover-
nance is to appoint the directors and the auditors
and to satisfy themselves that an appropriate gov-
ernance structure is in place. The responsibilities
of the board include setting the company’s strategic
aims, providing the leadership to put them into
effect, supervising the management of the business,
and reporting to shareholders on their stewardship.
The board’s actions are subject to laws, regulations,
and the shareholders in general meeting (Cadbury,
1992). Corporate governance is therefore about
what the board of a company does and how it sets
the values of the company, but is distinct from the
operational management of the company by full-
time executives.
These views of corporate governance stem pre-
dominantly from a financial perspective. For ex-
ample, Shleifer and Vishny (1997: 737) address
corporate governance as “the ways in which sup-
pliers of finance to corporations assure themselves
of getting a return on their investment. How do the
suppliers of finance get managers to return some
of the profits to them? How do they make sure
that managers do not steal the capital they supply
or invest it in bad projects? How do suppliers
of finance control managers?” These views stem
primarily from an agency theoretical perspective
that investigates the consequences of separation of
ownership and control in the modern corporation
3. (Jensen & Meckling, 1976). Recent corporate ac-
tivity and views, however, have an expanded view
of governance as involving stewardship and lead-
ership, in addition to the narrower financial pru-
dence role. From a survey of board members from
15 countries, a leading executive search firm re-
cently reported that strategic alignment and exe-
cution, engaged leadership, and capacity to adapt
are hallmarks of a new, dynamic view of corporate
governance (Heidrick & Struggles International,
Inc., 2014). Given the emerging trend of more
inclusive interpretation of governance, we refer
to governance as leadership systems, managerial
control protocols, property rights, decision rights,
and other practices that give organizations their
authority and mandates for action, consistent with
McGahan’s (2014) call for the Annual Meeting of
the Academy of Management theme.
Management research has dealt primarily with
a well-defined set of questions on this agenda re-
lated to the governance of investor-owned cor-
porations, including publicly traded companies,
1 The articles in this thematic issue were accepted into
the journal under normal review processes and were not
part of any Special Research Forum call. Consistent with
the 75th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management
theme of “Opening Governance” in 2015, we bring to-
gether exemplar papers to encourage new directions in
governance research. We thank Anita McGahan for her
substantial contribution to this editorial. We would also
like to thank Don Robert, CEO of Experian, for an in-
terview with Scott Graffin and Oxford University’s Centre
for Corporate Reputation for arranging it.
4. 1
Copyright of the Academy of Management, all rights reserved.
Contents may not be copied, emailed, posted to a listserv, or
otherwise transmitted without the copyright holder’s express
written permission. Users may print, download, or email articles
for individual use only.
family-owned companies, and entrepreneurial
organizations. Scholarly studies tend to emphasize
the mechanisms by which governance authority is
executed in corporations. Important research on
the separation of investor and managerial decision
rights describes the challenges of aligning the
interests of principals and agents under the con-
straints that arise from investor ownership. Re-
search on the roles of boards of directors and the
authority of the CEO has led to extensive un-
derstanding of the context for managerial decision
making under uncertainty and risk. Comparisons
between entrepreneurial start-ups, mature firms,
and family-owned companies point to the perva-
sive need for governance mechanisms in the con-
figuration and administration of a wide array of
corporate activities. At the same time, different
stakeholders, ranging from customers to policy
makers, often question the effectiveness of gover-
nance mechanisms.
In this editorial, we provide an overview of
governance research and point to open questions
in this area. Yet, despite the considerable oppor-
tunity for further research, the advances in this
stream also shed light on the limits and challenges
5. of dominant scholarly approaches to the topic of
governance. Finally, we point to entirely new areas
for scholarship based on a broad conceptualization
of governance. The field’s emphasis on mecha-
nisms has left open important questions about the
comparative performance of various approaches to
governance, such as the relative strength for cre-
ating and capturing value of the publicly traded
versus the privately held corporation. As a conse-
quence, we revisit core constructs of governance
and reflect on their implications for management
scholarship.
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF GOVERNANCE
RESEARCH
Corporate governance is one of the most widely
researched topics by management academics, and is
extensively covered by business journalists as well.
