Quiz 3.2 Outline FORMAT for JE 3
Method 3 – Similarities and Differences
Instructions: Now that you have learned how to organize your writing, write an outline using the format below. This is the outline you will use in writing JE 4. Follow these instructions to submit your work:
1. On page 2 of this document, you have an outline format with text blocks you can populate with information. This information is the skeleton of your writing or of your OUTLINE. Be sure to use KEYWORDS and/or PHRASES. Remember that the purpose of an outline is to help you organize your material in a quick and efficient way before you spend time writing a document. The thesis statement is expected to be a complete sentence which includes the TOPIC, the CONTROLLING IDEA and the BRANCHES. The more material you include in your outline, the easier it will be for you to write your essay. You can make the text boxes bigger to include more text by clicking on the corner and dragging it down.
2. As soon as you complete all the areas that need to be populated with text, copy the outline as a Word document on to your computer memory. You do not need to include this page of instructions.
3. Go back to the quiz where you found this assignment and attach your OUTLINE. To do that, click on ATTACHMENTS. When the little ATTACHMENT window opens, look for the window that says BROWSE.
4. Look for the outline file that you just saved in your computer memory. By clicking on it, you will select it. When you will see your document in the BROWSE window, click on UPLOAD FILE and then click FINISHED.
5. Now your outline document is ready to be submitted from your drop box as an attachment.
6. Before you submit your outline, you will see a link for the RUBRIC which appears on this quiz’s drop box. Click on it to make sure you have covered all the aspects of your outline. This RUBRIC is the grading instrument that your professor will use to grade this quiz.
7. Finally, don’t forget to click SUBMIT. If you don’t, your work will not go through and you will not get a grade.
Thesis Statement (Establishing Similarities and Differences)
Main Idea for Developmental Paragraph 1 (Similarities)
Main Idea for Developmental Paragraph 2 (Differences)
Topic 1
Topic 2
Topic 3
Topic 4
Topic 5
Topic 6
Conclusion Statement
Public Administration and Information
Technology
Volume 10
Series Editor
Christopher G. Reddick
San Antonio, Texas, USA
[email protected]
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10796
[email protected]
Marijn Janssen • Maria A. Wimmer
Ameneh Deljoo
Editors
Policy Practice and Digital
Science
Integrating Complex Systems, Social
Simulation and Public Administration
in Policy Research
2123
[email protected]
Editors
Marijn Janssen Ameneh Deljoo
Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Faculty of Technology, Policy, and
Management Management
Delft University of Technology Delft University of Tec ...
Discussion 1 Please review the chapter once again. Chapter 1 is a.docxcuddietheresa
Discussion 1: Please review the chapter once again. Chapter 1 is a guide for the rest of the book. The book is a compilation of articles that have been selected to address the topics that are addressed in the course. This chapter is a roadmap for the rest of the course. Although we are not going to be reading all of the articles, we see that the chapters that are included in our reading in the course do address the topics of importance that are outlined in the chapter.
Discussion 2: Please answer the following two questions in your main posting this week.
Do you agree or disagree with the skills and competencies that have been identified in the article this week.
What did the authors miss if anything?
Discussion 3: Describe the different ways in which policy models are used.
What are the key lessons for policy modeling, according to this paper?
Based on the examples that are provided, do you agree that these models would be useful? Please explain why or why not.
Discussion 4: Please find a total of 4 websites that are related to modeling policy with simulations. These can be and include eGovPoliNet and others that have been mentioned in the papers, readings or videos. They can be community-based, software based, or other, but make sure they are related to the topics that we are discussing this week.
Please describe the purpose of the website.
What you learned from visiting the website.
Anything else what you want to describe.
Discussion 5: Please find a video from any source that is sharable and post this in the main discussion. The video should cover a technology adoption theory. A technology adoption theory is a theory that is used to describe how and why technology is adopted. Additionally, write a short introduction which describes the theory that the video is covering and why you think this is valuable for discussion this week.
Discussion 6: Question: How would social media affect the early adoption of eco-farming in the 1980’s if it was available in that time period? What are the different ways that it could be applied? Who would be the stakeholders?
Public Administration and Information
Technology
Volume 10
Series Editor
Christopher G. Reddick
San Antonio, Texas, USA
[email protected]
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10796
[email protected]
Marijn Janssen • Maria A. Wimmer
Ameneh Deljoo
Editors
Policy Practice and Digital
Science
Integrating Complex Systems, Social
Simulation and Public Administration
in Policy Research
2123
[email protected]
Editors
Marijn Janssen Ameneh Deljoo
Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Faculty of Technology, Policy, and
Management Management
Delft University of Technology Delft University of Technology
Delft Delft
The Netherlands The Netherlands
Maria A. Wimmer
Institute for Information Systems Research
University of Koblenz-Landau
Koblenz
Germany
ISBN 978-3-319-12783-5 ISBN 978-3-319-12784-2 (eBook)
Public Administration and Information ...
Age group is Adolescent 13-18The Integrating the Field of Develo.docxdaniahendric
Age group is Adolescent 13-18
The Integrating the Field of Developmental Psychology: A Review of the Literature
· Must be 8 to 10 double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.).
· Must include a separate title page with the following:
· Title of paper
· Student’s name
· Course name and number
· Instructor’s name
· Date submitted
· Must use at least five scholarly sources in addition to the course text.
· The Scholarly, Peer Reviewed, and Other Credible Sources table offers additional guidance on appropriate source types. If you have questions about whether a specific source is appropriate for this assignment, please contact your instructor. Your instructor has the final say about the appropriateness of a specific source for a particular assignment.
· Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
· Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
You will then review the Developmental Psychology literature examining findings for that age group / developmental stage in terms of the physical, emotional, cognitive, social dimensions, and how they impact development and can best be used to meet developmental needs. Additionally, create a summary of the developmental stage as viewed through the lens of one developmental theory we have studied across the course (Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, Freud’s Psychosexual Theory, Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory, etc.).
In your paper,
· Examine the physical changes associated with the selected developmental stage.
· Examine the cognitive changes associated with the selected developmental stage.
· Examine the emotional changes associated with the selected developmental stage.
· Examine the social changes associated with the selected developmental stage.
· Evaluate the developmental changes and appraise the effects of the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social environments.
· Integrate developmental and environmental factors into an assessment of developmental needs.
· Create a summary of the developmental stage as viewed through the lens of a selected developmental theory.
· Propose solutions for areas not addressed by the theory.
· Analyze the ethical considerations for research and practice with the selected developmental stage.
Public Administration and Information
Technology
Volume 10
Series Editor
Christopher G. Reddick
San Antonio, Texas, USA
[email protected]
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10796
[email protected]
Marijn Janssen • Maria A. Wimmer
Ameneh Deljoo
Editors
Policy Practice and Digital
Science
Integrating Complex Systems, Social
Simulation and Public Administration
in Policy Research
2123
[email protected]
Editors
Marijn Janssen Ameneh Deljoo
Faculty of Technology, Policy, and F ...
ATTRIBUTES AND EVALUATION OF DISCUSSION CONTRIBUTIONSDue Date E.docxcelenarouzie
ATTRIBUTES AND EVALUATION OF DISCUSSION CONTRIBUTIONS
Due Date: End of weekly
Percentage of Course Grade: 20%.
Learner Guidelines for Evaluation of Discussion Contributions
All discussion contributions will be read by your instructor each week. The instructor will provide feedback to you regarding your discussion postings. Expecting that every discussion posting and response contain all of the attributes of an exemplary discussion posting is setting a high standard for both you and the instructor. This level of high performance is the standard expected of graduate learners at Capella.
Attributes of an Exemplary Discussion Contribution or Response:
1. The discussion contribution or response clearly addresses the content issue(s) presented by the question.
2. The discussion contribution or response includes the appropriate level(s) of critical analysis.
3. The discussion contribution or response includes pertinent course and disciplinary concepts, theories, or materials, and applies them correctly.
4. The discussion contribution or response provides validation and support by including relevant examples and supporting evidence, as appropriate.
5. The discussion contribution or response stimulates fellow learners to clarify, extend, and strengthen their dialogue.
6. The discussion contribution or response is concise, clearly organized, and well structured.
7. The discussion contribution or response uses grammar, usage, and mechanics expected of graduate level composition and expression.
8. All citations and references adhere to APA 6th edition style.
9. The discussion contribution or response fosters collaboration with fellow learners and communicates in a manner that respects the dignity and integrity of fellow learners and the instructor.
10. The discussion response meaningfully supplements and extends consideration of the topic by including one of more of the following: new information, questions, constructive or corrective feedback, or alternative viewpoints.
For additional details regarding discussion participation and contributions, please consult the Professional Communications and Writing Guide.
Public Administration and Information
Technology
Volume 10
Series Editor
Christopher G. Reddick
San Antonio, Texas, USA
[email protected]
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10796
[email protected]
Marijn Janssen • Maria A. Wimmer
Ameneh Deljoo
Editors
Policy Practice and Digital
Science
Integrating Complex Systems, Social
Simulation and Public Administration
in Policy Research
2123
[email protected]
Editors
Marijn Janssen Ameneh Deljoo
Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Faculty of Technology, Policy, and
Management Management
Delft University of Technology Delft University of Technology
Delft Delft
The Netherlands The Netherlands
Maria A. Wimmer
Institute for Information Systems Research
University of Koblenz-Landau
Koblenz
Germany
ISBN 978-3-319-12783-5 ISBN 978-3-319-12784-2 (eBook)
Publ.
Chapter 6 ProblemsYOUR ANSWERS MUST APPEAR WITHIN THE PROBLEM .docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 6 Problems
YOUR ANSWERS MUST APPEAR WITHIN THE PROBLEM DOCUMENT.
Use the following table to answer question #1.
1a. Using an Excel spreadsheet, create a binarized version of the data set with the following categories:
Note: the following are also the itemset names in the spreadsheet)
Sky Fair, Sky Stormy, Status Impaired, Status Sober, Violation None, Violation Speeding, Violation Stop, Violation Signal, Restraint = No, Restraint=Yes, Crash Major, Crash Minor
Paste the Excel spreadsheet into this document here.
1b. What is the maximum width of each transaction in the binarized data?
1c. How did you determine the answer for item 1b?
1d. Assuming that support threshold is 30%, how many candidate and frequent itemsets will be generated?
1e. Again using Excel, create a data set that contains only the following asymmetric binary attributes:
(Weather = Bad, Impaired, Traffic violation = Yes, Restraint = No, Crash Severity = Major).
The itemset headings are: Bad, Impaired, Violdation, NoRestraint, and Major
For Traffic violation, only None has a value of 0. The rest of the attribute values are assigned to 1.
Copy and paste the Excel spreadsheet here:
Assuming that support threshold is 30%, how many candidate and frequent itemsets will be generated?
1f. Compare the number of candidate and frequent itemsets generated in 1(d) and 1(e). What is your analysis?
2. Find all the frequent subsequences with support >= 50% given the sequence shown below. Assume there are no timing constraints imposed on the sequence.
Answer:
3. For each of the sequences w =< e1e2 . . . ei . . . ei+1 . . . elast > given below, determine whether they are subsequences of the sequence
< {1, 2, 3} {2, 4} {2, 4, 5} {3, 5} {6} >
subjected to the following timing constraints:
mingap = 0 (interval between last event in ei and first event in ei+1 is > 0)
maxgap = 3 (interval between first event in ei and last event in ei+1 is ≤ 3)
maxspan = 5 (interval between first event in e1 and last event in elast is ≤ 5)
ws = 1 (time between first and last events in ei is ≤ 1)
• w =< {1} {2} {3} >
Answer:
• w =< {1, 2, 3, 4} {5, 6} >
Answer:
Answer:
• w =< {1} {2, 4} {6} >
Answer:
• w =< {1, 2} {3, 4} {5, 6} >
Answer:
Public Administration and Information
Technology
Volume 10
Series Editor
Christopher G. Reddick
San Antonio, Texas, USA
[email protected]
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10796
[email protected]
Marijn Janssen • Maria A. Wimmer
Ameneh Deljoo
Editors
Policy Practice and Digital
Science
Integrating Complex Systems, Social
Simulation and Public Administration
in Policy Research
2123
[email protected]
Editors
Marijn Janssen Ameneh Deljoo
Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Faculty of Technology, Policy, and
Management Management
Delft University of Technology Delft University of Technology
Delft Delft
The Netherlands The Netherlands
Maria A. Wimmer
Institute for ...
Discussion 1 Please review the chapter once again. Chapter 1 is a.docxcuddietheresa
Discussion 1: Please review the chapter once again. Chapter 1 is a guide for the rest of the book. The book is a compilation of articles that have been selected to address the topics that are addressed in the course. This chapter is a roadmap for the rest of the course. Although we are not going to be reading all of the articles, we see that the chapters that are included in our reading in the course do address the topics of importance that are outlined in the chapter.
Discussion 2: Please answer the following two questions in your main posting this week.
Do you agree or disagree with the skills and competencies that have been identified in the article this week.
What did the authors miss if anything?
Discussion 3: Describe the different ways in which policy models are used.
What are the key lessons for policy modeling, according to this paper?
Based on the examples that are provided, do you agree that these models would be useful? Please explain why or why not.
Discussion 4: Please find a total of 4 websites that are related to modeling policy with simulations. These can be and include eGovPoliNet and others that have been mentioned in the papers, readings or videos. They can be community-based, software based, or other, but make sure they are related to the topics that we are discussing this week.
Please describe the purpose of the website.
What you learned from visiting the website.
Anything else what you want to describe.
Discussion 5: Please find a video from any source that is sharable and post this in the main discussion. The video should cover a technology adoption theory. A technology adoption theory is a theory that is used to describe how and why technology is adopted. Additionally, write a short introduction which describes the theory that the video is covering and why you think this is valuable for discussion this week.
Discussion 6: Question: How would social media affect the early adoption of eco-farming in the 1980’s if it was available in that time period? What are the different ways that it could be applied? Who would be the stakeholders?
Public Administration and Information
Technology
Volume 10
Series Editor
Christopher G. Reddick
San Antonio, Texas, USA
[email protected]
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10796
[email protected]
Marijn Janssen • Maria A. Wimmer
Ameneh Deljoo
Editors
Policy Practice and Digital
Science
Integrating Complex Systems, Social
Simulation and Public Administration
in Policy Research
2123
[email protected]
Editors
Marijn Janssen Ameneh Deljoo
Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Faculty of Technology, Policy, and
Management Management
Delft University of Technology Delft University of Technology
Delft Delft
The Netherlands The Netherlands
Maria A. Wimmer
Institute for Information Systems Research
University of Koblenz-Landau
Koblenz
Germany
ISBN 978-3-319-12783-5 ISBN 978-3-319-12784-2 (eBook)
Public Administration and Information ...
Age group is Adolescent 13-18The Integrating the Field of Develo.docxdaniahendric
Age group is Adolescent 13-18
The Integrating the Field of Developmental Psychology: A Review of the Literature
· Must be 8 to 10 double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.).
· Must include a separate title page with the following:
· Title of paper
· Student’s name
· Course name and number
· Instructor’s name
· Date submitted
· Must use at least five scholarly sources in addition to the course text.
· The Scholarly, Peer Reviewed, and Other Credible Sources table offers additional guidance on appropriate source types. If you have questions about whether a specific source is appropriate for this assignment, please contact your instructor. Your instructor has the final say about the appropriateness of a specific source for a particular assignment.
· Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
· Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
You will then review the Developmental Psychology literature examining findings for that age group / developmental stage in terms of the physical, emotional, cognitive, social dimensions, and how they impact development and can best be used to meet developmental needs. Additionally, create a summary of the developmental stage as viewed through the lens of one developmental theory we have studied across the course (Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, Freud’s Psychosexual Theory, Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory, etc.).
In your paper,
· Examine the physical changes associated with the selected developmental stage.
· Examine the cognitive changes associated with the selected developmental stage.
· Examine the emotional changes associated with the selected developmental stage.
· Examine the social changes associated with the selected developmental stage.
· Evaluate the developmental changes and appraise the effects of the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social environments.
· Integrate developmental and environmental factors into an assessment of developmental needs.
· Create a summary of the developmental stage as viewed through the lens of a selected developmental theory.
· Propose solutions for areas not addressed by the theory.
· Analyze the ethical considerations for research and practice with the selected developmental stage.
Public Administration and Information
Technology
Volume 10
Series Editor
Christopher G. Reddick
San Antonio, Texas, USA
[email protected]
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10796
[email protected]
Marijn Janssen • Maria A. Wimmer
Ameneh Deljoo
Editors
Policy Practice and Digital
Science
Integrating Complex Systems, Social
Simulation and Public Administration
in Policy Research
2123
[email protected]
Editors
Marijn Janssen Ameneh Deljoo
Faculty of Technology, Policy, and F ...
