Rafael is feeling overwhelmed preparing to write the introduction to his thesis due to confusion from some of the articles he read. The summary would suggest the following steps for Rafael to clear up his confusion: 1) Plan and set goals to clarify what he wants to prove in his thesis. 2) Organize the various reading materials he has been exposed to. 3) Seek help from his university library and journal articles to gain skills in researching his topic. 4) Choose a topic he can relate to and that is of current interest.