Studies in this domain examine corporate gover-
nance mechanisms that are implemented in an ef-
fort to align the interests of managers with those
of owners. These studies typically focus on the dy-
adic relationship between a firm’s executives and
the board of directors, executive pay, the effects of
ownership concentration, and the market for cor-
porate control, with the intention of motivating
managers to implement more efficient and effective
uses of shareholder resources (Dalton, Hitt, Certo, &
Dalton, 2007).
During the late 1990s and early 2000s, agency
problems were identified as a primary cause of
failure in the governance of a slate of large corpo-
rations. The well-publicized corporate scandals of
6. Enron, WorldCom, and others led to numerous
governance reforms all around the globe. The
combination of these scandals and corporate gov-
ernance reforms brought increased attention and
scrutiny regarding the oversight of managers of
large public corporations. This increased oversight
has taken many forms, and has been a subject of
several recent studies that, in turn, point to oppor-
tunities for further research.
First, there have been numerous legal reforms.
Countries enacted new corporate governance codes
to strengthen governance in light of the well-known
scandals. Examples of such reforms include the
Sarbanes–Oxley Act in the United States, the Cad-
bury Code in the United Kingdom, the Cromme
Code in Germany, the Provisional Code of Corporate
Governance for Securities Companies in China, and
the Recomendações sobre Governança Corporativa
in Brazil. The conditions that led to these regulatory
changes, as well as the effects of the new regu-
lations, have been studied by Cowen and Marcel
(2011), Shipilov, Greve, and Rowley (2010), Zhang
and Wiersema (2009), and others.
Second, there has been increased media attention
regarding the monitoring and compensation of
CEOs during this time period. While, as Khurana
(2002) noted, in the decades leading up to the
scandals of the early 2000s, media attention on
CEOs was already on the rise, criticism of CEO
compensation was fueled by these scandals. Annual
lists of the best and worst CEOs as well as over-
and underpaid CEOs became—and remain—grist
for headline news, and fueled subsequent media
investigations into corporate practices (e.g., Bednar,
7. 2012; Pollock, Rindova, & Maggitti, 2008; Zavyalova,
Pfarrer, Reger, & Shapiro, 2012).
Third, the collapse of the international financial
markets in 2008 and the resulting worldwide
recession prompted direct governmental inter-
ventions in many countries, initially in financial
services and subsequently in a broad range of sec-
tors. Widespread bankruptcies led governments to
supply banks and firms with substantial capital,
thus raising questions about the robustness of
governance rules in light of the “too big to fail”
narrative. Recipients of government funds, in turn,
were often required to adapt their governance
2 JanuaryAcademy of Management Journal
practices in one or more fundamental ways: to
dismiss and replace executives by processes out-
side of specified approaches, to make improve-
ments in their mechanisms of decision making,
and to restructure their operations by mandate
rather than by negotiation. While the direct in-
volvement of some governments in corporate
governance was temporary, several governments
have kept and even increased their ownership in
corporations and thus scrutiny of the managers
of those corporations, leading to the emergence of
state capitalism (Inoue, Lazzarini, & Musacchio,
2013).
Fourth, there has also been an increased scrutiny
of managers by stakeholder groups that are not
typically enfranchised directly in the execution of
8. governance duties, such as employees, social acti-
vists, or other groups that may not have direct
ownership of a given corporation. For instance,
corporate fraud has been increasingly reported
by employees through social media in and outside
of the workplace. Social movement organizations
formed by customers and other stakeholders also
increasingly influence managerial decisions by
calling for protests and boycotts against corpo-
rations. The increased scrutiny by social movement
organizations has motivated managers to change
their actions and modify their policies. Further-
more, social movements have led managers to shift
their attention from profit to the “triple bottom
line,” which encompasses profit, people, and the
planet (e.g., Jayachandran, Kalaignanam, & Eilert,
2013; Kacperczyk, 2009; King, 2008; McDonnell &
King, 2013).