ATTRIBUTES AND EVALUATION OF DISCUSSION CONTRIBUTIONSDue Date E.docxcelenarouzie
ATTRIBUTES AND EVALUATION OF DISCUSSION CONTRIBUTIONS
Due Date: End of weekly
Percentage of Course Grade: 20%.
Learner Guidelines for Evaluation of Discussion Contributions
All discussion contributions will be read by your instructor each week. The instructor will provide feedback to you regarding your discussion postings. Expecting that every discussion posting and response contain all of the attributes of an exemplary discussion posting is setting a high standard for both you and the instructor. This level of high performance is the standard expected of graduate learners at Capella.
Attributes of an Exemplary Discussion Contribution or Response:
1. The discussion contribution or response clearly addresses the content issue(s) presented by the question.
2. The discussion contribution or response includes the appropriate level(s) of critical analysis.
3. The discussion contribution or response includes pertinent course and disciplinary concepts, theories, or materials, and applies them correctly.
4. The discussion contribution or response provides validation and support by including relevant examples and supporting evidence, as appropriate.
5. The discussion contribution or response stimulates fellow learners to clarify, extend, and strengthen their dialogue.
6. The discussion contribution or response is concise, clearly organized, and well structured.
7. The discussion contribution or response uses grammar, usage, and mechanics expected of graduate level composition and expression.
8. All citations and references adhere to APA 6th edition style.
9. The discussion contribution or response fosters collaboration with fellow learners and communicates in a manner that respects the dignity and integrity of fellow learners and the instructor.
10. The discussion response meaningfully supplements and extends consideration of the topic by including one of more of the following: new information, questions, constructive or corrective feedback, or alternative viewpoints.
For additional details regarding discussion participation and contributions, please consult the Professional Communications and Writing Guide.
Public Administration and Information
Technology
Volume 10
Series Editor
Christopher G. Reddick
San Antonio, Texas, USA
[email protected]
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10796
[email protected]
Marijn Janssen • Maria A. Wimmer
Ameneh Deljoo
Editors
Policy Practice and Digital
Science
Integrating Complex Systems, Social
Simulation and Public Administration
in Policy Research
2123
[email protected]
Editors
Marijn Janssen Ameneh Deljoo
Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Faculty of Technology, Policy, and
Management Management
Delft University of Technology Delft University of Technology
Delft Delft
The Netherlands The Netherlands
Maria A. Wimmer
Institute for Information Systems Research
University of Koblenz-Landau
Koblenz
Germany
ISBN 978-3-319-12783-5 ISBN 978-3-319-12784-2 (eBook)
Publ.
Chapter 6 ProblemsYOUR ANSWERS MUST APPEAR WITHIN THE PROBLEM .docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 6 Problems
YOUR ANSWERS MUST APPEAR WITHIN THE PROBLEM DOCUMENT.
Use the following table to answer question #1.
1a. Using an Excel spreadsheet, create a binarized version of the data set with the following categories:
Note: the following are also the itemset names in the spreadsheet)
Sky Fair, Sky Stormy, Status Impaired, Status Sober, Violation None, Violation Speeding, Violation Stop, Violation Signal, Restraint = No, Restraint=Yes, Crash Major, Crash Minor
Paste the Excel spreadsheet into this document here.
1b. What is the maximum width of each transaction in the binarized data?
1c. How did you determine the answer for item 1b?
1d. Assuming that support threshold is 30%, how many candidate and frequent itemsets will be generated?
1e. Again using Excel, create a data set that contains only the following asymmetric binary attributes:
(Weather = Bad, Impaired, Traffic violation = Yes, Restraint = No, Crash Severity = Major).
The itemset headings are: Bad, Impaired, Violdation, NoRestraint, and Major
For Traffic violation, only None has a value of 0. The rest of the attribute values are assigned to 1.
Copy and paste the Excel spreadsheet here:
Assuming that support threshold is 30%, how many candidate and frequent itemsets will be generated?
1f. Compare the number of candidate and frequent itemsets generated in 1(d) and 1(e). What is your analysis?
2. Find all the frequent subsequences with support >= 50% given the sequence shown below. Assume there are no timing constraints imposed on the sequence.
Answer:
3. For each of the sequences w =< e1e2 . . . ei . . . ei+1 . . . elast > given below, determine whether they are subsequences of the sequence
< {1, 2, 3} {2, 4} {2, 4, 5} {3, 5} {6} >
subjected to the following timing constraints:
mingap = 0 (interval between last event in ei and first event in ei+1 is > 0)
maxgap = 3 (interval between first event in ei and last event in ei+1 is ≤ 3)
maxspan = 5 (interval between first event in e1 and last event in elast is ≤ 5)
ws = 1 (time between first and last events in ei is ≤ 1)
• w =< {1} {2} {3} >
Answer:
• w =< {1, 2, 3, 4} {5, 6} >
Answer:
Answer:
• w =< {1} {2, 4} {6} >
Answer:
• w =< {1, 2} {3, 4} {5, 6} >
Answer:
Public Administration and Information
Technology
Volume 10
Series Editor
Christopher G. Reddick
San Antonio, Texas, USA
[email protected]
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10796
[email protected]
Marijn Janssen • Maria A. Wimmer
Ameneh Deljoo
Editors
Policy Practice and Digital
Science
Integrating Complex Systems, Social
Simulation and Public Administration
in Policy Research
2123
[email protected]
Editors
Marijn Janssen Ameneh Deljoo
Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Faculty of Technology, Policy, and
Management Management
Delft University of Technology Delft University of Technology
Delft Delft
The Netherlands The Netherlands
Maria A. Wimmer
Institute for ...
Case Study RubricCriterionStrongAverageWeakInt.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Rubric
Criterion
Strong
Average
Weak
Introduction / Primary Problem, Issue or Question Identification
States the case objective and clearly defines the problem, issue or question
Minimally describes the case, includes only the problem, issue or question
Bypasses the introduction and moves directly to commentary on the case
Understanding of Primary Problem, Issue or Question
Identifies and demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of the primary issues and or problems in the case study
Identifies and demonstrates an accomplished understanding of most of the issues/problems
Identifies and demonstrates acceptable understanding of some of the issues/problems in the case study
Analysis and Evaluation of Issues/Problems
Presents an insightful and thorough analysis of all identified problems, issues or questions; includes all necessary calculations
Presents a thorough analysis of most of the problems, issues or questions identified; missing some necessary calculations
Presents a superficial or incomplete analysis of some of the identified problems, issues or questions; omits necessary calculations
Recommendations on Effective
Solution
s/Strategies
Supports diagnosis and opinions with convincing arguments and evidence; presents a balanced and critical view; interpretation is both reasonable and objective
. Recommendations logically supported
Supports diagnosis and opinions with limited reasoning and evidence; presents a one‐sided argument; demonstrates little engagement with ideas presented. Illogical recommendations
Little or no action suggested, and/or ineffective or disconnected solutions proposed to the issues in the case study. No attempt at logical support for recommendations
Links to Course Readings and Additional Research
Makes appropriate and powerful connections between identified issues/problems and the strategic concepts studied in the course readings and lectures; supplements case study with relevant and thoughtful research and identifies all sources of information
Makes appropriate but vague connections between identified issues/problems and concepts studied in readings and lectures; demonstrates limited command of the analytical tools studied; supplements case study with limited sources
Makes ineffective connections or shows no connection between issues identified and the concepts studied in the readings; supplements case study, if at all, with incomplete information and sources
Writing Mechanics and Formatting Guidelines
Demonstrates a clear understanding of the audience for the case. Utilizes formatting, clarity and structure to enable the audience to readily see and understand recommended actions. Writing is logical, grammatically correct, spelling is error free
Demonstrates a limited understanding of the audience for the case. Ineffective structuring of response making it difficult to readily see and understand recommended actions. Writing shows poor logic, grammatical and spelli.
Running head: COMPANY NAME 1
COMPANY NAME
5
Company Description and SWOT analysis
First Name Last Name
Strayer University
BUS 599
Prof. Andrea Banto and Prof. Adrian Allen
January 15, 2019
Due: Week 3, worth 100 points
Length: The assignment should be 3 to 5 pages, excluding title page and reference page
Important:
· Review the description of this assignment in the course guide or Blackboard and use the tips provided along with this template to help you in your writing.
· Use the textbook and review the recommended pages. Note that your textbook has sample plans at the end of each paper. They are great examples of content.
· Review the grading rubric before writing. Know what you are graded for. Always look at the “exemplary” section.
Notes:
· Please remove the text in red throughout the paper and replace with your information.
· Leave the text in black as it is. You are required to have a heading for each of the sections in your paper.
· Use APA format
· The references must be on a separate page at the end of the paper.
Company Description and SWOT analysis
Company Name
· Provide a brief introduction of the NAB company (name)
· Explain the significance of the name of your NAB company.
· Describe the non-alcoholic beverage you will produce and sell.
Mission Statement
· Write the mission statement (use quotation marks)
· Explain the components of the mission statement and the reasoning for their selection.
Trends in the industry
· Describe the trends in the industry. Try to be specific for your chosen category of beverage. Project future growth rate and why do you think this segment has potential (p.88 in text)
· Provide 3 reasons for choosing the specific beverage and explain each.
Strategic position
· Choose one strategic position from the text (page 142-143) and discuss why you believe this would be the best position for your company.
· Explain the approach to be used to implement this position to stand out from similar products.
Distribution
· Provide an overview of the company’s distribution channels
· Explain how the product will reach the end users. Provide the rationale for your selected method.
Risks
· Outline at least 3 types of risks your company is facing (including regulatory risks). Check pages 148-149.
· Discuss each and explain why you think the company is facing these risks and how your company will mitigate each risks.
SWOT Analysis
· Complete the table below (at least 4 in each category). You must use this matrix. Use bullets for each item in the SWOT.
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
· Briefly describe the key items in each category under the table.
References
Be sure to cite all your sources. Use APA to format all the references. Wikipedia and other Websites do not quality as academic resources
Here are exampl.
Chapter 2 Assignment The Economic Problem Scarcity & Choice.docxwalterl4
Chapter 2 Assignment: The Economic Problem: Scarcity & Choice20 Points
Chips or Salsa?
In this assignment, you will demonstrate your ability to draw a simple production possibilities curve given data on the quantity of one input (labor) and the amount of labor required to produce each of two outputs (bags of chips and cases of salsa). You should also be able to identify the opportunity cost of one good in terms of the other as the slope of the Production Possibilities Frontier. You will explain your analysis of the figures to explain why it’s not possible to produce combinations of the two goods outside the PPF.
Chips or Salsa?
Suppose a nation has a total of 12 units of labor, which can be used to produce either chips or salsa.
One bag of chips takes 2 units of labor to produce and one case of salsa takes 6 units of labor to produce.
· Explain why scarcity exists in this economy. Use the data as evidence of your reasoning.
· What is the maximum quantity of chip bags that can be produced?
· What is the maximum quantity of salsa cases than can be produced?
· Draw the nation’s production possibility frontier.
· What is the opportunity cost of bags of chips in this nation?
· Explain why the nation can’t produce both 4 bags of chips and 3 cases of salsa.
· Explain why the nation shouldn’t produce both 2 bag of chips and 1 cases of salsa.
Chapter 2 Assignment Rubric
Criteria
Not Evident
Developing
Proficient
Distinguished
Points
Explain why scarcity exists in this economy, and use data to justify
2
Calculate maximum number of chip bags that can be produced
1
Calculate maximum number of salsa cases than can be produced
1
Draw the nation’s production possibility curve
3
Describe the opportunity cost of a case of salsa in this nation
4
Explain why the nation can’t produce both 4 bags of chips and 3 cases of salsa
4
Explain why the nation shouldn’t produce both 2 bag of chips and 1 cases of salsa
4
Articulation of response (citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization that negatively impact readability and articulation of main ideas.)
1
Total:
20
ITS 832 CHAPTER 16
ANALYSIS OF FIVE POLICY CASES IN THE FIELD OF ENERGY POLICY
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY
DR. JORDON SHAW
OVERVIEW
• Introduction
• Theoretical grounds of policy implementation
• Approaches to policy implementation
• Five case studies
• Lessons learned
• Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
• Population and burning fossil fuels
• Factors of high pollution
• Environmental policy is high priority
• Most nations initiated projects to improve climate
• Focus
• Sustainable energy management
• Renewable energy sources
• Five case studies on climate change and energy use
• Comparative investigation
• What approaches are used?
• How can implications be measured?
• How easily can approaches be applied to other domains?
THEORETICAL GROUNDS OF POLICY
IMPLEMENTATION
• Policy implementation
• Turning theory into .
An individual written assignment of 2500 words.· Question Cri.docxdaniahendric
An individual written assignment of 2500 words.
· Question :
Critically review literature relating to negotiation and conflict resolution in culture of PAKISTAN and CHINA. Relate this literature to your own experience of leading and managing the team, and being led and managed by other team members.
To answer this essay question:
· Review the literature and appropriate models of negotiation and conflict resolution using appropriate articles relating to at least three cultures represented in your team
· Do this critically by seeing whether the various authors agree or disagree on the challenges and the way to solve them.
· Use appropriate cross cultural models to show the differences between the cultures
· Show what specific issues are relevant because of the cultural differences between the cultures.
· Relate this to your own experience of working in your multicultural teams. How well does you experience relate to what the models and theories suggest?
· DO NOT just offer a re-hash of the lecture PowerPoint – you are expected to look for relevant journal articles yourself, read them and the ones you have been given, and come to conclusions.
· Make sure you reference fully and properly
The assignment will be in essay format with full Harvard referencing, reviewing appropriate academic literature critically. The assignment will be uploaded by the student to Turnitin to check for originality. Use Turnitin to check that there are no issues related to plagiarism, collusion or poor referencing, and make any changes necessary and upload the result.
Marking Criteria( Very Important)
1-To critically evaluate and synthesis theories of cultural difference with reference to their impact -on international management
Highly extensive and outstanding levels of evidence of critical analysis and synthesis of cross cultural differences of the given nations; Presenting sophisticated insights and understanding of the theoretical models on cross cultural understandings and communications, and its impact on international management – its contexts, concepts, management styles and practical implications. The presentation exudes professionalism at an executive level with regards to timing, verbal delivery, supporting slides and other visual content.
2-To critically evaluate the applicability of management theory to specific cultural contexts.
The management theories are critically evaluated and synthesised of the existing body of knowledge and literature, related to topics chosen and case study contexts, and relevant national cultures with very good range of academic sources and other materials. Recommendations presented in the case contexts are outstanding, totally convincing and highly appropriate and professionally presented. The applications of the management theories in the given cultural context and group experience are evident and convincing. The presentation is delivered perfectly by all presenters.
3-To critically examine and select appropriate m ...
Running Head: SIMULATION GAMES 1
SIMULATION GAMES 2
Reflections of Simulation Game Starting
Name
Institution
Date
Pedagogical objectives of a simulation game in marketing/ business education
Simulation games in marketing and business education are important as they help in presenting events that occur in real time in the form of a game. Some of the objectives of simulation games are training, to help in predictions and for analysis. Simulation games in marketing enable company’s to change various factors that can affect the penetration of a product to determine the impact it will have on the company sales (In Riis, 2005). They are important in teaching business as they help learners to improve their business skills. It enables to test various scenarios in business sectors such as finance, management, human resources and organizational behavior. These are in various forms such as board games and computer generated simulations. By using simulations, one is prepared for any eventuality that might arise in the course of the business. Learners will know the right strategy and planning that should be used while making business decisions. In marketing, simulations can be used to create an imaginary business environment and then various decisions can be made. Some of the important decisions that can be experimented are on advertising, price, targets and production, all of which are crucial business decisions. An executive or a learner will input their choice, and the simulation will offer feedback. Usually, the game involves a series of interactive steps.
The company’s simulation game objective
Silver Tech produces two brands of voice recognition devices, Core Talk and Core Talk 2. The company can make use of simulation games to help in evaluating which advertising option is most feasible for the two products or and the price level for each of the products. Silver Tech may be wondering whether to set the same price for the two voice recognition devices or to have different prices. The simulation will give the company the opportunity to estimate the demand for the products based on different price levels. Additionally, it will assist in making decisions on the marketing and advertising approach that should be adopted by the organization.
Based on the above factors, simulations will provide Silver Tech can present a financial analysis of the two products. As such, the financial information will provide a platform for the organization to make budgets and financial forecasts (Mayer & Mastik, 2007). It will also know how to allocate the various resources within the two products to maximize the profits of the organization.
References
In Riis, J. (2005). Simulation games and learning in management. London, Angleterre : [s.l.: .
Mr. Bush, a 45-year-old middle school teacher arrives at the emergen.docxaudeleypearl
Mr. Bush, a 45-year-old middle school teacher arrives at the emergency department by EMS ground transport after he experienced severe mid-sternal chest pain at work. On arrival to the ED:
a. What priority interventions would you initiate?
b. What information would you require to definitively determine what was causing Mr. Bush’s chest pain?
