PSY-403 Lesson 05 (Virtual University)(ppt)

1. PSY-403
Research process, Designs and
Methods
Lecture 05

2. Review
The Research Process: (Eight Steps)
1. Develop a research question & review literature
2. Develop a research theory / hypothesis
3. Variables and operational definitions
4. Choose a research design
5. Evaluate the ethics
6. Collect data
7. Analyze data and form conclusions
8. Report research results

3. Review
The Research Process
(6. Collect Data)
(Sampling Strategies)
1. Probability samples
2. Non-Probability Samples
1) Probability samples:
i. Simple Random Sampling
ii. Systematic Random Sampling
iii. Stratified Sampling
iv. Cluster Sampling
v. Hybrid or “multistage selection” Sampling

4. The Research Process
(6. Collect Data)
(Sampling Strategies)
2 - Non-probability samples:
i. Purposive sampling
i. Accidental sampling
i. Convenience sampling
i. Call-in surveys (Crossen, 1994)
(Different sampling techniques can lead to different results.)

5. The Research Process
(6. Collect Data)
Types of Data:
• Qualitative data exists in a nonnumeric form.
• Quantitative data is numerical.

6. The Research Process
(6. Collect Data)
Techniques of data collection:
1. Self reports
1. Direct observations
1. Archival information

7. The Research Process
(7 - Analyze data and form conclusions)
Types of statistics
• Descriptive Statistics merely summarize and describe
the behavior or characteristics of a particular sample of
participants in a study.
• Inferential statistics move beyond mere description to
make inferences about the larger population from which
the sample was drawn.

8. The Research Process
(8. Report Research Results)
Three ways to disseminate knowledge:
1. Publishing articles in scientific journals
1. Making presentations at professional meetings
1. Personally informing other researchers

9. The Research Process
(8. Report Research Results)
If research was not“written up,”did it really occur?
I. Title
II. Authors and their
affiliations
III. Abstract
IV. Introduction
V. Method
VI. Results
I. Discussion
II. Conclusions
III. References
IV. Tables
V. Figures
VI. Appendices (if any)
VII. Footnotes (including
Author Note)

10. Three Important Research Designs
(Cohen & Holiday, 1982)
1. Descriptive investigations:
Non-experimental designs geared towards
describing phenomena.
2. Designs based on differences between groups:
a. Independent/ unrelated groups
b. Dependent/ related groups

11. Three Important Research Designs
(Cohen & Holiday, 1982)
3. Designs based on association between
variables
Extensions of earlier designs:
Longitudinal Designs
Mixed Designs

12. Most Common Research Methods
1. Observational Research
1. Correlational Research
1. Experimental Methods

13. Most Common Research Methods
(1 - Observational Research)
• Observational research is a scientific method
involving systematic qualitative and/or quantitative
descriptions of behavior.
Characteristics:
• Simply Record
• High in Validity
• High in Resource Consumption

14. Most Common Research Methods
(1 - Observational Research)
Essentials of Observation:
• Functional Analysis (Skinner, 1972)
1. Antecedent
2. Behavior
3. Consequence
• Categories of observation

15. Most Common Research Methods
(1 - Observational Research)
(Essentials: Categories)
Interpersonal interaction: initiates conversation,
maintains conversation, maintains eye contact, among
others, etc.
Aggression:
Physical or verbal?
Physical: Pushing, hitting, kicking, punching, pinching,
biting, throwing things, slapping, etc.
Verbal: Staring, frowning, cursing, speaking in a
threatening way, name calling, etc.

16. Recap
• The Research Process
(Collect Data)
• The Research Process
( Analyze data and form conclusions)
• The Research Process
(Report Research Results)
• Three Important Research Designs
• Most Common Research Methods
• Observational Research