THE COMPLEXITY OF CORPORATE
GOVERNANCE
Recent corporate governance research has an-
swered calls to go beyond the traditional agency
conflict between shareholders and managers and
the evaluations of managerial effectiveness from
the investors’ perspective. Articles in this issue
illustrate that researchers have started to explore
governance problems at different levels of analysis
by considering managers and their teams in lead-
ership and other roles, rather than as agents of
the shareholders or inside members of the board
of directors. They also present a variety of con-
texts in their studies that may alter the tradi-
tional conceptualizations of agency conflict. The
different contexts include private and family
9. firms, entrepreneurial businesses, nongovernmental
organizations, and public and private partner-
ships. Governance researchers have also started to
explore new processes by shifting their attention
from incentive alignment to (internal) organi-
zational architecture, coordination, and collabo-
ration, and to (external) social processes and
policies. Further, new studies increasingly focus
on temporal effects of governance and explore
governance shifts. Much more research on these
topics is warranted.
Carton, Murphy, and Clark (2014) in this issue
illustrate the study of managers in their leadership
role. The authors seek to answer how leader rhetoric
about employees’ ultimate purpose of work influ-
ences organizational performance. Using archival
data on hospitals and data from an online experi-
ment, they examine the importance of leader rhet-
oric and shared cognition in motivating employees
to develop a shared sense of the ultimate purpose of
their organizations. They find that leader expres-
sions of visions and values increased organizational
coordination and performance. Their results also
reveal some interesting rhetorical patterns that
leaders used even though they proved ineffective
in communicating a shared purpose of their organ-
izations to employees.
Scott, Garza, Conlon, and Kim (2014) investigate
managers’ adherence to justice rules. In contrast to
a wide range of studies on employee reactions
to organizational justice, these authors examine
the types of managerial motives associated with
justice rule adherence. Using responses to a daily,
10. experience-sampling survey, the authors find that
managers adhere to distributive, procedural, in-
formational, and interpersonal rules of justice for
“hot” affective as well as for “cold” cognitive rea-
sons. Further, their study reveals a complex re-
lationship between justice dimensions and “hot”
affective and “cold” cognitive managerial motives.
Smith (2014), in her in-depth study of decision
making in six top management teams, seeks to find
out how senior managers sustained commitments
to strategic paradoxes, including exploiting their
business units’ existing products while exploring
their innovation. Using a dynamic decision model,
she describes an interwoven relationship between
dilemmas and paradoxes involving top manage-
ment team decisions over their business units’
resources, organizational design, and product de-
sign. Her research also reveals that leaders adopt
a shifting decision making pattern in service of
an overall strategy that embeds paradoxes and
contradictions.
2015 3Tihanyi, Graffin, and George
Recent studies have also considered governance
problems in different contexts, including types of
firms. Patel and Cooper (2014), for example, in-
vestigate the interaction of different top manage-
ment team members in the boardrooms of family
firms. They find that greater structural power
equality between family and non-family members
of the top management team leads to higher firm
performance. Although the presence of the founder
11. CEO weakened the positive effect of structural
power equality on performance in the study, the
authors find stronger effects for family firms oper-
ating in dynamic environments and for firms with
higher governance performance.
In addition to different levels of analysis and
contexts, new studies on corporate governance
have begun to explore the roles of top managers
and boards in different organizational processes,
including internal governance policies and practi-
ces, as well as external processes, including social
and regulatory changes and stakeholder prefer-
ences. Huy, Corley, and Kraatz (2014) examine the
role middle managers play in influencing legitimacy
judgments of the top management team as change
agents within one firm after a radical environmental
change involving the firm’s technological and
competitive environments. They reveal how new
top managers formulated a plan for change and
enjoyed internal organizational support soon after
their arrival to the firm. The authors also show
how middle managers looked for clues about the
motivations, intentions, and capabilities of top
executives by analyzing their plans and strategy
implementation. As the firm’s top executive change
agents failed in their efforts to provide effective
responses to the environmental change, the authors
of the study report middle managers’ legitimacy
judgments of top managers and resistance to orga-
nizational change.
In contrast to previous work that has focused on
the effects of different governance mechanisms on
firm performance in isolation, Misangyi and Acharya
(2014) examine the combinations of governance
12. mechanisms used by firms in the S&P 1500. Their
configurational examination provides evidence on
how different governance mechanisms work to-
gether toward higher firm performance. The authors
demonstrate, for example, that CEO incentives and
monitoring mechanisms may work well together as
complements, rather than as substitutes, as theorized
in previous literature.