.
Movie Project Presentation Movie TroyInclude Architecture i.docxaudeleypearl
Movie Project Presentation: Movie: Troy
Include: Architecture in the movie. Historical research to figure out if the movie did a good job of representing the art historical past of not. Anything in the movie that are related to art or art history. And provide its outline and bibliography (any website source is acceptable as well)
.
More Related Content
Similar to Quiz 3.2 Outline FORMAT for JE 3Method 3 – Similarities and Diff.docx
Case Study RubricCriterionStrongAverageWeakInt.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Rubric
Criterion
Strong
Average
Weak
Introduction / Primary Problem, Issue or Question Identification
States the case objective and clearly defines the problem, issue or question
Minimally describes the case, includes only the problem, issue or question
Bypasses the introduction and moves directly to commentary on the case
Understanding of Primary Problem, Issue or Question
Identifies and demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of the primary issues and or problems in the case study
Identifies and demonstrates an accomplished understanding of most of the issues/problems
Identifies and demonstrates acceptable understanding of some of the issues/problems in the case study
Analysis and Evaluation of Issues/Problems
Presents an insightful and thorough analysis of all identified problems, issues or questions; includes all necessary calculations
Presents a thorough analysis of most of the problems, issues or questions identified; missing some necessary calculations
Presents a superficial or incomplete analysis of some of the identified problems, issues or questions; omits necessary calculations
Recommendations on Effective
Solution
s/Strategies
Supports diagnosis and opinions with convincing arguments and evidence; presents a balanced and critical view; interpretation is both reasonable and objective
. Recommendations logically supported
Supports diagnosis and opinions with limited reasoning and evidence; presents a one‐sided argument; demonstrates little engagement with ideas presented. Illogical recommendations
Little or no action suggested, and/or ineffective or disconnected solutions proposed to the issues in the case study. No attempt at logical support for recommendations
Links to Course Readings and Additional Research
Makes appropriate and powerful connections between identified issues/problems and the strategic concepts studied in the course readings and lectures; supplements case study with relevant and thoughtful research and identifies all sources of information
Makes appropriate but vague connections between identified issues/problems and concepts studied in readings and lectures; demonstrates limited command of the analytical tools studied; supplements case study with limited sources
Makes ineffective connections or shows no connection between issues identified and the concepts studied in the readings; supplements case study, if at all, with incomplete information and sources
Writing Mechanics and Formatting Guidelines
Demonstrates a clear understanding of the audience for the case. Utilizes formatting, clarity and structure to enable the audience to readily see and understand recommended actions. Writing is logical, grammatically correct, spelling is error free
Demonstrates a limited understanding of the audience for the case. Ineffective structuring of response making it difficult to readily see and understand recommended actions. Writing shows poor logic, grammatical and spelli.
Running head: COMPANY NAME 1
COMPANY NAME
5
Company Description and SWOT analysis
First Name Last Name
Strayer University
BUS 599
Prof. Andrea Banto and Prof. Adrian Allen
January 15, 2019
Due: Week 3, worth 100 points
Length: The assignment should be 3 to 5 pages, excluding title page and reference page
Important:
· Review the description of this assignment in the course guide or Blackboard and use the tips provided along with this template to help you in your writing.
· Use the textbook and review the recommended pages. Note that your textbook has sample plans at the end of each paper. They are great examples of content.
· Review the grading rubric before writing. Know what you are graded for. Always look at the “exemplary” section.
Notes:
· Please remove the text in red throughout the paper and replace with your information.
· Leave the text in black as it is. You are required to have a heading for each of the sections in your paper.
· Use APA format
· The references must be on a separate page at the end of the paper.
Company Description and SWOT analysis
Company Name
· Provide a brief introduction of the NAB company (name)
· Explain the significance of the name of your NAB company.
· Describe the non-alcoholic beverage you will produce and sell.
Mission Statement
· Write the mission statement (use quotation marks)
· Explain the components of the mission statement and the reasoning for their selection.
Trends in the industry
· Describe the trends in the industry. Try to be specific for your chosen category of beverage. Project future growth rate and why do you think this segment has potential (p.88 in text)
· Provide 3 reasons for choosing the specific beverage and explain each.
Strategic position
· Choose one strategic position from the text (page 142-143) and discuss why you believe this would be the best position for your company.
· Explain the approach to be used to implement this position to stand out from similar products.
Distribution
· Provide an overview of the company’s distribution channels
· Explain how the product will reach the end users. Provide the rationale for your selected method.
Risks
· Outline at least 3 types of risks your company is facing (including regulatory risks). Check pages 148-149.
· Discuss each and explain why you think the company is facing these risks and how your company will mitigate each risks.
SWOT Analysis
· Complete the table below (at least 4 in each category). You must use this matrix. Use bullets for each item in the SWOT.
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
· Briefly describe the key items in each category under the table.
References
Be sure to cite all your sources. Use APA to format all the references. Wikipedia and other Websites do not quality as academic resources
Here are exampl.
Chapter 2 Assignment The Economic Problem Scarcity & Choice.docxwalterl4
Chapter 2 Assignment: The Economic Problem: Scarcity & Choice20 Points
Chips or Salsa?
In this assignment, you will demonstrate your ability to draw a simple production possibilities curve given data on the quantity of one input (labor) and the amount of labor required to produce each of two outputs (bags of chips and cases of salsa). You should also be able to identify the opportunity cost of one good in terms of the other as the slope of the Production Possibilities Frontier. You will explain your analysis of the figures to explain why it’s not possible to produce combinations of the two goods outside the PPF.
Chips or Salsa?
Suppose a nation has a total of 12 units of labor, which can be used to produce either chips or salsa.
One bag of chips takes 2 units of labor to produce and one case of salsa takes 6 units of labor to produce.
· Explain why scarcity exists in this economy. Use the data as evidence of your reasoning.
· What is the maximum quantity of chip bags that can be produced?
· What is the maximum quantity of salsa cases than can be produced?
· Draw the nation’s production possibility frontier.
· What is the opportunity cost of bags of chips in this nation?
· Explain why the nation can’t produce both 4 bags of chips and 3 cases of salsa.
· Explain why the nation shouldn’t produce both 2 bag of chips and 1 cases of salsa.
Chapter 2 Assignment Rubric
Criteria
Not Evident
Developing
Proficient
Distinguished
Points
Explain why scarcity exists in this economy, and use data to justify
2
Calculate maximum number of chip bags that can be produced
1
Calculate maximum number of salsa cases than can be produced
1
Draw the nation’s production possibility curve
3
Describe the opportunity cost of a case of salsa in this nation
4
Explain why the nation can’t produce both 4 bags of chips and 3 cases of salsa
4
Explain why the nation shouldn’t produce both 2 bag of chips and 1 cases of salsa
4
Articulation of response (citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization that negatively impact readability and articulation of main ideas.)
1
Total:
20
ITS 832 CHAPTER 16
ANALYSIS OF FIVE POLICY CASES IN THE FIELD OF ENERGY POLICY
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY
DR. JORDON SHAW
OVERVIEW
• Introduction
• Theoretical grounds of policy implementation
• Approaches to policy implementation
• Five case studies
• Lessons learned
• Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
• Population and burning fossil fuels
• Factors of high pollution
• Environmental policy is high priority
• Most nations initiated projects to improve climate
• Focus
• Sustainable energy management
• Renewable energy sources
• Five case studies on climate change and energy use
• Comparative investigation
• What approaches are used?
• How can implications be measured?
• How easily can approaches be applied to other domains?
THEORETICAL GROUNDS OF POLICY
IMPLEMENTATION
• Policy implementation
• Turning theory into .
An individual written assignment of 2500 words.· Question Cri.docxdaniahendric
An individual written assignment of 2500 words.
· Question :
Critically review literature relating to negotiation and conflict resolution in culture of PAKISTAN and CHINA. Relate this literature to your own experience of leading and managing the team, and being led and managed by other team members.
To answer this essay question:
· Review the literature and appropriate models of negotiation and conflict resolution using appropriate articles relating to at least three cultures represented in your team
· Do this critically by seeing whether the various authors agree or disagree on the challenges and the way to solve them.
· Use appropriate cross cultural models to show the differences between the cultures
· Show what specific issues are relevant because of the cultural differences between the cultures.
· Relate this to your own experience of working in your multicultural teams. How well does you experience relate to what the models and theories suggest?
· DO NOT just offer a re-hash of the lecture PowerPoint – you are expected to look for relevant journal articles yourself, read them and the ones you have been given, and come to conclusions.
· Make sure you reference fully and properly
The assignment will be in essay format with full Harvard referencing, reviewing appropriate academic literature critically. The assignment will be uploaded by the student to Turnitin to check for originality. Use Turnitin to check that there are no issues related to plagiarism, collusion or poor referencing, and make any changes necessary and upload the result.
Marking Criteria( Very Important)
1-To critically evaluate and synthesis theories of cultural difference with reference to their impact -on international management
Highly extensive and outstanding levels of evidence of critical analysis and synthesis of cross cultural differences of the given nations; Presenting sophisticated insights and understanding of the theoretical models on cross cultural understandings and communications, and its impact on international management – its contexts, concepts, management styles and practical implications. The presentation exudes professionalism at an executive level with regards to timing, verbal delivery, supporting slides and other visual content.
2-To critically evaluate the applicability of management theory to specific cultural contexts.
The management theories are critically evaluated and synthesised of the existing body of knowledge and literature, related to topics chosen and case study contexts, and relevant national cultures with very good range of academic sources and other materials. Recommendations presented in the case contexts are outstanding, totally convincing and highly appropriate and professionally presented. The applications of the management theories in the given cultural context and group experience are evident and convincing. The presentation is delivered perfectly by all presenters.
3-To critically examine and select appropriate m ...
Running Head: SIMULATION GAMES 1
SIMULATION GAMES 2
Reflections of Simulation Game Starting
Name
Institution
Date
Pedagogical objectives of a simulation game in marketing/ business education
Simulation games in marketing and business education are important as they help in presenting events that occur in real time in the form of a game. Some of the objectives of simulation games are training, to help in predictions and for analysis. Simulation games in marketing enable company’s to change various factors that can affect the penetration of a product to determine the impact it will have on the company sales (In Riis, 2005). They are important in teaching business as they help learners to improve their business skills. It enables to test various scenarios in business sectors such as finance, management, human resources and organizational behavior. These are in various forms such as board games and computer generated simulations. By using simulations, one is prepared for any eventuality that might arise in the course of the business. Learners will know the right strategy and planning that should be used while making business decisions. In marketing, simulations can be used to create an imaginary business environment and then various decisions can be made. Some of the important decisions that can be experimented are on advertising, price, targets and production, all of which are crucial business decisions. An executive or a learner will input their choice, and the simulation will offer feedback. Usually, the game involves a series of interactive steps.
The company’s simulation game objective
Silver Tech produces two brands of voice recognition devices, Core Talk and Core Talk 2. The company can make use of simulation games to help in evaluating which advertising option is most feasible for the two products or and the price level for each of the products. Silver Tech may be wondering whether to set the same price for the two voice recognition devices or to have different prices. The simulation will give the company the opportunity to estimate the demand for the products based on different price levels. Additionally, it will assist in making decisions on the marketing and advertising approach that should be adopted by the organization.
Based on the above factors, simulations will provide Silver Tech can present a financial analysis of the two products. As such, the financial information will provide a platform for the organization to make budgets and financial forecasts (Mayer & Mastik, 2007). It will also know how to allocate the various resources within the two products to maximize the profits of the organization.
References
In Riis, J. (2005). Simulation games and learning in management. London, Angleterre : [s.l.: .
Mr. Bush, a 45-year-old middle school teacher arrives at the emergen.docxaudeleypearl
Mr. Bush, a 45-year-old middle school teacher arrives at the emergency department by EMS ground transport after he experienced severe mid-sternal chest pain at work. On arrival to the ED:
a. What priority interventions would you initiate?
b. What information would you require to definitively determine what was causing Mr. Bush’s chest pain?
.
Movie Project Presentation Movie TroyInclude Architecture i.docxaudeleypearl
Movie Project Presentation: Movie: Troy
Include: Architecture in the movie. Historical research to figure out if the movie did a good job of representing the art historical past of not. Anything in the movie that are related to art or art history. And provide its outline and bibliography (any website source is acceptable as well)
.
Motivation and Retention Discuss the specific strategies you pl.docxaudeleypearl
Motivation and Retention
Discuss the specific strategies you plan to use to motivate individuals from your priority
population to participate in your program and continue working on their behavior change.
You can refer to information you obtained from the Potential Participant Interviews. You
also can search the literature for strategies that have been successfully used in similar
situations; be sure to cite references in APA format.
.
Mother of the Year In recognition of superlative paren.docxaudeleypearl
Mother of the Year
In recognition of superlative parenting
Elizabeth Nino
is awarded
2012 Mother of the Year
May 9, 2012
MOM
Smash That Like Button: Facebook’s Chris Cox Is Messing with One of the Most Valuable Features on the Internet
Inside Facebook’s Decision to Blow Up the Like Button
The most drastic change to Facebook in years was born a year ago during an off-site at the Four Seasons Silicon Valley, a 10-minute drive from headquarters. Chris Cox, the social network’s chief product officer, led the discussion, asking each of the six executives around the conference room to list the top three projects they were most eager to tackle in 2015. When it was Cox’s turn, he dropped a bomb: They needed to do something about the “like” button.
The like button is the engine of Facebook and its most recognized symbol. A giant version of it adorns the entrance to the company’s campus in Menlo Park, Calif. Facebook’s 1.6 billion users click on it more than 6 billion times a day—more frequently than people conduct searches on Google—which affects billions of advertising dollars each quarter. Brands, publishers, and individuals constantly, and strategically, share the things they think will get the most likes. It’s the driver of social activity. A married couple posts perfectly posed selfies, proving they’re in love; a news organization offers up what’s fun and entertaining, hoping the likes will spread its content. All those likes tell Facebook what’s popular and should be shown most often on the News Feed. But the button is also a blunt, clumsy tool. Someone announces her divorce on the site, and friends grit their teeth and “like” it. There’s a devastating earthquake in Nepal, and invariably a few overeager clickers give it the ol’ thumbs-up.
Changing the button is like Coca-Cola messing with its secret recipe. Cox had tried to battle the like button a few times before, but no idea was good enough to qualify for public testing. “This was a feature that was right in the heart of the way you use Facebook, so it needed to be executed really well in order to not detract and clutter up the experience,” he says. “All of the other attempts had failed.” The obvious alternative, a “dislike” button, had been rejected on the grounds that it would sow too much negativity.
Cox told the Four Seasons gathering that the time was finally right for a change, now that Facebook had successfully transitioned a majority of its business to smartphones. His top deputy, Adam Mosseri, took a deep breath. “Yes, I’m with you,” he said solemnly.
Later that week, Cox brought up the project with his boss and longtime friend. Mark Zuckerberg’s response showed just how much leeway Cox has to take risks with Facebook’s most important service. “He said something like, ‘Yes, do it.’ He was fully supportive,” Cox says. “Good luck,” he remembers Zuckerberg telling him. “That’s a hard one.”
The solution would eventually be named Reactions. It will arrive .
Mrs. G, a 55 year old Hispanic female, presents to the office for he.docxaudeleypearl
Mrs. G, a 55 year old Hispanic female, presents to the office for her annual exam. She reports that lately she has been very fatigued and just does not seem to have any energy. This has been occurring for 3 months. She is also gaining weight since menopause last year. She joined a gym and forces herself to go twice a week, where she walks on the treadmill at least 30 minutes but she has not lost any weight, in fact she has gained 3 pounds. She doesn’t understand what she is doing wrong. She states that exercise seems to make her even more hungry and thirsty, which is not helping her weight loss. She wants get a complete physical and to discuss why she is so tired and get some weight loss advice. She also states she thinks her bladder has fallen because she has to go to the bathroom more often, recently she is waking up twice a night to urinate and seems to be urinating more frequently during the day. This has been occurring for about 3 months too. This is irritating to her, but she is able to fall immediately back to sleep.
Current medications:
Tylenol 500 mg 2 tabs daily for knee pain. Daily multivitamin
PMH:
Has left knee arthritis. Had chick pox and mumps as a child. Vaccinations up to
date.
GYN hx:
G2 P1. 1 SAB, 1 living child, full term, wt 9lbs 2 oz. LMP 15months ago. No history of abnormal Pap smear.
FH:
parents alive, well, child alive, well. No siblings. Mother has HTN and father has high cholesterol.
