The document discusses the implications of patron-driven and demand-driven acquisition models for libraries and publishers, highlighting the challenges and opportunities in the current scholarly publishing landscape. It emphasizes the high costs associated with journal subscriptions and the potential benefits of shifting to article-level purchasing, aiming to maintain access while managing budget constraints. Several models are proposed for replacing current big deal subscriptions, focusing on achieving similar access levels with more flexible financial structures.

1. Purchasing Articles on
Demand: Implications for
Libraries and Publishers
Allen Press Emerging Trends in Scholarly Publishing Seminar
Washington, D.C.
April 19, 2012
Michael Levine-Clark
University of Denver

2. Definitions
 Patron-Driven Acquisition (PDA)
 Faculty Requests/Input
 Use Data
 Demand-Driven Acquisition (DDA)
 Meets immediate need

3. Why DDA is Ideal for Books
 High cost per use (but cheap unit cost)
 Low overall use
 As percentage of collection (40% not
used)
 Per item (most only used 1-2 times)
 High publishing output
 ~1 million titles annually (UNESCO)

4. Books Cataloged 2000-2004
(126,953 Titles)
4+
uses, 18.8%
0
uses, 39.6%
3 uses, 8.2%
2
uses, 12.8%
1 use, 20.6%

5. Books Cataloged 2000-2004
(126,953 Titles)
4+
uses, $1,084,
576
0 3
uses, $2,284, uses, $473,06
532 0
2
1
uses, $738,43
use, $1,188,4
5
18

6. Annual Book Production, 2009
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
DU Purchases North All United World
American States (UNESCO)
Scholarly
(YBP)

7. But What About Articles?

8. Journals – Current Landscape
 Big deals
supplemented by
 Single-title subscriptions
supplemented by
 Article-level acquisition
 On the margins
 ILL
 PDF purchase

9. Journal vs. Article
 In electronic environment, the article is
what matters
 The unit most people want
 (Relatively) affordable per item

10. Articles
(Why DDA May Not Be Ideal)
 Low cost per use (but generally
expensive absolutely)
 High overall use
 Smaller publishing universe (but still
impossible to get it all)
 ~350,000 titles (EBSCO)

11. The Big Deal
 Cost effective
 Incredible deals for University of Denver
 Lots of bang for the buck
 Access to many more titles than possible
with title-by-title selection
 Probably not sustainable with current
academic library budgets

12. The Journal Inflation Problem
80.0%
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
Recurring
40.0%
Non-Recurring
30.0% Services
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2009 FY 2010 FY 2011

13. How Do You Replace
the Big Deal?

14. Replacing the Big Deal
 Medium or small deals
 More title-by-title selection
 Article-level purchase

15. Current Options
 Expensive PDF lease
 $30+ per article
 Print/download
 Given to end user
 Nothing for library
 Nothing for next user
 Works well for marginal material – not
enough demand to warrant a subscription

16. Current Options
 Read-only short-term loan
 Cambridge University Press model
 Low cost ($5.99) in line with normal cost
per use
 24-hour access
 No download/print
 Another use = another payment
 Might work for core material – but limited
utility

17. A Goal: Replace Big Deal –
Similar Access Level for
Similar Spend

18. Replace Big Deal
 Benefit libraries
 Access to wider range of journals/articles
 Greater budgetary flexibility
 Benefit publishers
 Maintain most revenue in face of
stagnant/shrinking library budgets
 Maintain viability of journals
 Increase access to journals (beyond core)
 Benefit both
 Move from journal to article

19. Possible Models
 Expensive PDF purchase
 $30+ per article
 Print/download
 Full-text access on publisher site
 Available to next user
 Potentially lower cost per use

20. Possible Models
 Cheaper short-term loan
 $1.99
 Print/download
 Single user with expiration

21. Possible Models -
Requirements
 Need a sustainable price
 Need a cap
 At some point the library owns the article
(or journal)
 Do publishers need a guarantee, or do
we assume that good content will be
acquired?

22. Thank You