Belogolovsky and Bamberger (2014) study the
organizational implications of pay secrecy policy.
Using signaling theory, they investigate the psy-
chological mechanisms behind pay secrecy poli-
cies, with the results of their multi-round laboratory
simulation suggesting that pay secrecy negatively
influences individual task performance and par-
ticipant continuation intentions. Moreover, the em-
pirical support for their moderated-mediation model
indicates that even weak signals that are associated
with a managerial practice have important behav-
ioral implications when the signals are interpreted in
the context of other practice-based signals.
A growing stream of studies are examining
corporate governance in relationship to external
environmental processes, including changes in
regulations, shifting stakeholder pressures, and
emerging social policies. Rhee and Fiss (2014) in-
vestigate the mechanisms by which organizational
leaders frame controversial practices. Their study
on the framing of the adoption of “poison pills”
by U.S. firms uses regulatory focus theory and
the literature on source credibility. They find evi-
dence that the stock market reacted positively to
announcements of poison pill adoption when the
13. framing of the adoption was aligned with the dom-
inant institutional logic. However, negative stock
market reaction was reported when statements
signaled the speakers’ self-serving interests. Their
results also illustrate the importance of speaker
visibility, prior firm performance, and practice
prevalence.
Gomulya and Boeker (2014) have studied the
managerial actions firms take after financial
restatements or events that damage a firm’s repu-
tation. They find that firms seek to send signals
about their efforts and the credibility of their top
executives to their stakeholders, including finan-
cial analysts, the stock market, and the mass media.
Focusing on the attributes of the new CEOs, the
authors establish that firms with more significant
restatements tended to name successor CEOs who
served previously as CEOs, had turnaround expe-
rience, had training in accounting or finance, and
graduated from elite schools.
Briscoe, Chin, and Hambrick (2014) extend the
idea of corporate opportunity structure from the
social movement literature to include the personal
values of the corporate elite, particularly the CEO.
In the context of the formation of LGBT employee
activist groups, the authors study the political
ideology of CEOs of Fortune 500 companies. They
theorize that employee social activists consider
CEOs’ values when deciding on their campaign
against the company. In addition to evidence on
4 JanuaryAcademy of Management Journal
14. how political liberalism of CEOs influence em-
ployee activism, the authors find support for the
effects of contextual factors, such as CEO power,
workplace conservatism, and the phase of social
movement.
Governance scholars can also make interesting
contributions by understanding the temporal effects
of governance and shifts in governance over time.
In their study on CEO temporal focus, Nadkarni
and Chen (2014) investigate the ways CEOs’ at-
tention to the past, present, and future has influ-
enced the rate of new product introductions in
different environments. They collect original data
on CEO temporal focus from letters to share-
holders, interviews, speeches, and press releases
using a psycholinguistic approach (Pennebaker,
Francis, & Booth, 2001). Their results suggest that
CEO temporal profiles are associated with different
rates of new product introductions in stable and
dynamic environments.
Joseph, Ocasio, and McDonnell (2014) examine
how the recent emergence of shareholder value
logic in the United States has led to a shift in gov-
ernance over time. The governance shift in their
study is the adoption of the CEO-only board struc-
ture, or boards in which CEOs are the only insiders.
Using structural elaboration theory, they show that
the ambiguous nature of new institutional logics can
benefit powerful CEOs. According to these authors,
CEOs may even employ the new CEO-only board
structure as a means to remove insider board mem-
bers who have been rival candidates for the chief
executive position.
15. NEW AREAS OF INQUIRY
What are some of the new opportunities for
management scholarship if we broaden the study
of corporate governance? We encourage scholars
to consider emergent, contextual trends that are
reshaping of governance in organizations. Broad-
ening conceptions of governance raises new re-
search avenues on the effectiveness and efficiency
of nongovernmental organizations, governmental
bodies, proprietorships, and other forms in the
creation of value through the deployment of orga-
nizational resources. Though far from exclusive,
we highlight stakeholder engagement, the impli-
cations of big data, social impact, global dimen-
sions, and comparative analysis of governance.
This last topic suggests revisiting questions about
the unit of analysis of governance, especially in
light of contemporaneous creation of multiple,
often project-based organizations designed to work
in tandem to accomplish specific goals, sometimes
on a short timetable.