SH:
works from home part time as a planning coordinator. Married. No tobacco history, 1-2 glasses wine on weekends. No illicit drug use
Allergies
: NKDA, allergic to cats and pollen. No latex allergy
Vital signs
: BP 129/80; pulse 76, regular; respiration 16, regular
Height 5’2.5”, weight 185 pounds
General:
obese female in no acute distress. Alert, oriented and cooperative.
Skin
: warm dry and intact. No lesions noted
HEENT:
head normocephalic. Hair thick and distribution throughout scalp. Eyes without exudate, sclera white. Wears contacts. Tympanic membranes gray and intact with light reflex noted. Pinna and tragus nontender. Nares patent without exudate. Oropharynx moist without erythema. Teeth in good repair, no cavities noted. Neck supple. Anterior cervical lymph nontender to palpation. No lymphadenopathy. Thyroid midline, small and firm without palpable masses.
CV
: S1 and S2 RRR without murmurs or rubs
Lungs
: Clear to auscultation bilaterally, respirations unlabored.
Abdomen
- soft, round, nontender with positive bowel sounds present; no organomegaly; no abdominal bruits. No CVAT.
Labwork:
CBC
:
WBC 6,000/mm3 Hgb 12.5 gm/dl Hct 41% RBC 4.6 million MCV 88 fl MCHC
34 g/dl RDW 13.8%
UA:
pH 5, SpGr 1.013, Leukocyte esterase negative, nitrites negative, 1+ glucose; small protein; negative for ketones
CMP:
Sodium 139
Potassium 4.3
Chloride 100
CO2 29
Glucose 95
BUN 12
Creatinine 0.7
GFR est non-AA 92 mL/min/1.73 GFR est AA 101 mL/min/1.73 Calcium 9.5
Total protein 7.6 Bilirubin, total 0.6 Alkaline.
Mr. Rivera is a 72-year-old patient with end stage COPD who is in th.docxaudeleypearl
Mr. Rivera is a 72-year-old patient with end stage COPD who is in the care of Hospice. He has a history of smoking, hypertension, obesity, and type 2 Diabetes. He is on Oxygen 2L per nasal cannula around the clock. His wife and 2 adult children help with his care. Develop a concept map for Mr. Rivera. Consider the patients Ethnic background (he and his family are from Mexico) and family dynamics. Please use the
concept map
form provided.
.
Mr. B, a 40-year-old avid long-distance runner previously in goo.docxaudeleypearl
Mr. B, a 40-year-old avid long-distance runner previously in good health, presented to his primary provider for a yearly physical examination, during which a suspicious-looking mole was noticed on the back of his left arm, just proximal to the elbow. He reported that he has had that mole for several years, but thinks that it may have gotten larger over the past two years. Mr. B reported that he has noticed itchiness in the area of this mole over the past few weeks. He had multiple other moles on his back, arms, and legs, none of which looked suspicious. Upon further questioning, Mr. B reported that his aunt died in her late forties of skin cancer, but he knew no other details about her illness. The patient is a computer programmer who spends most of the work week indoors. On weekends, however, he typically goes for a 5-mile run and spends much of his afternoons gardening. He has a light complexion, blonde hair, and reports that he sunburns easily but uses protective sunscreen only sporadically.
Physical exam revealed: Head, neck, thorax, and abdominal exams were normal, with the exception of a hard, enlarged, non-tender mass felt in the left axillary region. In addition, a 1.6 x 2.8 cm mole was noted on the dorsal upper left arm. The lesion had an appearance suggestive of a melanoma. It was surgically excised with 3 mm margins using a local anesthetic and sent to the pathology laboratory for histologic analysis. The biopsy came back Stage II melanoma.
1. How is Stage II melanoma treated and according to the research how effective is this treatment?
250 words.
.
Moving members of the organization through the change process ca.docxaudeleypearl
Moving members of the organization through the change process can be quite difficult. As leaders take on this challenge of shifting practice from the current state to the future, they face the obstacles of confidence and competence experienced by staff. Change leaders understand the importance of recognizing their moral purpose and helping others to do the same. Effective leaders foster moral purpose by building relationships, considering other’s perspectives, demonstrating respect, connecting others, and examining progress (Fullan & Quinn, 2016). For this Discussion, you will clarify your own moral perspective and how it will impact the elements of focusing direction.
To prepare:
· Review the Adams and Miskell article. Reflect on the measures taken in building capacity throughout the organization.
· Review Fullan and Quinn’s elements of Focusing Direction in Chapter 2. Reflect on aspects needed to build capacity as a leader.
· Analyze the two case examples used to illustrate focused direction in Chapter 2.
· Clarify your own moral purpose, combining your personal values, persistence, emotional intelligence, and resilience.
A brief summary clarifying your own moral imperative.
· Using the guiding questions in Chapter 2 on page 19, explain your moral imperative and how you can use your strengths to foster moral imperative in others.
· Based on Fullan’s information on change leadership, in which areas do you feel you have strong leadership skills? Which areas do you feel you need to continue to develop?
Learning Resources
Required Readings
Fullan, M., & Quinn, J. (2016).
Coherence: The right drivers in action for schools, districts, and systems
. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
Chapter 2, “Focusing Direction” (pp. 17–46)
Florian, L. (Ed.). (2014).
The SAGE handbook of special education
(2nd ed.). London, England: Sage Publications Ltd.
Chapter 23, “Researching Inclusive Classroom Practices: The Framework for Participation” (389–404)
Chapter 31, “Assessment for Learning and the Journey Towards Inclusion” (pp. 523–536)
Adams, C.M., & Miskell, R.C. (2016). Teacher trust in district administration: A promising line of inquiry. Journal of Leadership for Effective and Equitable Organizations, 1-32. DOI: 10.1177/0013161X1665220
Choi, J. H., Meisenheimer, J. M., McCart, A. B., & Sailor, W. (2016). Improving learning for all students through equity-based inclusive reform practices effectiveness of a fully integrated school-wide model on student reading and math achievement. Remedial and Special Education, doi:10.1177/0741932516644054
Sailor, W. S., & McCart, A. B. (2014). Stars in alignment. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 39(1), 55-64. doi: 10.1177/1540796914534622
Required Media
Grand City Community
Laureate Education (Producer) (2016c).
Tracking data
[Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.
Go to the Grand City Community and click into
Grand City School District Administration Offices
. Revie.
Mr. Friend is acrime analystwith the SantaCruz, Califo.docxaudeleypearl
Mr. Friend is a
crime analyst
with the Santa
Cruz, California,
Police
Department.
Predictive Policing: Using Technology to Reduce Crime
By Zach Friend, M.P.P.
4/9/2013
Nationwide law enforcement agencies face the problem
of doing more with less. Departments slash budgets
and implement furloughs, while management struggles
to meet the public safety needs of the community. The
Santa Cruz, California, Police Department handles the
same issues with increasing property crimes and
service calls and diminishing staff. Unable to hire more
officers, the department searched for a nontraditional
solution.
In late 2010 researchers published a paper that the
department believed might hold the answer. They
proposed that it was possible to predict certain crimes,
much like scientists forecast earthquake aftershocks.
An “aftercrime” often follows an initial crime. The time and location of previous criminal activity helps to
determine future offenses. These researchers developed an algorithm (mathematical procedure) that
calculates future crime locations.1
Equalizing Resources
The Santa Cruz Police Department has 94 sworn officers and serves a population of 60,000. A
university, amusement park, and beach push the seasonal population to 150,000. Department personnel
contacted a Santa Clara University professor to apply the algorithm, hoping that leveraging technology
would improve their efforts. The police chief indicated that the department could not hire more officers.
He felt that the program could allocate dwindling resources more efficiently.
Santa Cruz police envisioned deploying officers by shift to the most targeted locations in the city. The
predictive policing model helped to alert officers to targeted locations in real time, a significant
improvement over traditional tactics.
Making it Work
The algorithm is a culmination of anthropological and criminological behavior research. It uses complex
mathematics to estimate crime and predict future hot spots. Researchers based these studies on
In Depth
Featured Articles
- IAFIS Identifies Suspect from 1978 Murder Case
- Predictive Policing: Using Technology to Reduce
Crime
- Legal Digest Part 1 - Part 2
Search Warrant Execution: When Does Detention Rise to
Custody?
- Perspective
Public Safety Consolidation: Does it Make Sense?
- Leadership Spotlight
Leadership Lessons from Home
Archive
- Web and Print
Departments
- Bulletin Notes - Bulletin Honors
- ViCAP Alerts - Unusual Weapons
- Bulletin Reports
Topics in the News
See previous LEB content on:
- Hostage Situations - Crisis Management
- School Violence - Psychopathy
About LEB
- History - Author Guidelines (pdf)
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Patch Call
Known locally as the
“Gateway to the Summit,”
which references the city’s
proximity to the Bechtel Family
National Scout Reserve. More
The patch of the Miamisburg,
Ohio, Police Department
prominently displays the city
seal surroun.
Mr. E is a pleasant, 70-year-old, black, maleSource Self, rel.docxaudeleypearl
Mr. E is a pleasant, 70-year-old, black, male
Source: Self, reliable source
Subjective:
Chief complaint:
“I urinate frequently.”
HPI:
Patient states that he has had an increase in urination for the past several years, which seems to be worsening over the past year. He estimates that he urinates clear/light yellow urine approximately every 1.5-2 hours while awake and is up 2-4 times at night to urinate. He states some urgency and hesitancy with urination and feeling of incomplete voiding. He denies any pain or blood. Denies any head trauma. Denies any increase in thirst or hunger. He denies any unintentional weight loss.
Allergies
: NKA
Current Mediations
:
Multivitamin, daily
Aspirin, 81 mg, daily
Olmesartan, 20 mg daily
Atorvastatin, 10 mg daily
Diphenhydramine, 50 mg, at night
Pertinent History:
Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, insomnia
Health Maintenance. Immunizations:
Immunizations up to date
Family History:
No cancer, cardiac, pulmonary or autoimmune disease in immediate family members
Social History:
Patient lives alone. He drinks one cup of caffeinated coffee each morning at the local diner. He denies any nicotine, alcohol or drug use.
ROS:
Incorporated into HPI
Objective:
VS
– BP: 118/68, HR: 86, RR: 16, Temp 97.6, oxygenation 100%, weight: 195 lbs, height: 70 inches.
Mr. E is alert, awake, oriented x 3. Patient is clean and dressed appropriate for age.
Cardiac: No cardiomegaly or thrills; regular rate and rhythm, no murmur or gallop
Respiratory: Clear to auscultation
Abdomen: Bowel sounds positive. Soft, nontender, nondistended, no hepatomegaly
Neuro: CN 2-12 intact
Renal/prostate: Prostate enlarged, non-tender. No asymmetry or nodules palpated
Labs:
Test Name
Result
Units
Reference Range
Color
Yellow
Yellow
Clarity
Clear
Clear
Bilirubin
Negative
Negative
Specific Gravity
1.011
1.003-1.030
Blood
Negative
Negative
pH
7.5
4.5-8.0
Nitrite
Negative
Negative
Leukocyte esterase
Negative
Negative
Glucose
Negative
mg/dL
Negative
Ketones
Negative
mg/dL
Negative
Protein
Negative
mg/dL
Negative
WBC
Negative
/hpf
Negative
RBC
Negative
/hpf
Negative
Lab
Pt’s Result
Range
Units
Sodium
137
136-145
mmol/L
Potassium
4.7
3.5-5.1
mmol/L
Chloride
102
98-107
mmol/L
CO2
30
21-32
mmol/L
Glucose
92
70-99
mg/dL
BUN
7
6-25
mg/dL
Creat
1.6
.8-1.3
mg/dL
GFR
50
>60
Calcium
9.6
8.2-10.2
mg/dL
Total Protein
8.0
6.4-8.2
g/dL
Albumin
4.5
3.2-4.7
g/dL
Bilirubin
1.1
<1.1
mg/dL
Alkaline Phosphatase
94
26-137
U/L
AST
25
0-37
U/L
ALT
55
15-65
U/L
Pt’s results
Normal Range
Units
WBC
9.9
3.4 - 10.8
x10E3/uL
RBC
4.0
3.77 - 5.28
x10E6/uL
Hemoglobin
11.5
11.1 - 15.9
g/dL
H.
Motor Milestones occur in a predictable developmental progression in.docxaudeleypearl
Motor Milestones occur in a predictable developmental progression in young children. They begin with reflexive movements that develop into voluntary movement patterns. For the motor milestone of independent walking, there are many precursor reflexes that must first integrate and beginning movement patterns that must be learned. Explain the motor progression of walking in a child, starting with the integration of primitive reflexes to the basic motor skills needed for a child to walk independently. Discuss at which time frame each milestone occurs from birth to walking (12-18 months of age). What are some reasons why a child could be delayed in walking? At what age is a child considered delayed in walking and in need of intervention? What interventions are available to children who are having difficulty walking? Please be sure to use APA citations for all sources used to formulate your answers.
.
Most women experience their closest friendships with those of th.docxaudeleypearl
Most women experience their closest friendships with those of the same sex. Men have suffered more of a stigma in terms of sharing deep bonds with other men. Open affection and connection is not actively encouraged among men. Recent changes in society might impact this, especially with the advent of the meterosexual male. “The meterosexual male is less interested in blood lines, traditions, family, class, gender, than in choosing who they want to be and who they want to be with” (Vernon, 2010, p. 204).
In this week’s reading material, the following philosophers discuss their views on this topic: Simone de Beauvoir, Thomas Aquinas, MacIntyre, Friedman, Hunt, and Foucault. Make sure to incorporate their views as you answer each discussion question. Think about how their views may be similar or different from your own. In at least 250 words total, please answer each of the following, drawing upon your reading materials and your personal insight:
To what extent do you think women still have a better opportunity to forge deeper friendships than men? What needs to change to level the friendship playing field for men, if anything?
How is the role of the meterosexual man helping to forge a new pathway for male friendships?
.
Most patients with mental health disorders are not aggressive. Howev.docxaudeleypearl
Most patients with mental health disorders are not aggressive. However, it is important for nurses to be able to know the signs and symptoms associated with the five phases of aggression, and to appropriately apply nursing interventions to assist in treating aggressive patients. Please read the case study below and answer the four questions related to it.
Aggression Case Study
Christopher, who is 14 years of age, was recently admitted to the hospital for schizophrenia. He has a history of aggressive behavior and states that the devil is telling him to kill all adults because they want to hurt him. Christopher has a history of recidivism and noncompliance with his medications. One day on the unit, the nurse observes Christopher displaying hypervigilant behaviors, pacing back and forth down the hallway, and speaking to himself under his breath. As the nurse runs over to Christopher to talk, he sees that his bedroom door is open and runs into his room and shuts the door. The nurse responds by attempting to open the door, but Christopher keeps pulling the door shut and tells the nurse that if the nurse comes in the room he will choke the nurse. The nurse responds by calling other staff to assist with the situation.
1. What phase of the aggression cycle is Christopher in at the beginning of this scenario? What phase is he in at the end the scenario? (State the evidence that supports your answers).
2. What interventions could have been implemented to prevent Christopher from escalating at the beginning of the scenario?
3. What interventions should the nurse take to deescalate the situation when Christopher is refusing to open his door?
4. If a restrictive intervention (restraint/seclusion) is used, what are some important steps for the nurse to remember?
SCHOLAR NURSING ARTICLE>>>APA FORMAT>>>
.
Most of our class readings and discussions to date have dealt wi.docxaudeleypearl
Most of our class readings and discussions to date have dealt with the issue of ethics and ethical behavior. Various philosophers have made contributions to jurisprudence including how to apply ethical principles (codes of conduct?) to ethical dilemma.
Your task is to watch the Netflix documentary ‘The Social Dilemma.’ If you cannot currently access Netflix it offers a free trial opportunity, which you can cancel after viewing the documentary. Should this not be an option for whatever reason, then please email me and we will create an alternative ethics question.
DUE DATE: Tuesday, Sept. 29, 2020 by noon
SEND YOUR NO MORE THAN 5 PAGE DOUBLE SPACED RESPONSE TO MY EMAIL ADDRESS. LATE PAPERS SUBJECT TO DOWNGRADING
As critics have written, the documentary showcases ways our minds are twisted and twirled by social media companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Google through their platforms and search engines, and the why of what they are doing, and what must be done to stop it.
After watching the movie, respond to the following questions in the order given. Use full sentences and paragraphs, and start off each section by stating the question you are answering. Be succinct.
What are the critical ethical issues identified?
What concerns are raised over the polarization of society and promulgation of fake news?
What is the “attention-extraction model” of software design and why worry?
What is “surveillance capitalism?”
Do you agree that social media warps your perceptions of reality?
Who has the power and control over these social media platforms – software designers, artificial intelligence (Ai), CEOs of media platforms, users, government?
Are social media platforms capable of self-regulation to address the political and ethical issues raised or not? If not, then should government regulate?