The conferring of the Nobel Prize in Economics
on Elinor Ostrom in 2012 coincided in time with
a recent reinterpretation of stakeholder theory to
emphasize such principles as graduated sanctions
and stakeholder legitimacy (Blair & Stout, 1999;
Klein, Mahoney, McGahan, & Pitelis, 2012). At the
core of the argument is the insight that stakeholder
claims on an organization’s governance rights,
decisions, and processes are commensurate with
the stakeholders’ investment in the activities of the
organization. Research is required to identify the
16. boundaries of such claims, and the legitimacy of
stakeholder interests in contexts where disagree-
ments or ambiguity arise about the amount of col-
laborative investment and the terms under which it
occurs. Study is also warranted on the mechanisms
of stakeholder engagement in decision making and
the constraints on action associated with stake-
holder concerns.
The phrase “big data” refers to the large amounts
of information generated from mobile telephones,
Internet websites, and other devices tethered to
computing. Because much of the information asso-
ciated with large-scale data sets is broad in scope,
focused on transactions, frequently ill structured,
and often short in coverage duration, a challenge
associated with the analysis of big data are in
identification (George, Haas, & Pentland, 2014).
Patterns of behavior may be discerned, but inferring
causal mechanisms from such data may be difficult.
Despite the challenges, big data carries significant
promise for improving governance, especially be-
cause it provides decision makers such as corporate
executives with opportunities associated with ex-
perimentation, structured feedback processes (e.g.,
“crowdsourcing”), and hypothesis-driven inquiry.
By transforming data into information for critical
decision makers, governance as a decision process
may be significantly improved. More research in the
field of management is necessary to discern which
processes are effective for supporting better de-
cision making.
In terms of the social impact of corporate gov-
ernance, management scholars should consider
organizational purpose and the interests of differ-
17. ent stakeholders beyond the preferences of firm
investors (Hollensbe, Wookey, Hickey, George, &
Nichols, 2014). As recent research suggests (see
Bundy, Shropshire, & Buchholtz, 2013, for a re-
cent discussion of this literature), the number of
2015 5Tihanyi, Graffin, and George
different parties attempting to influence how a firm
operates has expanded in recent years. The grow-
ing importance of multiple stakeholders suggests
that researchers need to continue to expand the
number of these groups considered in future re-
search, and also, potentially, revisit the theoretical
assumptions that drive and define the types of re-
search questions we examine. Consistent with this
research, in a recent interview with Scott Graffin,
Don Robert, the CEO of Experian, recognized that
“the chief executive probably has one reputation
with employees, another one with investors, an-
other one with vendors, another one with clients,
and yet another one with [their] own board.” Ac-
counting for how these multiple constituencies
influence CEOs’ approaches to strategic decisions
is an important endeavor for future research.
The complexity associated with managing multi-
ple stakeholders is amplified in light of the in-
creased media scrutiny that firms face (e.g., Bednar,
2012; Wiesenfeld, Wurthmann, & Hambrick, 2008).
Thus, the confluence of an increasing number of
stakeholders and this increased media attention
means that, in the words of Don Robert, how a firm
is perceived by stakeholders is:
18. [A] fragile, fleeting and dynamic thing that I think is,
in part, a result of our financial performance, how we
choose to communicate, what consumers think about
us as a steward or guardian of their information, what
third parties say about us in the media—blogs, for
example, written communications—and how our
employees behave both on the field and off. It’s a lot
of different things.2
Juggling multiple and potentially conflicting
expectations will be of central concern for CEOs and
represents fruitful ground for future research.
Another opportunity for researchers to broaden
the study of corporate governance is to consider its
global dimensions. While most previous research
has focused on the U.S. system of governance,
there is substantial variation in corporate gover-
nance systems around the world. The variation is
largely driven by institutional differences, in-
cluding investor rights and protection (Fligstein &
Choo, 2005). In addition to the legal foundation of
a country (e.g., common law or civil law), which
can determine investor rights, the effectiveness
of governance mechanisms maybe influenced
by cultural values and norms—for example, the
acceptance of inequality in the case of executive
compensation. Owing to the differences in in-
stitutional systems around the world, families, fi-
nancial institutions, business groups, or the state
often own substantial shares in corporations and
alter their corporate governance. Business groups
(keiretsus, chaebols, grupos, etc.), for instance, are
dominant players in many countries. The inter-
19. connected relationship of their member firms acts
as a powerful governance mechanism.