What other actions can be taken to address the basic concern of living in a world “…where no one believes what’s true.”
.
Most people agree we live in stressful times. Does stress and re.docxaudeleypearl
Most people agree we live in stressful times. Does stress and reactions to stress contribute to illness? Explain why or why not. Support your opinions with information from the text.
Make sure to reference and cite your textbook as well as any other source you may use to support your answers to the question. Your initial post must include appropriate APA references at the end.
.
Most of the ethical prescriptions of normative moral philosophy .docxaudeleypearl
Most of the ethical prescriptions of normative moral philosophy tend to fall into one of the following three categories: deontology, consequentialism, and virtue ethics. These categories in turn put an emphasis on different normative standards for judging what constitutes right and wrong actions.
Moral psychologists and behavioral economists such as Jonathan Haidt and Dan Ariely take a different approach: focusing not on some normative ethical framework for moral judgment, but rather on the psychological foundations of moral intuition and on the limitations that our human frailty places on real-world honesty, decency, and ethical commitments.
In this context, write a short essay (minimum 400 words) on what you see as the most important differences between the traditional normative philosophical approaches and the more recent empirical approach of moral psychology when it comes to ethics. As part of your answer also make sure that you discuss the implications of these differences.
Deadline reminder:
this assignment is
due on June 14th
. Any assignments submitted after that date will lose 5 points (i.e., 20% of the maximum score of 25 points) for each day that they are submitted late. Accordingly, after June 14th, any submissions would be worth zero points and at that time the assignment inbox will close.
.
Most healthcare organizations in the country are implementing qualit.docxaudeleypearl
Most healthcare organizations in the country are implementing quality improvement programs to save lives, enhance customer satisfaction, and reduce the cost of healthcare services. Limited human and material resources often undermine such efforts. Zenith Hospital in a rural community has 200 beds. Postsurgical patients tend to contract infections at the surgical site, requiring extended hospitalization. Mr. Jones—75 years old—was admitted to Zenith Hospital for inguinal hernia repairs. He was also hypertensive, with a compromised immune system. Two days after surgery, he acquired an infection at the surgical site, with elevated temperature, and then he developed septicemia. His condition worsened, and he was moved to isolation in the intensive care unit (ICU). A day after transfer to the ICU, he went into ventricular arrhythmia and was placed on a respirator and cardiac monitoring machine. Intravenous fluids, antibiotics, and antipyretics could not bring the fever down, and blood analysis continued to deteriorate.
The hospital infection control unit got involved. The team confirmed that postsurgical infections were on the increase, but the hospital was unable to identify the sources of infection. The surgery unit and surgical team held meetings to understand possible sources of infection. The team leader had earlier reported to management that they needed to hire more surgical nurses, arguing that nurses in the unit were overworked, had to go on leave, and often worked long hours without break.
Mr. Jones’ family members were angry and wanted to know the source of his infection, why he was on the respirator in isolation, and why his temperature was not coming down. Unfortunately, his condition continued to deteriorate. His daughter invited the family’s legal representative to find out what was happening to her father and to commence legal proceedings.
Then, the healthcare manager received information that two other patients were showing signs of postsurgical infection. The healthcare manager and care providers acknowledged the serious quality issues at Zenith Hospital, particularly in the surgical unit. The healthcare manager wrote to the Chairman of the Hospital Board, seeking approval to implement a quality improvement program. The Board held an emergency meeting and approved the manager’s request. The healthcare manager has invited you to support the organization in this process.
Please address the following questions in your response:
What are successful approaches for gaining a shared understanding of the problem?
How can effective communication be implemented?
What is a qualitative approach that helps in identifying the quality problem?
What tools can provide insight into understanding the problem?
In quality improvement, what does appreciative inquiry help do?
What is a benefit of testing solutions before implementation?
What is a challenge that is inherent in the application of the plan, do, study, act (PDSA) method?
What .
More work is necessary on how to efficiently model uncertainty in ML.docxaudeleypearl
More work is necessary on how to efficiently model uncertainty in ML and NLP, as well as how to represent uncertainty resulting from big data analytics.
Pages - 4
Excluding the required cover page and reference page.
APA format 7 with an introduction, a body content, and a conclusion.
No Plagiarism
.
Mortgage-Backed Securities and the Financial CrisisKelly Finn.docxaudeleypearl
Mortgage-Backed Securities and the Financial Crisis
Kelly Finn
FNCE 4302
Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS) are “pass-through” bundles of housing debt sold as investment vehicles
A mortgage-backed security, MBS, is a type of asset-backed security that pays investors regular payments, similar to a bond. It gets the title as a “pass-through” because the security involves several entities in the origination and securitization process (where the asset is identified, and where it is used as a base to create a new investment instrument people can profit off of).
Key Players involved in the MBS Process
[Mortgage] Lenders: banks who sell mortgages to GSE’s
GSE: Government Sponsored Entities created by the US Government to make owning property more accessible to Americans
1938: Fannie Mae (FNMA): Federal National Mortgage Assoc.
1970: Freddie Mac (FHLMC): Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corp.
Increase mortgage borrowing
Introduce competitor to Fannie Mae
1970: Ginnie Mae (GNMA): Government National Mortgage Assoc.
US Government: Treasury: implicit commitment of providing support in case of trouble
The several entities involved in the process make MBS a “pass-through”. Here we have 3 main entities that we’ll call “Key Players” for the purpose of this presentation which aims to provide you with a basic and simple explanation of MBS and their role in the financial crisis.
GSE’s created by the US Government in 1938
Part of FDR’s New Plan during Great Depression
Purpose: make owning property more accessible to more Americans
GSE (ex. Fannie Mae) buys mortgages (debt) from banks, & then pools mortgages into little bundles investors can buy (securitization)
Bank’s mortgage is exchanged with GSE’s cash
Created liquid secondary market for mortgages
Result:
1) Bank has more cash to lend out to people
2) Now all who want to a house (expensive) can get the money needed to buy one!
Where MBS came from & when
Yay for combatting homelessness and increasing quality of life for the common American!
Thanks Uncle Sam!
MBS have been around for a long time. Officially in the US, they have their origins in government. During the Great Depression in the 1930s, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed into creation Fannie Mae that was brought about to help ease American citizen’s difficulty in becoming homeowners. The sole purpose of a GSE thus was to not make profit, but to promote citizen welfare in regards to housing. Seeing that it was created by regulatory government powers, it earned the title of Government Sponsored Entity, which we will abbreviate as GSE. 2 other GSE’s in housing were created in later decades like Freddie Mae, to further stimulate the mortgage market alongside Fannie, and Ginnie which did a similar thing but only for certain groups of people (Veterans, etc) and to a much smaller scale.
How MBS works: Kelly is a homeowner looking to borrow a lot of money
*The Lender, who issued Kelly the mor.
Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg developed six stages to mora.docxaudeleypearl
Moral Development:
Lawrence Kohlberg developed six stages to moral behavior in children and adults. Punishment and obedience orientation, interpersonal concordance, law and order orientation, social contract orientation, and universal ethics orientation. All or even just one of these stages will make a good topic for your research paper or you could just do the research paper on Kohlberg.
.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Quiz 3.2 Outline FORMAT for JE 3Method 3 – Similarities and Diff.docx
1. Quiz 3.2 Outline FORMAT for JE 3
Method 3 – Similarities and Differences
Instructions: Now that you have learned how to organize your
writing, write an outline using the format below. This is the
outline you will use in writing JE 4. Follow these instructions to
submit your work:
1. On page 2 of this document, you have an outline format with
text blocks you can populate with information. This
information is the skeleton of your writing or of your
OUTLINE. Be sure to use KEYWORDS and/or PHRASES.
Remember that the purpose of an outline is to help you organize
your material in a quick and efficient way before you spend
time writing a document. The thesis statement is expected to be
a complete sentence which includes the TOPIC, the
CONTROLLING IDEA and the BRANCHES. The more
material you include in your outline, the easier it will be for
you to write your essay. You can make the text boxes bigger to
include more text by clicking on the corner and dragging it
down.
2. As soon as you complete all the areas that need to be
populated with text, copy the outline as a Word document on to
your computer memory. You do not need to include this page
of instructions.
3. Go back to the quiz where you found this assignment and
attach your OUTLINE. To do that, click on ATTACHMENTS.
When the little ATTACHMENT window opens, look for the
window that says BROWSE.
4. Look for the outline file that you just saved in your computer
memory. By clicking on it, you will select it. When you will
see your document in the BROWSE window, click on UPLOAD
FILE and then click FINISHED.
2. 5. Now your outline document is ready to be submitted from
your drop box as an attachment.
6. Before you submit your outline, you will see a link for the
RUBRIC which appears on this quiz’s drop box. Click on it to
make sure you have covered all the aspects of your outline.
This RUBRIC is the grading instrument that your professor will
use to grade this quiz.
7. Finally, don’t forget to click SUBMIT. If you don’t, your
work will not go through and you will not get a grade.
Thesis Statement (Establishing Similarities and Differences)
Main Idea for Developmental Paragraph 1 (Similarities)
Main Idea for Developmental Paragraph 2 (Differences)
Topic 1
Topic 2
Topic 3
3. Topic 4
Topic 5
Topic 6
Conclusion Statement
Public Administration and Information
Technology
Volume 10
Series Editor
Christopher G. Reddick
San Antonio, Texas, USA
4. [email protected]
More information about this series at
http://www.springer.com/series/10796
[email protected]
Marijn Janssen • Maria A. Wimmer
Ameneh Deljoo
Editors
Policy Practice and Digital
Science
Integrating Complex Systems, Social
Simulation and Public Administration
in Policy Research
2123
[email protected]
Editors
Marijn Janssen Ameneh Deljoo
Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Faculty of Technology,
Policy, and
Management Management
Delft University of Technology Delft University of Technology
Delft Delft
The Netherlands The Netherlands
6. or omissions that may have been made.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media
(www.springer.com)
[email protected]
Preface
The last economic and financial crisis has heavily threatened
European and other
economies around the globe. Also, the Eurozone crisis, the
energy and climate
change crises, challenges of demographic change with high
unemployment rates,
and the most recent conflicts in the Ukraine and the near East or
the Ebola virus
disease in Africa threaten the wealth of our societies in
different ways. The inability
to predict or rapidly deal with dramatic changes and negative
trends in our economies
and societies can seriously hamper the wealth and prosperity of
the European Union
and its Member States as well as the global networks. These
societal and economic
challenges demonstrate an urgent need for more effective and
efficient processes of
governance and policymaking, therewith specifically addressing
crisis management
and economic/welfare impact reduction.
Therefore, investing in the exploitation of innovative
7. information and commu-
nication technology (ICT) in the support of good governance
and policy modeling
has become a major effort of the European Union to position
itself and its Member
States well in the global digital economy. In this realm, the
European Union has
laid out clear strategic policy objectives for 2020 in the Europe
2020 strategy1: In
a changing world, we want the EU to become a smart,
sustainable, and inclusive
economy. These three mutually reinforcing priorities should
help the EU and the
Member States deliver high levels of employment, productivity,
and social cohesion.
Concretely, the Union has set five ambitious objectives—on
employment, innovation,
education, social inclusion, and climate/energy—to be reached
by 2020. Along with
this, Europe 2020 has established four priority areas—smart
growth, sustainable
growth, inclusive growth, and later added: A strong and
effective system of eco-
nomic governance—designed to help Europe emerge from the
crisis stronger and to
coordinate policy actions between the EU and national levels.
To specifically support European research in strengthening
capacities, in overcom-
ing fragmented research in the field of policymaking, and in
advancing solutions for
1 Europe 2020 http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htm
v
8. [email protected]
vi Preface
ICT supported governance and policy modeling, the European
Commission has co-
funded an international support action called eGovPoliNet2. The
overall objective
of eGovPoliNet was to create an international, cross-
disciplinary community of re-
searchers working on ICT solutions for governance and policy
modeling. In turn,
the aim of this community was to advance and sustain research
and to share the
insights gleaned from experiences in Europe and globally. To
achieve this, eGovPo-
liNet established a dialogue, brought together experts from
distinct disciplines, and
collected and analyzed knowledge assets (i.e., theories,
concepts, solutions, findings,
and lessons on ICT solutions in the field) from different
research disciplines. It built
on case material accumulated by leading actors coming from
distinct disciplinary
backgrounds and brought together the innovative knowledge in
the field. Tools, meth-
ods, and cases were drawn from the academic community, the
ICT sector, specialized
policy consulting firms as well as from policymakers and
governance experts. These
results were assembled in a knowledge base and analyzed in
order to produce com-
parative analyses and descriptions of cases, tools, and scientific
approaches to enrich
9. a common knowledge base accessible via www.policy-
community.eu.
This book, entitled “Policy Practice and Digital Science—
Integrating Complex
Systems, Social Simulation, and Public Administration in Policy
Research,” is one
of the exciting results of the activities of eGovPoliNet—fusing
community building
activities and activities of knowledge analysis. It documents
findings of comparative
analyses and brings in experiences of experts from academia
and from case descrip-
tions from all over the globe. Specifically, it demonstrates how
the explosive growth
in data, computational power, and social media creates new
opportunities for policy-
making and research. The book provides a first comprehensive
look on how to take
advantage of the development in the digital world with new
approaches, concepts,
instruments, and methods to deal with societal and
computational complexity. This
requires the knowledge traditionally found in different
disciplines including public
administration, policy analyses, information systems, complex
systems, and com-
puter science to work together in a multidisciplinary fashion
and to share approaches.
This book provides the foundation for strongly multidisciplinary
research, in which
the various developments and disciplines work together from a
comprehensive and
holistic policymaking perspective. A wide range of aspects for
social and professional
networking and multidisciplinary constituency building along
10. the axes of technol-
ogy, participative processes, governance, policy modeling,
social simulation, and
visualization are tackled in the 19 papers.
With this book, the project makes an effective contribution to
the overall objec-
tives of the Europe 2020 strategy by providing a better
understanding of different
approaches to ICT enabled governance and policy modeling, and
by overcoming the
fragmented research of the past. This book provides impressive
insights into various
theories, concepts, and solutions of ICT supported policy
modeling and how stake-
holders can be more actively engaged in public policymaking. It
draws conclusions
2 eGovPoliNet is cofunded under FP 7, Call identifier FP7-ICT-
2011-7, URL: www.policy-
community.eu
[email protected]
Preface vii
of how joint multidisciplinary research can bring more effective
and resilient find-
ings for better predicting dramatic changes and negative trends
in our economies and
societies.
It is my great pleasure to provide the preface to the book
resulting from the
11. eGovPoliNet project. This book presents stimulating research by
researchers coming
from all over Europe and beyond. Congratulations to the project
partners and to the
authors!—Enjoy reading!
Thanassis Chrissafis
Project officer of eGovPoliNet
European Commission
DG CNECT, Excellence in Science, Digital Science
[email protected]
Contents
1 Introduction to Policy-Making in the Digital Age . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 1
Marijn Janssen and Maria A. Wimmer
2 Educating Public Managers and Policy Analysts
in an Era of Informatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 15
Christopher Koliba and Asim Zia
3 The Quality of Social Simulation: An Example from Research
Policy Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Petra Ahrweiler and Nigel Gilbert
4 Policy Making and Modelling in a Complex World . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 57
Wander Jager and Bruce Edmonds
5 From Building a Model to Adaptive Robust Decision Making
12. Using Systems Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 75
Erik Pruyt
6 Features and Added Value of Simulation Models Using
Different
Modelling Approaches Supporting Policy-Making: A
Comparative
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Dragana Majstorovic, Maria A.Wimmer, Roy Lay-Yee, Peter
Davis
and Petra Ahrweiler
7 A Comparative Analysis of Tools and Technologies
for Policy Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 125
Eleni Kamateri, Eleni Panopoulou, Efthimios Tambouris,
Konstantinos Tarabanis, Adegboyega Ojo, Deirdre Lee
and David Price
8 Value Sensitive Design of Complex Product Systems . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 157
Andreas Ligtvoet, Geerten van de Kaa, Theo Fens, Cees van
Beers,
Paulier Herder and Jeroen van den Hoven
ix
[email protected]
x Contents
9 Stakeholder Engagement in Policy Development: Observations
13. and Lessons from International Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 177
Natalie Helbig, Sharon Dawes, Zamira Dzhusupova, Bram
Klievink
and Catherine Gerald Mkude
10 Values in Computational Models Revalued . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 205
Rebecca Moody and Lasse Gerrits
11 The Psychological Drivers of Bureaucracy: Protecting
the Societal Goals of an Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 221
Tjeerd C. Andringa
12 Active and Passive Crowdsourcing in Government . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 261
Euripidis Loukis and Yannis Charalabidis
13 Management of Complex Systems: Toward Agent-Based
Gaming for Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Wander Jager and Gerben van der Vegt
14 The Role of Microsimulation in the Development of Public
Policy . . . 305
Roy Lay-Yee and Gerry Cotterell
15 Visual Decision Support for Policy Making: Advancing
Policy
Analysis with Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 321
Tobias Ruppert, Jens Dambruch, Michel Krämer, Tina Balke,
Marco
Gavanelli, Stefano Bragaglia, Federico Chesani, Michela
Milano
14. and Jörn Kohlhammer
16 Analysis of Five Policy Cases in the Field of Energy Policy .
. . . . . . . . 355
Dominik Bär, Maria A.Wimmer, Jozef Glova, Anastasia
Papazafeiropoulou and Laurence Brooks
17 Challenges to Policy-Making in Developing Countries
and the Roles of Emerging Tools, Methods and Instruments:
Experiences from Saint Petersburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 379
Dmitrii Trutnev, Lyudmila Vidyasova and Andrei Chugunov
18 Sustainable Urban Development, Governance and Policy:
A Comparative Overview of EU Policies and Projects . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 393
Diego Navarra and Simona Milio
19 eParticipation, Simulation Exercise and Leadership Training
in Nigeria: Bridging the Digital Divide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 417
Tanko Ahmed
[email protected]
Contributors
Tanko Ahmed National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies
(NIPSS), Jos,
Nigeria
Petra Ahrweiler EA European Academy of Technology and
Innovation Assess-
ment GmbH, Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler, Germany
15. Tjeerd C. Andringa University College Groningen, Institute of
Artificial In-
telligence and Cognitive Engineering (ALICE), University of
Groningen, AB,
Groningen, the Netherlands
Tina Balke University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
Dominik Bär University of Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz, Germany
Cees van Beers Faculty of Technology, Policy, and
Management, Delft University
of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Stefano Bragaglia University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Laurence Brooks Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
Yannis Charalabidis University of the Aegean, Samos, Greece
Federico Chesani University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Andrei Chugunov ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
Gerry Cotterell Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the
Social Sciences
(COMPASS Research Centre), University of Auckland,
Auckland, New Zealand
Jens Dambruch Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics
Research, Darmstadt,
Germany
Peter Davis Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the
Social Sciences
16. (COMPASS Research Centre), University of Auckland,
Auckland, New Zealand
Sharon Dawes Center for Technology in Government,
University at Albany,
Albany, New York, USA
xi
[email protected]
xii Contributors
Zamira Dzhusupova Department of Public Administration and
Development Man-
agement, United Nations Department of Economic and Social
Affairs (UNDESA),
NewYork, USA
Bruce Edmonds Manchester Metropolitan University,
Manchester, UK
Theo Fens Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management,
Delft University of
Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Marco Gavanelli University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Lasse Gerrits Department of Public Administration, Erasmus
University
Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Nigel Gilbert University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
17. Jozef Glova Technical University Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
Natalie Helbig Center for Technology in Government,
University at Albany,
Albany, New York, USA
Paulier Herder Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management,
Delft University
of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Jeroen van den Hoven Faculty of Technology, Policy, and
Management, Delft
University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Wander Jager Groningen Center of Social Complexity Studies,
University of
Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Marijn Janssen Faculty of Technology, Policy, and
Management, Delft University
of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Geerten van de Kaa Faculty of Technology, Policy, and
Management, Delft
University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Eleni Kamateri Information Technologies Institute, Centre for
Research &
Technology—Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
Bram Klievink Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management,
Delft University
of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Jörn Kohlhammer GRIS, TU Darmstadt & Fraunhofer IGD,
Darmstadt, Germany
18. Christopher Koliba University of Vermont, Burlington, VT,
USA
Michel Krämer Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics
Research, Darmstadt,
Germany
Roy Lay-Yee Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the
Social Sciences
(COMPASS Research Centre), University of Auckland,
Auckland, New Zealand
Deirdre Lee INSIGHT Centre for Data Analytics, NUIG,
Galway, Ireland
[email protected]
Contributors xiii
Andreas Ligtvoet Faculty of Technology, Policy, and
Management, Delft Univer-
sity of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Euripidis Loukis University of the Aegean, Samos, Greece
Dragana Majstorovic University of Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz,
Germany
Michela Milano University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Simona Milio London School of Economics, Houghton Street,
London, UK
19. Catherine Gerald Mkude Institute for IS Research, University of
Koblenz-Landau,
Koblenz, Germany
Rebecca Moody Department of Public Administration, Erasmus
University
Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Diego Navarra Studio Navarra, London, UK
Adegboyega Ojo INSIGHT Centre for Data Analytics, NUIG,
Galway, Ireland
Eleni Panopoulou Information Technologies Institute, Centre
for Research &
Technology—Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
Anastasia Papazafeiropoulou Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
David Price Thoughtgraph Ltd, Somerset, UK
Erik Pruyt Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management,
Delft University of
Technology, Delft, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for
Advanced Study,
Wassenaar, The Netherlands
Tobias Ruppert Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics
Research, Darmstadt,
Germany
Efthimios Tambouris Information Technologies Institute, Centre
for Research &
Technology—Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece; University of
Macedonia, Thessaloniki,
Greece
20. Konstantinos Tarabanis Information Technologies Institute,
Centre for Research
& Technology—Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece; University of
Macedonia, Thessa-
loniki, Greece
Dmitrii Trutnev ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
Gerben van der Vegt Faculty of Economics and Business,
University of Groningen,
Groningen, The Netherlands
Lyudmila Vidyasova ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
Maria A. Wimmer University of Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz,
Germany
Asim Zia University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
[email protected]
Chapter 1
Introduction to Policy-Making in the Digital Age
Marijn Janssen and Maria A. Wimmer
We are running the 21st century using 20th century systems on
top of 19th century political structures. . . .
John Pollock, contributing editor MIT technology review
Abstract The explosive growth in data, computational power,
and social media
creates new opportunities for innovating governance and policy-
21. making. These in-
formation and communications technology (ICT) developments
affect all parts of
the policy-making cycle and result in drastic changes in the way
policies are devel-
oped. To take advantage of these developments in the digital
world, new approaches,
concepts, instruments, and methods are needed, which are able
to deal with so-
cietal complexity and uncertainty. This field of research is
sometimes depicted
as e-government policy, e-policy, policy informatics, or data
science. Advancing
our knowledge demands that different scientific communities
collaborate to create
practice-driven knowledge. For policy-making in the digital age
disciplines such as
complex systems, social simulation, and public administration
need to be combined.
1.1 Introduction
Policy-making and its subsequent implementation is necessary
to deal with societal
problems. Policy interventions can be costly, have long-term
implications, affect
groups of citizens or even the whole country and cannot be
easily undone or are even
irreversible. New information and communications technology
(ICT) and models
can help to improve the quality of policy-makers. In particular,
the explosive growth
in data, computational power, and social media creates new
opportunities for in-
novating the processes and solutions of ICT-based policy-
making and research. To
23. Both policy-makers and those in charge of policy
implementations acknowledge
that ICT is becoming more and more important and is changing
the policy-making
process, resulting in a next generation policy-making based on
ICT support. The field
of policy-making is changing driven by developments such as
open data, computa-
tional methods for processing data, opinion mining, simulation,
and visualization of
rich data sets, all combined with public engagement, social
media, and participatory
tools. In this respect Web 2.0 and even Web 3.0 point to the
specific applications of
social networks and semantically enriched and linked data
which are important for
policy-making. In policy-making vast amount of data are used
for making predictions
and forecasts. This should result in improving the outcomes of
policy-making.
Policy-making is confronted with an increasing complexity and
uncertainty of the
outcomes which results in a need for developing policy models
that are able to deal
with this. To improve the validity of the models policy-makers
are harvesting data to
generate evidence. Furthermore, they are improving their
models to capture complex
phenomena and dealing with uncertainty and limited and
incomplete information.
Despite all these efforts, there remains often uncertainty
concerning the outcomes of
policy interventions. Given the uncertainty, often multiple
scenarios are developed
to show alternative outcomes and impact. A condition for this is
24. the visualization of
policy alternatives and its impact. Visualization can ensure
involvement of nonexpert
and to communicate alternatives. Furthermore, games can be
used to let people gain
insight in what can happen, given a certain scenario. Games
allow persons to interact
and to experience what happens in the future based on their
interventions.
Policy-makers are often faced with conflicting solutions to
complex problems,
thus making it necessary for them to test out their assumptions,
interventions, and
resolutions. For this reason policy-making organizations
introduce platforms facili-
tating policy-making and citizens engagements and enabling the
processing of large
volumes of data. There are various participative platforms
developed by government
agencies (e.g., De Reuver et al. 2013; Slaviero et al. 2010;
Welch 2012). Platforms
can be viewed as a kind of regulated environment that enable
developers, users, and
others to interact with each other, share data, services, and
applications, enable gov-
ernments to more easily monitor what is happening and
facilitate the development
of innovative solutions (Janssen and Estevez 2013). Platforms
should provide not
only support for complex policy deliberations with citizens but
should also bring to-
gether policy-modelers, developers, policy-makers, and other
stakeholders involved
in policy-making. In this way platforms provide an information-
rich, interactive
25. [email protected]
1 Introduction to Policy-Making in the Digital Age 3
environment that brings together relevant stakeholders and in
which complex phe-
nomena can be modeled, simulated, visualized, discussed, and
even the playing of
games can be facilitated.
1.2 Complexity and Uncertainty in Policy-Making
Policy-making is driven by the need to solve societal problems
and should result in
interventions to solve these societal problems. Examples of
societal problems are
unemployment, pollution, water quality, safety, criminality,
well-being, health, and
immigration. Policy-making is an ongoing process in which
issues are recognized
as a problem, alternative courses of actions are formulated,
policies are affected,
implemented, executed, and evaluated (Stewart et al. 2007).
Figure 1.1 shows the
typical stages of policy formulation, implementation, execution,
enforcement, and
evaluation. This process should not be viewed as linear as many
interactions are
necessary as well as interactions with all kind of stakeholders.
In policy-making
processes a vast amount of stakeholders are always involved,
which makes policy-
making complex.
26. Once a societal need is identified, a policy has to be formulated.
Politicians,
members of parliament, executive branches, courts, and interest
groups may be
involved in these formulations. Often contradictory proposals
are made, and the
impact of a proposal is difficult to determine as data is missing,
models cannot
citizen
s
Policy formulation
Policy
implementation
Policy
execution
Policy
enforcement and
evaluation
politicians
Policy-
makers
Administrative
organizations
b
u
27. sin
esses
Inspection and
enforcement agencies
experts
Fig. 1.1 Overview of policy cycle and stakeholders
[email protected]
4 M. Janssen and M. A. Wimmer
capture the complexity, and the results of policy models are
difficult to interpret and
even might be interpreted in an opposing way. This is further
complicated as some
proposals might be good but cannot be implemented or are too
costly to implement.
There is a large uncertainty concerning the outcomes.
Policy implementation is done by organizations other than those
that formulated
the policy. They often have to interpret the policy and have to
make implemen-
tation decisions. Sometimes IT can block quick implementation
as systems have
to be changed. Although policy-making is the domain of the
government, private
organizations can be involved to some extent, in particular in
the execution of policies.
28. Once all things are ready and decisions are made, policies need
to be executed.
During the execution small changes are typically made to fine
tune the policy formu-
lation, implementation decisions might be more difficult to
realize, policies might
bring other benefits than intended, execution costs might be
higher and so on. Typ-
ically, execution is continually changing. Evaluation is part of
the policy-making
process as it is necessary to ensure that the policy-execution
solved the initial so-
cietal problem. Policies might become obsolete, might not work,
have unintended
affects (like creating bureaucracy) or might lose its support
among elected officials,
or other alternatives might pop up that are better.
Policy-making is a complex process in which many stakeholders
play a role. In
the various phases of policy-making different actors are
dominant and play a role.
Figure 1.1 shows only some actors that might be involved, and
many of them are not
included in this figure. The involvement of so many actors
results in fragmentation
and often actors are even not aware of the decisions made by
other actors. This makes
it difficult to manage a policy-making process as each actor has
other goals and might
be self-interested.
Public values (PVs) are a way to try to manage complexity and
give some guidance.
Most policies are made to adhere to certain values. Public value
management (PVM)
29. represents the paradigm of achieving PVs as being the primary
objective (Stoker
2006). PVM refers to the continuous assessment of the actions
performed by public
officials to ensure that these actions result in the creation of PV
(Moore 1995). Public
servants are not only responsible for following the right
procedure, but they also have
to ensure that PVs are realized. For example, civil servants
should ensure that garbage
is collected. The procedure that one a week garbage is collected
is secondary. If it is
necessary to collect garbage more (or less) frequently to ensure
a healthy environment
then this should be done. The role of managers is not only to
ensure that procedures
are followed but they should be custodians of public assets and
maximize a PV.
There exist a wide variety of PVs (Jørgensen and Bozeman
2007). PVs can be
long-lasting or might be driven by contemporary politics. For
example, equal access
is a typical long-lasting value, whereas providing support for
students at universities
is contemporary, as politicians might give more, less, or no
support to students. PVs
differ over times, but also the emphasis on values is different in
the policy-making
cycle as shown in Fig. 1.2. In this figure some of the values
presented by Jørgensen
and Bozeman (2007) are mapped onto the four policy-making
stages. Dependent on
the problem at hand other values might play a role that is not
included in this figure.
30. [email protected]
1 Introduction to Policy-Making in the Digital Age 5
Policy
formulation
Policy
implementation
Policy
execution
Policy
enforcement
and evaluation
efficiency
efficiency
accountability
transparancy
responsiveness
public interest
will of the people
listening
31. citizen involvement
evidence-based
protection of
individual rights
accountability
transparancy
evidence-based
equal access
balancing of interests
robust
honesty
fair
timelessness
reliable
flexible
fair
Fig. 1.2 Public values in the policy cycle
Policy is often formulated by politicians in consultation with
experts. In the PVM
paradigm, public administrations aim at creating PVs for society
and citizens. This
32. suggests a shift from talking about what citizens expect in
creating a PV. In this view
public officials should focus on collaborating and creating a
dialogue with citizens
in order to determine what constitutes a PV.
1.3 Developments
There is an infusion of technology that changes policy processes
at both the individual
and group level. There are a number of developments that
influence the traditional
way of policy-making, including social media as a means to
interact with the public
(Bertot et al. 2012), blogs (Coleman and Moss 2008), open data
(Janssen et al. 2012;
Zuiderwijk and Janssen 2013), freedom of information (Burt
2011), the wisdom
of the crowds (Surowiecki 2004), open collaboration and
transparency in policy
simulation (Wimmer et al. 2012a, b), agent-based simulation
and hybrid modeling
techniques (Koliba and Zia 2012) which open new ways of
innovative policy-making.
Whereas traditional policy-making is executed by experts, now
the public is involved
to fulfill requirements of good governance according to open
government principles.
[email protected]
6 M. Janssen and M. A. Wimmer
Also, the skills and capabilities of crowds can be explored and
33. can lead to better and
more transparent democratic policy decisions. All these
developments can be used for
enhancing citizen’s engagement and to involve citizens better in
the policy-making
process. We want to emphasize three important developments.
1.3.1 The Availability of Big and Open Linked Data (BOLD)
Policy-making heavily depends on data about existing policies
and situations to
make decisions. Both public and private organizations are
opening their data for use
by others. Although information could be requested for in the
past, governments
have changed their strategy toward actively publishing open
data in formats that are
readily and easily accessible (for example,
European_Commission 2003; Obama
2009). Multiple perspectives are needed to make use of and
stimulate new practices
based on open data (Zuiderwijk et al. 2014). New applications
and innovations can
be based solely on open data, but often open data are enriched
with data from other
sources. As data can be generated and provided in huge
amounts, specific needs for
processing, curation, linking, visualization, and maintenance
appear. The latter is
often denoted with big data in which the value is generated by
combining different
datasets (Janssen et al. 2014). Current advances in processing
power and memory
allows for the processing of a huge amount of data. BOLD
allows for analyzing
policies and the use of these data in models to better predict the
34. effect of new policies.
1.3.2 Rise of Hybrid Simulation Approaches
In policy implementation and execution, many actors are
involved and there are a
huge number of factors influencing the outcomes; this
complicates the prediction
of the policy outcomes. Simulation models are capable of
capturing the interdepen-
dencies between the many factors and can include stochastic
elements to deal with
the variations and uncertainties. Simulation is often used in
policy-making as an
instrument to gain insight in the impact of possible policies
which often result in
new ideas for policies. Simulation allows decision-makers to
understand the essence
of a policy, to identify opportunities for change, and to evaluate
the effect of pro-
posed changes in key performance indicators (Banks 1998; Law
and Kelton 1991).
Simulation heavily depends on data and as such can benefit
from big and open data.