The global dimension of corporate governance
also takes the operation of multinational enterprises
into account. Whereas traditional governance re-
search focused on the agency relationship between
the multinational enterprise’s top management and
its domestic owners, it is increasingly acknowl-
edged that the activities and administration of
these large corporations present a number of unique
challenges for corporate governance. First, multi-
national enterprises operate in multiple countries,
often with autonomous local subsidiaries and their
managers. Such a high level of organizational com-
plexity undoubtedly makes monitoring and the
use of managerial incentives problematic. Second,
these enterprises are increasingly owned by diverse
groups of shareholders, as well as interacting with
local customers, government agencies, and other
stakeholders. The pressures by these heterogeneous
stakeholder groups likely lead to changes in the
use and effectiveness of governance mechanisms.
Third, multinational enterprises and their manage-
ment may be powerful enough today to change
institutions in different countries (e.g., pressure
governments to change laws or shape the prefer-
ences and norms of their local customers), and thus
modify corporate governance systems of countries
and/or establish the legitimacy of their own (for-
eign) governance systems. Taking these global
trends together, it will be interesting to find out if
corporate governance systems converge or diverge
in different regions and around the world in the
coming decades.
20. Increasingly, organizations work in such tight
partnerships that their activities are virtually co-
designed. As the effects of governance decisions in
one organization influence those of partnering
firms, questions arise regarding the optimality of
coordinated decision making across organizational
boundaries (e.g., Lavie, Haunschild, & Khanna,
2012). How should such coordination occur in
a governance system in which authority and re-
sponsibility are conferred only with reference to
the focal organization? What are the implications
2 Don Roberts, interview by Scott Graffin, November 11,
2013.
6 JanuaryAcademy of Management Journal
of coordination across organizational boundaries
when such coordination creates conflicts for
executives in the administration of duties? What
are the limits to interorganizational coordination in
the execution of the fundamental duties of gover-
nance? Significant research is needed on how the
various facets of governance are affected by in-
terorganizational arrangements.
The evolution of governance arrangements over
time is centrally important to their continuing rele-
vance and to the performance of organizations (Baum
& McGahan, 2013). Constraints on organizational ac-
tion arising from facets of governance designed to
protect particular stakeholders may incite questions
about the legitimacy of the arrangements. Organiza-
tions may close and re-deploy their resources under
21. alternative governance structures as a result. In some
instances, corporations may relaunch particular ac-
tivities in different geographies and/or under an al-
ternative charter. Such alternatives may include
corporations, nonprofit organizations, or licensing
arrangements. Under such circumstances, alternative
governance arrangements compete to create value.
Comparative analysis of alternative governance
forms—and the implications of the decision-making,
managerial, and organizational processes they imply—
is another important area for future research.
In sum, these interrelated trends suggest ex-
panded promise for governance research in the
coming years. This issue highlights a number of
areas of new inquiry, and we believe these studies
will help broaden the scope of future work on gov-
ernance. As the conceptualization of what consti-
tutes governance as well as the parties involved in
overseeing the operations of organizations continue
to evolve and expand, management scholars will
have many opportunities to shape the dialog on
what constitutes good governance and how organ-
izations and society can be better served.
Laszlo Tihanyi
Texas A&M University
Scott Graffin
University of Georgia
Gerard George
Imperial College London
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8 JanuaryAcademy of Management Journal
Laszlo Tihanyi is professor of management at Texas A&M
University. He is an associate editor of the Academy of
Management Journal, covering the topics of international
business, multinational firms, emerging economies, and
institutional theory.
28. Scott Graffin is associate professor of management at
the University of Georgia. He is an associate editor of the
Academy of Management Journal. His research focuses on
corporate governance, and also on the impact of reputa-
tion, status, and organizational impression management
activities on organization outcomes.
Gerard George is professor of innovation and entrepreneur-
ship and deputy dean of Imperial College Business School.
He is the editor of the Academy of Management Journal.
2015 9Tihanyi, Graffin, and George
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