Simulation models should capture the essential aspects of
reality. Simulation
models do not rely heavily on mathematical abstraction and are
therefore suitable
for modeling complex systems (Pidd 1992). Already the
development of a model
can raise discussions about what to include and what factors are
of influence, in this
way contributing to a better understanding of the situation at
hand. Furthermore,
experimentation using models allows one to investigate
35. different settings and the
influence of different scenarios in time on the policy outcomes.
[email protected]
1 Introduction to Policy-Making in the Digital Age 7
The effects of policies are hard to predict and dealing with
uncertainty is a key
aspect in policy modeling. Statistical representation of real-
world uncertainties is
an integral part of simulation models (Law and Kelton 1991).
The dynamics asso-
ciated with many factors affecting policy-making, the
complexity associated with
the interdependencies between individual parts, and the
stochastic elements asso-
ciated with the randomness and unpredictable behavior of
transactions complicates
the simulations. Computer simulations for examining,
explaining, and predicting so-
cial processes and relationships as well as measuring the
possible impact of policies
has become an important part of policy-making. Traditional
models are not able to
address all aspects of complex policy interactions, which
indicates the need for the
development of hybrid simulation models consisting of a
combinatory set of models
built on different modeling theories (Koliba and Zia 2012). In
policy-making it can
be that multiple models are developed, but it is also possible to
combine various
types of simulation in a single model. For this purpose agent-
36. based modeling and
simulation approaches can be used as these allow for combining
different type of
models in a single simulation.
1.3.3 Ubiquitous User Engagement
Efforts to design public policies are confronted with
considerable complexity, in
which (1) a large number of potentially relevant factors needs to
be considered, (2) a
vast amount of data needs to be processed, (3) a large degree of
uncertainty may exist,
and (4) rapidly changing circumstances need to be dealt with.
Utilizing computational
methods and various types of simulation and modeling methods
is often key to
solving these kinds of problems (Koliba and Zia 2012). The
open data and social
media movements are making large quantities of new data
available. At the same time
enhancements in computational power have expanded the
repertoire of instruments
and tools available for studying dynamic systems and their
interdependencies. In
addition, sophisticated techniques for data gathering,
visualization, and analysis have
expanded our ability to understand, display, and disseminate
complex, temporal, and
spatial information to diverse audiences. These problems can
only be addressed from
a complexity science perspective and with a multitude of views
and contributions
from different disciplines. Insights and methods of complexity
science should be
applied to assist policy-makers as they tackle societal problems
37. in policy areas such
as environmental protection, economics, energy, security, or
public safety and health.
This demands user involvement which is supported by
visualization techniques and
which can be actively involved by employing (serious) games.
These methods can
show what hypothetically will happen when certain policies are
implemented.
[email protected]
8 M. Janssen and M. A. Wimmer
1.4 Combining Disciplines in E-government Policy-Making
This new field has been shaped using various names, including
e-policy-making,
digital policy science, computational intelligence, digital
sciences, data sciences,
and policy informatics (Dawes and Janssen 2013). The essence
of this field it that it
is
1. Practice-driven
2. Employs modeling techniques
3. Needs the knowledge coming from various disciplines
4. It focused on governance and policy-making
This field is practice-driven by taking as a starting point the
public policy problem and
defining what information is relevant for addressing the
problem under study. This
requires understanding of public administration and policy-
38. making processes. Next,
it is a key to determine how to obtain, store, retrieve, process,
model, and interpret the
results. This is the field of e-participation, policy-modeling,
social simulation, and
complex systems. Finally, it should be agreed upon how to
present and disseminate
the results so that other researchers, decision-makers, and
practitioners can use it.
This requires in-depth knowledge of practice, of structures of
public administration
and constitutions, political cultures, processes and culture and
policy-making.
Based on the ideas, the FP7 project EgovPoliNet project has
created an inter-
national community in ICT solutions for governance and policy-
modeling. The
“policy-making 2.0” LinkedIn community has a large number of
members from dif-
ferent disciplines and backgrounds representing practice and
academia. This book
is the product of this project in which a large number of persons
from various dis-
ciplines and representing a variety of communities were
involved. The book shows
experiences and advances in various areas of policy-making.
Furthermore, it contains
comparative analyses and descriptions of cases, tools, and
scientific approaches from
the knowledge base created in this project. Using this book,
practices and knowl-
edge in this field is shared among researchers. Furthermore, this
book provides the
foundations in this area. The covered expertise include a wide
range of aspects for so-
39. cial and professional networking and multidisciplinary
constituency building along
the axes of technology, participative processes, governance,
policy-modeling, social
simulation, and visualization. In this way eGovPoliNet has
advanced the way re-
search, development, and practice is performed worldwide in
using ICT solutions
for governance and policy-modeling.
Although in Europe the term “e-government policy” or “e-
policy,” for short, is
often used to refer to these types of phenomena, whereas in the
USA often the term
“policy informatics” is used. This is similar to that in the USA
the term digital
government is often used, whereas in Europe the term e-
government is preferred.
Policy informatics is defined as “the study of how information
is leveraged and efforts
are coordinated towards solving complex public policy
problems” (Krishnamurthy
et al. 2013, p. 367). These authors view policy informatics as an
emerging research
space to navigate through the challenges of complex layers of
uncertainty within
[email protected]
1 Introduction to Policy-Making in the Digital Age 9
governance processes. Policy informatics community has
created Listserv called
Policy Informatics Network (PIN-L).
40. E-government policy-making is closely connected to “data
science.” Data science
is the ability to find answers from larger volumes of
(un)structured data (Davenport
and Patil 2012). Data scientists find and interpret rich data
sources, manage large
amounts of data, create visualizations to aid in understanding
data, build mathemat-
ical models using the data, present and communicate the data
insights/findings to
specialists and scientists in their team, and if required to a
nonexpert audience. These
are activities which are at the heart of policy-making.
1.5 Overview of Chapters
In total 54 different authors were involved in the creation of
this book. Some chapters
have a single author, but most of the chapters have multiple
authors. The authors rep-
resent a wide range of disciplines as shown in Fig. 1.2. The
focus has been on targeting
five communities that make up the core field for ICT-enabled
policy-making. These
communities include e-government/e-participation, information
systems, complex
systems, public administration, and policy research and social
simulation. The com-
bination of these disciplines and communities are necessary to
tackle policy problems
in new ways. A sixth category was added for authors not
belonging to any of these
communities, such as philosophy and economics. Figure 1.3
shows that the authors
are evenly distributed among the communities, although this is
41. less with the chapter.
Most of the authors can be classified as belonging to the e-
government/e-participation
community, which is by nature interdisciplinary.
Foundation The first part deals with the foundations of the
book. In their Chap. 2
Chris Koliba and Asim Zia start with a best practice to be
incorporated in public
administration educational programs to embrace the new
developments sketched in
EGOV
IS
Complex Systems
Public Administration and
Policy Research
Social Simulation
other (philosophy, energy,
economics, )
Fig. 1.3 Overview of the disciplinary background of the authors
[email protected]
10 M. Janssen and M. A. Wimmer
this chapter. They identify two types of public servants that
need to be educated.
42. The policy informatics include the savvy public manager and
the policy informatics
analyst. This chapter can be used as a basis to adopt
interdisciplinary approaches and
include policy informatics in the public administration
curriculum.
Petra Ahrweiler and Nigel Gilbert discuss the need for the
quality of simulation
modeling in their Chap. 3. Developing simulation is always
based on certain as-
sumptions and a model is as good as the developer makes it.
The user community is
proposed to assess the quality of a policy-modeling exercise.
Communicative skills,
patience, willingness to compromise on both sides, and
motivation to bridge the
formal world of modelers and the narrative world of policy-
makers are suggested as
key competences. The authors argue that user involvement is
necessary in all stages
of model development.
Wander Jager and Bruce Edmonds argue that due to the
complexity that many
social systems are unpredictable by nature in their Chap. 4.
They discuss how some
insights and tools from complexity science can be used in
policy-making. In particular
they discuss the strengths and weaknesses of agent-based
modeling as a way to gain
insight in the complexity and uncertainty of policy-making.
In the Chap. 5, Erik Pruyt sketches the future in which different
systems modeling
schools and modeling methods are integrated. He shows that
43. elements from policy
analysis, data science, machine learning, and computer science
need to be combined
to deal with the uncertainty in policy-making. He demonstrates
the integration of
various modeling and simulation approaches and related
disciplines using three cases.
Modeling approaches are compared in the Chap. 6 authored by
Dragana Majs-
torovic, Maria A. Wimmer, Roy Lay-Yee, Peter Davis,and Petra
Ahrweiler. Like in
the previous chapter they argue that none of the theories on its
own is able to address
all aspects of complex policy interactions, and the need for
hybrid simulation models
is advocated.
The next chapter is complimentary to the previous chapter and
includes a com-
parison of ICT tools and technologies. The Chap. 7 is authored
by Eleni Kamateri,
Eleni Panopoulou, Efthimios Tambouris, Konstantinos
Tarabanis, Adegboyega Ojo,
Deirdre Lee, and David Price. This chapter can be used as a
basis for tool selecting
and includes visualization, argumentation, e-participation,
opinion mining, simula-
tion, persuasive, social network analysis, big data analytics,
semantics, linked data
tools, and serious games.
Social Aspects, Stakeholders and Values Although much
emphasis is put on mod-
eling efforts, the social aspects are key to effective policy-
making. The role of values
44. is discussed in the Chap. 8 authored by Andreas Ligtvoet,
Geerten van de Kaa, Theo
Fens, Cees van Beers, Paulien Herder, and Jeroen van den
Hoven. Using the case of
the design of smart meters in energy networks they argue that
policy-makers would
do well by not only addressing functional requirements but also
by taking individual
stakeholder and PVs into consideration.
In policy-making a wide range of stakeholders are involved in
various stages
of the policy-making process. Natalie Helbig, Sharon Dawes,
Zamira Dzhusupova,
Bram Klievink, and Catherine Gerald Mkude analyze five case
studies of stakeholder
[email protected]
1 Introduction to Policy-Making in the Digital Age 11
engagement in policy-making in their Chap. 9. Various
engagement tools are dis-
cussed and factors identified which support the effective use of
particular tools and
technologies.
The Chap. 10 investigates the role of values and trust in
computational models in
the policy process. This chapter is authored by Rebecca Moody
and Lasse Gerrits. The
authors found that a large diversity exists in values within the
cases. By the authors
important explanatory factors were found including (1) the role
45. of the designer of
the model, (2) the number of different actors (3) the level of
trust already present,
and (4) and the limited control of decision-makers over the
models.
Bureaucratic organizations are often considered to be inefficient
and not customer
friendly. Tjeerd Andringa presents and discusses a
multidisciplinary framework con-
taining the drivers and causes of bureaucracy in the Chap. 11.
He concludes that the
reduction of the number of rules and regulations is important,
but that motivating
workers to understand their professional roles and to learn to
oversee the impact of
their activities is even more important.
Crowdsourcing has become an important policy instrument to
gain access to
expertise (“wisdom”) outside own boundaries. In the Chap. 12,
Euripids Loukis
and Yannis Charalabidis discuss Web 2.0 social media for
crowdsourcing. Passive
crowdsourcing exploits the content generated by users, whereas
active crowdsourcing
stimulates content postings and idea generation by users.
Synergy can be created by
combining both approaches. The results of passive
crowdsourcing can be used for
guiding active crowdsourcing to avoid asking users for similar
types of input.
Policy, Collaboration and Games Agent-based gaming (ABG) is
used as a tool
to explore the possibilities to manage complex systems in the
46. Chap. 13 by Wander
Jager and Gerben van der Vegt. ABG allows for modeling a
virtual and autonomous
population in a computer game setting to exploit various
management and leadership
styles. In this way ABG contribute to the development of the
required knowledge on
how to manage social complex behaving systems.
Micro simulation focuses on modeling individual units and the
micro-level pro-
cesses that affect their development. The concepts of micro
simulation are explained
by Roy Lay-Yee and Gerry Cotterell in the Chap. 14. Micro
simulation for pol-
icy development is useful to combine multiple sources of
information in a single
contextualized model to answer “what if” questions on complex
social phenomena.
Visualization is essential to communicate the model and the
results to a variety
of stakeholders. These aspects are discussed in the Chap. 15 by
Tobias Ruppert,
Jens Dambruch, Michel Krämer, Tina Balke, Marco Gavanelli,
Stefano Bragaglia,
Federico Chesani, Michela Milano, and Jörn Kohlhammer. They
argue that despite
the significance to use evidence in policy-making, this is
seldom realized. Three
case studies that have been conducted in two European research
projects for policy-
modeling are presented. In all the cases access for nonexperts to
the computational
models by information visualization technologies was realized.
47. [email protected]
12 M. Janssen and M. A. Wimmer
Applications and Practices Different projects have been
initiated to study the best
suitable transition process towards renewable energy. In the
Chap. 16 by Dominik
Bär, Maria A. Wimmer, Jozef Glova, Anastasia
Papazafeiropoulou,and Laurence
Brooks five of these projects are analyzed and compared. They
please for transferring
models from one country to other countries to facilitate
learning.
Lyudmila Vidyasova, Andrei Chugunov, and Dmitrii Trutnev
present experiences
from Russia in their Chap. 17. They argue that informational,
analytical, and fore-
casting activities for the processes of socioeconomic
development are an important
element in policy-making. The authors provide a brief overview
of the history, the
current state of the implementation of information processing
techniques, and prac-
tices for the purpose of public administration in the Russian
Federation. Finally, they
provide a range of recommendations to proceed.
Urban policy for sustainability is another important area which
is directly linked
to the first chapter in this section. In the Chap. 18, Diego
Navarra and Simona Milio
demonstrate a system dynamics model to show how urban policy
48. and governance in
the future can support ICT projects in order to reduce energy
usage, rehabilitate the
housing stock, and promote sustainability in the urban
environment. This chapter
contains examples of sustainable urban development policies as
well as case studies.
In the Chap. 19, Tanko Ahmed discusses the digital divide
which is blocking
online participation in policy-making processes. Structuration,
institutional and
actor-network theories are used to analyze a case study of
political zoning. The
author recommends stronger institutionalization of ICT support
and legislation for
enhancing participation in policy-making and bridging the
digital divide.
1.6 Conclusions
This book is the first comprehensive book in which the various
development and disci-
plines are covered from the policy-making perspective driven by
ICT developments.
A wide range of aspects for social and professional networking
and multidisciplinary
constituency building along the axes of technology,
participative processes, gover-
nance, policy-modeling, social simulation, and visualization are
investigated. Policy-
making is a complex process in which many stakeholders are
involved. PVs can be
used to guide policy-making efforts and to ensure that the many
stakeholders have
an understanding of the societal value that needs to be created.
49. There is an infusion
of technology resulting in changing policy processes and
stakeholder involvement.
Technologies like social media provides a means to interact
with the public, blogs
can be used to express opinions, big and open data provide
input for evidence-based
policy-making, the integration of various types of modeling and
simulation tech-
niques (hybrid models) can provide much more insight and
reliable outcomes, gam-
ing in which all kind of stakeholders are involved open new
ways of innovative policy-
making. In addition trends like the freedom of information, the
wisdom of the crowds,
and open collaboration changes the landscape further. The
policy-making landscape
is clearly changing and this demands a strong need for
interdisciplinary research.
[email protected]
1 Introduction to Policy-Making in the Digital Age 13
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[email protected]
Chapter 2
Educating Public Managers and Policy Analysts
in an Era of Informatics
Christopher Koliba and Asim Zia
Abstract In this chapter, two ideal types of practitioners who
may use or cre-
ate policy informatics projects, programs, or platforms are
introduced: the policy
informatics-savvy public manager and the policy informatics
analyst. Drawing from
our experiences in teaching an informatics-friendly graduate
curriculum, we dis-
cuss the range of learning competencies needed for traditional
public managers and
policy informatics-oriented analysts to thrive in an era of
informatics. The chapter
begins by describing the two different types of students who
are, or can be touched
by, policy informatics-friendly competencies, skills, and
attitudes. Competencies
ranging from those who may be users of policy informatics and
sponsors of policy
informatics projects and programs to those analysts designing
55. and executing policy
informatics projects and programs will be addressed. The
chapter concludes with
an illustration of how one Master of Public Administration
(MPA) program with a
policy informatics-friendly mission, a core curriculum that
touches on policy infor-
matics applications, and a series of program electives that
allows students to develop
analysis and modeling skills, designates its informatics-oriented
competencies.
2.1 Introduction
The range of policy informatics opportunities highlighted in this
volume will require
future generations of public managers and policy analysts to
adapt to the oppor-
tunities and challenges posed by big data and increasing
computational modeling
capacities afforded by the rapid growth in information
technologies. It will be up
to the field’s Master of Public Administration (MPA) and
Master of Public Policy
(MPP) programs to provide this next generation with the tools
needed to harness the
wealth of data, information, and knowledge increasingly at the
disposal of public
C. Koliba (�)
University of Vermont, 103 Morrill Hall, 05405 Burlington, VT,
USA
e-mail: [email protected]
A. Zia
University of Vermont, 205 Morrill Hall, 05405 Burlington, VT,
USA
57. series of program electives that allows students to develop
analysis and modeling
skills, designates its informatics-oriented competencies.
2.2 Two Types of Practitioner Orientations to Policy
Informatics
Drawn from our experience, we find that there are two “ideal
types” of policy infor-
matics practitioner, each requiring greater and greater levels of
technical mastery of
analytics techniques and approaches. These ideal types are:
policy informatics-savvy
public managers and policy informatics analysts.
A policy informatics-savvy public manager may take on one of
two possible roles
relative to policy informatics projects, programs, or platforms.
They may play instru-
mental roles in catalyzing and implementing informatics
initiatives on behalf of their
organizations, agencies, or institutions. In the manner, they may
work with technical
experts (analysts) to envision possible uses for data,
visualizations, simulations, and
the like. Public managers may also be in the role of using policy
informatics projects,
programs, or platforms. They may be in positions to use these
initiatives to ground
decision making, allocate resources, and otherwise guide the
performance of their
organizations.
A policy informatics analyst is a person who is positioned to
actually execute
a policy informatics initiative. They may be referred to as
58. analysts, researchers,
modelers, or programmers and provide the technical assistance
needed to analyze
databases, build and run models, simulations, and otherwise
construct useful and
effective policy informatics projects, programs, or platforms.
To succeed in either and both roles, managers and analysts will
require a certain set
of skills, knowledge, or competencies. Drawing on some of the
prevailing literature
and our own experiences, we lay out an initial list of potential
competencies for
consideration.
[email protected]
2 Educating Public Managers and Policy Analysts in an Era of
Informatics 17
2.2.1 Policy Informatics-Savvy Public Managers
To successfully harness policy informatics, public managers
will likely not need to
know how to explicitly build models or manipulate big data.
Instead, they will need
to know what kinds of questions that policy informatics projects
or programs can
answer or not answer. They will need to know how to contract
with and/or manage
data managers, policy analysts, and modelers. They will need to
be savvy consumers
of data analysis and computational models, but not necessarily
need to know how to
59. technically execute them. Policy informatics projects, programs,
and platforms are
designed and executed in some ways, as any large-scale,
complex project.
In writing about the stages of informatics project development
using “big data,”
DeSouza lays out project development along three stages:
planning, execution, and
postimplementation. Throughout the project life cycle, he
emphasizes the role of
understanding the prevailing policy and legal environment, the
need to venture into
coalition building, the importance of communicating the broader
opportunities af-
forded by the project, the need to develop performance
indicators, and the importance
of lining up adequate financial and human resources (2014).
Framing what traditional public managers need to know and do
to effectively
interface with policy informatics projects and programs requires
an ability to be a
“systems thinker,” an effective evaluator, a capacity to integrate
informatics into
performance and financial management systems, effective
communication skills,
and a capacity to draw on social media, information technology,
and e-governance
approaches to achieve common objectives. We briefly review
each of these capacities
below.
Systems Thinking Knowing the right kinds of questions that
may be asked through
policy informatics projects and programs requires public
60. managers to possess a “sys-
tems” view. Much has been written about the importance of
“systems thinking” for
public managers (Katz and Kahn 1978; Stacey 2001; Senge
1990; Korton 2001).
Taking a systems perspective allows public managers to
understand the relationship
between the “whole” and the “parts.” Systems-oriented public
managers will possess
a level of situational awareness (Endsley 1995) that allows them
to see and under-
stand patterns of interaction and anticipate future events and
orientations. Situational
awareness allows public mangers to understand and evaluate
where data are coming
from, how best data are interpreted, and the kinds of
assumptions being used in
specific interpretations (Koliba et al. 2011). The concept of
system thinking laid out
here can be associated with the notion of transition management
(Loorbach 2007).
Process Orientations to Public Policy The capacity to view the
policy making and
implementation process as a process that involves certain levels
of coordination
and conflict between policy actors is of critical importance for
policy informatics-
savvy public managers and analysts. Understanding how data
are used to frame
problems and policy solutions, how complex governance
arrangements impact policy
implementation (Koliba et al. 2010), and how data visualization
can be used to
[email protected]
61. 18 C. Koliba and A. Zia
facilitate the setting of policy agendas and open policy windows
(Kingdon 1984) is
of critical importance for public management and policy
analysts alike.
Research Methodologies Another basic competency needed for
any public manager
using policy informatics is a foundational understanding of
research methods, par-
ticularly quantitative reasoning and methodologies. A
foundational understanding of
data validity, analytical rigor and relevance, statistical
significance, and the like are
needed to be effective consumers of informatics. That said,
traditional public man-
agers should also be exposed to qualitative methods as well,
refining their powers of
observation, understanding how symbols, stories, and numbers
are used to govern,
and how data and data visualization and computer simulations
play into these mental
models.
Performance Management A key feature of systems thinking as
applied to policy
informatics is the importance of understanding how data and
analysis are to be
used and who the intended users of the data are (Patton 2008).
The integration of
policy informatics into strategic planning (Bryson 2011),
performance management
62. systems (Moynihan 2008), and ultimately woven into an
organization’s capacity to
learn, adapt, and evolve (Argyis and Schön 1996) are critically
important in this
vein. As policy informatics trends evolve, public managers will
likely need to be
exposed to uses of decision support tools, dashboards, and other
computationally
driven models and visualizations to support organizational
performance.
Financial Management Since the first systemic budgeting
systems were put in place,
public managers have been urged to use the budgeting process
as a planning and eval-
uation tool (Willoughby 1918). This approach was formally
codified in the 1960s
with the planning–programming–budgeting (PPB) system with
its focus on plan-
ning, managerial, and operational control (Schick 1966) and
later adopted into more
contemporary approaches to budgeting (Caiden 1981). Using
informative projects,
programs, or platforms to make strategic resource allocation
decisions is a necessary
given and a capacity that effective public managers must
master. Likewise, the pol-
icy analyst will likely need to integrate financial resource flows
and costs into their
projects.
Collaborative and Cooperative Capacity Building The
development and use of pol-
icy informatics projects, programs, or platforms is rarely, if
ever, undertaken as
an individual, isolated endeavor. It is more likely that such
63. initiatives will require
interagency, interorganizational, or intergroup coordination. It
is also likely that
content experts will need to be partnered with analysts and
programmers to com-
plete tasks and execute designs. The public manager and policy
analyst must both
possess the capacity to facilitate collaborative management
functions (O’Leary and
Bingham 2009).
Basic Communication Skills This perhaps goes without saying,
but the heart of any
informatics project lies in the ability to effectively
communicate findings and ideas
through the analysis of data.
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2 Educating Public Managers and Policy Analysts in an Era of
Informatics 19
Social Media, Information Technology, and e-Governance
Awareness A final com-
petency concerns public managers’ capacity to deepen their
understanding of how
social media, Web-based tools, and related information
technologies are being em-
ployed to foster various e-government, e-governance, and
related initiatives (Mergel
2013). Placing policy informatics projects and programs within
the context of these
larger trends and uses is something that public managers must
be exposed to.
64. Within our MPA program, we have operationalized these
capacities within a four-
point rubric that outlines what a student needs to do to
demonstrate meeting these
standards. The rubric below highlights 8 of our program’s 18
capacities. All 18 of
these capacities are situated under 1 of the 5 core competencies
tied to the accred-
itation standards of the Network of Schools of Public Affairs
and Administration
(NASPAA), the professional accrediting association in the USA,
and increasingly in
other countries as well, for MPA and MPP programs. A
complete list of these core
competencies and the 18 capacities nested under them are
provided in Appendix of
this chapter.
The eight capacities that we have singled out as being the most
salient to the role
of policy informatics in public administration are provided in
Table 2.1. The rubric
follows a four-point scale, ranging from “does not meet
standard,” “approaches
standard,” “meets standard,” and “exceeds standard.”
2.2.2 Policy Informatics Analysts
A second type of practitioner to be considered is what we are
referring to as a “policy
informatics analyst.” When considering the kinds of
competencies that policy infor-
matics analysts need to be successful, we first assume that the
basic competencies
outlined in the prior section apply here as well. In other words,
65. effective policy in-
formatics analysts must be systems thinkers in order to place
data and their analysis
into context, be cognizant of current uses of decision support
systems (and related
platforms) to enable organizational learning, performance, and
strategic planning,
and possess an awareness of e-governance and e-government
initiatives and how they
are transforming contemporary public management and policy
planning practices.
In addition, policy analysts must possess a capacity to
understand policy systems:
How policies are made and implemented? This baseline
understanding can then be
used to consider the placement, purpose, and design of policy
informatics projects
or programs. We lay out more specific analyst capacities below.
Advanced Research Methods of Information Technology
Applications In many in-
stances, policy informatics analysts will need to move beyond
meeting the standard.
This is particularly true in the area of exceeding the public
manager standards for re-
search methods and utilization of information technology. It is
assumed that effective
policy informatics analysts will have a strong foundation in
quantitative methodolo-
gies and applications. To obtain these skills, policy analysts
will need to move beyond
basic surveys of research methods into more advanced research
methods curriculum.
[email protected]
66. 20 C. Koliba and A. Zia
T
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le
2.
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ub
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218. 2 Educating Public Managers and Policy Analysts in an Era of
Informatics 23
Competencies in advanced quantitative methods in which
students learn to clean and
manage large databases, perform advanced statistical tests,
develop linear regression
models to describe causal relationship, and the like are needed.
Capacity to work
across software platforms such as Excel, Statistical Package for
the Social Sciences
(SPSS), Analytica, and the like are important. Increasingly, the
capacity to triangu-
late different methods, including qualitative approaches such as
interviews, focus
groups, participant observations is needed.
Data Visualization and Design Not only must analysts be aware
of how these meth-
ods and decision support platforms may be used by practitioners
but also they must
know how to design and implement them. Therefore, we suggest
that policy infor-
matics analysts be exposed to design principles and how they
may be applied to
decision support systems, big data projects, and the like. Policy
informatics analysts
will need to understand and appreciate how data visualization
techniques are being
employed to “tell a story” through data.
Figure 2.1 provides an illustration of one student’s effort to
visualize campaign
donations to state legislatures from the gas-extraction (fracking)
industry undertaken
by a masters student, Jeffery Castle for a system analysis and
219. strategic management
class taught by Koliba.
Castle’s project demonstrates the power of data visualization to
convey a central
message drawing from existing databases. With a solid research
methods background
and exposure to visualization and design principles in class, he
was able to develop
an insightful policy informatics project.
Basic to Advanced Programming Language Skills Arguably,
policy informatics ana-
lysts will possess a capacity to visualize and present data in a
manner that is accessible.
Increasingly, web-based tools are being used to design user
interfaces. Knowledge
of JAVA and HTML are likely most helpful in these regards. In
some instances,
original programs and models will need to be written through
the use of program-
ming languages such as Python, R, C++, etc. The extent to
which existing software
programs, be they open source or proprietary, provide enough
utility to execute pol-
icy informatics projects, programs, or platforms is a continuing
subject of debate
within the policy informatics community. Exactly how much
and to what extent spe-
cific programming languages and software programs are needing
to be mastered is
a standing question. For the purposes of writing this chapter, we
rely on our current
baseline observations and encourage more discussion and debate
about the range of
competencies needed by successful policy analysts.
220. Basic to More Advanced Modeling Skills More advanced policy
informatics analysts
will employ computational modeling approaches that allow for
the incorporation of
more complex interactions between variables. These models
may be used to capture
systems as dynamic, emergent, and path dependent. The outputs
of these models
may allow for scenario testing through simulation (Koliba et al.
2011). With the
advancement of modeling software, it is becoming easier for
analysts to develop
system dynamics models, agent-based models, and dynamic
networks designed to
simulate the features of complex adaptive systems. In addition,
the ability to manage
and store data and link or wrap databases is often necessary.
[email protected]
24 C. Koliba and A. Zia
Fig. 2.1 Campaign contributions to the Pennsylvania State
Senate and party membership. The
goal of this analysis is to develop a visualization tool to
translate publically available campaign
contribution information into an easily accessible, visually
appealing, and interactive format. While
campaign contribution data are filed and available to the public
through the Pennsylvania Department
of State, it is not easily synthesized. This analysis uses a
publically available database that has been
published on marcellusmoney.org. In order to visualize the data,
221. a tool was used that allows for
the creation of a Sankey diagram that is able to be manipulated
and interacted within an Internet
browser. A Sankey diagram visualizes the magnitude of flow
between the nodes of a network (Castle
2014)
The ability of analysts to draw on a diverse array of methods
and theoretical
frameworks to envision and create models is of critical
importance. Any potential
policy informatics project, program, or platform will be enabled
or constrained by the
modeling logic in place. With a plurality of tools at one’s
disposal, policy informatics
analysts will be better positioned to design relevant and
legitimate models.
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2 Educating Public Managers and Policy Analysts in an Era of
Informatics 25
Fig. 2.2 End-stage renal disease (ESRD) system dynamics
population model. To provide clinicians
and health care administrators with a greater understanding of
the combined costs associated with
the many critical care pathways associated with ESRD, a system
dynamics model was designed to
simulate the total expenses of ESRD treatment for the USA, as
well as incidence and mortality rates
associated with different critical care pathways: kidney
transplant, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis,
and conservative care. Calibrated to US Renal Data System
222. (USRDS) 2013 Annual and Historical
Data Report and the US Census Bureau for the years 2005–
2010, encompassing all ESRD patients
under treatment in the USA from 2005 to 2010, the ESRD
population model predicts the growth and
costs of ESRD treatment type populations using historical
patterns. The model has been calibrated
against the output of the USRDS’s own prediction for the year
2020 and also tested by running his-
toric scenarios and comparing the output to existing data. Using
a web interface designed to allow
users to alter certain combinations of parameters, several
scenarios are run to project future spending,
incidence, and mortalities if certain combinations of critical
care pathways are pursued. These sce-
narios include: a doubling of kidney donations and transplant
rates, a marked increase in the offering
of peritoneal dialysis, and an increase in conservative care
routes for patients over 65. The results
of these scenario runs are shared, demonstrating sizable cost
savings and increased survival rates.
Implications of clinical practice, public policy, and further
research are drawn (Fernandez 2013)
Figure 2.2 provides an illustration of Luca Fernandez’s system
dynamics model of
critical care pathways for end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
Fernandez took Koliba’s
system analysis and strategic management course and Zia’s
decision-making model-
ing course. This model, constructed using the proprietary
software, AnyLogic, was
initially constructed as a project in Zia’s course.
Castle and Fernandez’s projects illustrate how master’s-level
students with an
223. eye toward becoming policy informatics analysts can build
skills and capacities to
develop useful informatics projects that can guide policy and
public management.
They were guided to this point by taking advanced courses
designed explicitly with
policy informatics outcomes in mind.
[email protected]
26 C. Koliba and A. Zia
Policy Informatics Analyst
Informatics-Savvy Public
•Advanced research methods •Data visualization and design
techniques •Basic to advanced modeling software skills •Basic
to advanced programming language(s)
•Systems thinking •Basic understanding of research methods
•Knowledge of how to integrate informatics within performance
management •Knowledge of how to integrate inofrmatics within
financial systems•Effecive written communication •Effective
usese of social media / e-governance approaches
Fig. 2.3 The nested capacities of informatics-savvy public
managers and policy informatics analysts
Figure 2.3 illustrates how the competencies of the two different
ideal types of
policy informatics practitioners are nested inside of one
another. A more complete
list of competencies that are needed for the more advanced
forms of policy analy-
sis will need to emerge through robust exchanges between the
224. computer sciences,
organizational sciences, and policy sciences. These views will
likely hinge on as-
sumptions about the sophistication of the models to be
developed. A key question
here concerning the types of models to be built is: Can adequate
models be built
using existing software or is original programming needed or
desired? Ideally, ad-
vanced policy analysts undertaking policy informatics projects
are “programmers
with a public service motivation.”
2.3 Applications to Professional Masters Programs
Professional graduate degree programs have steadily moved
toward emphasizing the
importance of the mission of particular graduate programs in
determining the optimal
curriculum to suit the learning needs of it students. As a result,
clear definitions of
the learning outcomes and the learning needs of particular
student communities are
defined. Some programs may seek to serve regional or local
needs of the government
and nonprofit sector, while others may have a broader reach,
preparing students to
work within federal or international level governments and
nonprofits.
In addition to geographic scope, accredited MPA and MPP
programs may have
specific areas of concentration. Some programs may focus on
preparing public man-
agers who are charged with managing resources, making
operational, tactical, and