1. The document discusses key figures in the history of electricity and their contributions, from ancient Greek philosophers like Thales of Miletus in the 6th century BC up to modern physicists like J.J. Thomson in the late 19th/early 20th century. 2. It describes early observations of static electricity in materials like amber by Thales and the first treatise on electricity by the Greek philosopher Theophrastus in the 4th century BC. 3. Several important 18th and 19th century scientists are mentioned for their work establishing concepts of electrostatics, electromagnetism, electric current and discoveries like the electron, including William Gilbert, Otto von Guericke, Stephen Gray, Benjamin

1. PROYECTO SÌNTESIS
ANGIE KATHERINE CASTILLO IBAÑEZ.
YASMIN DAYANA FORERO RIVERA.
JUAN DAVID RAMÍREZ BAUTISTA.
2017

2. FILOSOFÌA
ORIGEN: elektron-Ambar la electricidad es una forma de energía que se puede
encontrar en nuestro cuerpo, en el aire y en los objetos. Su estudio tiene dos
ramas, en reposo se llama electroestática y en movimiento se llama
electrodinámica.
En el año 2750 a.c se encuentran escritos egipcios donde describen pequeñas
descargas eléctricas de unos peces llamados por ellos los tronadores de Nilo
donde se describía la sensación al tocarlos de una manera de adormecimiento
y En el año 600 a.c. en Grecia el filósofo griego Tales de Mileto observo que
frotando una varilla de ámbar con una lana o piel, se obtienen pequeñas
cargas que atraían objetos y al frotarla mucho tiempo causaba la aparición de
una chispa. Cerca de la antigua Grecia se encontraban unas piedras de
magnesia que se atraían entre si y a objetos de hierro.
Y el estudio entre la electricidad y el magnetismo se decidieron estudiar
individual.

3.  1.TALES DE MILETO: alrededor de esta fecha tales de Mileto (630-550ª.c.) descubre
la electricidad estática, al darse cuenta de que al frotar el ámbar este posee la
propiedad de atraer algunos objetos.
 2. THEOPHRASTUS 310ª.C – primer tratado de electricidad. El filósofo griego
theophrastus (374-287 a.c) escribe el primer tratado donde se establece que
existen varias sustancias aparte del ámbar, que posee la propiedad de atraer
objetos al ser frotados.

4.  3. WILLIAM GILBERT (1544-1603) estudio los imanes para mejorar la
exactitud de las brújulas usadas en la navegación, siendo este trabajo
la base principal para la definición para los fundamentos de la
electroestática y el magnetismo. GILBERT fue el primero en aplicar
el termino electricidad del griego “elektron” ámbar, el Gilbert es una
unidad de la fuerza magneto motriz.

5. FÌSICA
 1.TALES DE MILETO: alrededor de esta fecha tales de Mileto (630-
550ª.c.) descubre la electricidad estática, al darse cuenta de que al
frotar el ámbar este posee la propiedad de atraer algunos objetos.
 2. THEOPHRASTUS 310ª.C – primer tratado de electricidad. El
filósofo griego theophrastus (374-287 a.c) escribe el primer tratado
donde se establece que existen varias sustancias aparte del ámbar,
que posee la propiedad de atraer objetos al ser frotados.

6.  3. WILLIAM GILBERT (1544-1603) estudio los imanes para mejorar la exactitud
de las brújulas usadas en la navegación, siendo este trabajo la base
principal para la definición para los fundamentos de la electroestática y el
magnetismo. GILBERT fue el primero en aplicar el termino electricidad
del griego “elektron” ámbar, el Gilbert es una unidad de la fuerza magneto
motriz.
 4. OTTO VAN GUERICE: el físico alemán Otto van guerice (1602-1686) desarrollo
la primera máquina electroestática para producir cargas eléctricas.
Máquina que consiste en una esfera de azufre torneada, con una manija a través de
la cual la carga es inducida al posar la mano sobre la esfera.

7.  5. STEPHEN GRAY: su aporte más notable (1729) es el hallazgo de que la
electricidad puede ser conducida atreves de un cuerpo conductor. Llevo a cabo
diversas experiencias sobre el transporte de energía eléctrica a distancia.
En sus experimentos también descubrió que para que la electricidad pudiera circular
por el conductor este tenía que estar aislado de tierra. También descubrió la
electrización por influencia.
 6. BENJAMÌN FRANKLIN: EN 1752 Benjamín franklin demostró la naturaleza
eléctrica de los rayos.
Desarrollo la teoría de que la electricidad es un fluido que existe en la materia y su
flujo se debe al exceso o defecto del mismo en ella.
Invento el pararrayos. En 1780 invento los lentes bifocales.

8. CÀLCULO
 1. ANDRE MARIE AMPERE: en 1823, establece los principios de la
electrodinámica, cuando llegue a la conclusión de que la fuerza
electromotriz es el producto de los dos efectos: la tensión
eléctrica y la corriente eléctrica. Experimenta conductores
determinando que estos se atraen si las corrientes fluyen la
misma dirección, y se repelen cuando fluyen en contra.
Invento el primer telégrafo eléctrico y, junto a François Arago,
el electroimán. Formulo en 1827 la teoría del
electromagnetismo.

9. 2. JHON HOPKINSON: CONTRIBUYE AL DESARROLLO DE LA
ELECTRICIDAD CON EL DESCUBRIMIENTO DEL SISTEMA TRIFÁSICO PARA
LA GENERACIÓN Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LA CORRIENTE ELÉCTRICA.
SISTEMA QUE PATENTA EN 1882. TRABAJA TAMBIÉN EN MUCHAS ÁREAS
DEL ELECTROMAGNETISMO Y LA ELECTROESTÁTICA.

10.  3. JOSEPH JHON THOMSON: en 1898 elaboro la teoría del pudin de ciruelas de la
estructura atómica, en la que sostenía que los electrones eran como “ciruelas”
negativas incrustadas en un “pudín” de materia positiva. Se le considero el
descubridor del electrón por sus experimentos con el flujo de partículas
(electrones) que componen los rayos catódicos.
Thomson en 1906 demostró que el hidrogeno tiene un electrón. Propuso el segundo
modelo atómico, que podría caracterizarse como una esfera de carga positiva en lo
cual se incrustan los electrones. Además fue inventor del espectro de la masa.

11. INGLES
 In the year 2750 a.c are Egyptian writings where they describe small
electrical discharges of some fish called by them the thunderers of
Nile Where the sensation was described when touching them of a
way of numbness and In the year 600 a.c. In Greece the Greek
philosopher Thales of Miletus observed that rubbing a rod of amber
with a wool or fur, small charges were obtained which attracted
objects and by rubbing it for a long time caused the appearance of a
spark. Near the ancient Greece were some stones of magnesia that
were attracted to each other and objects of iron.

12.  2.Tales was born in the city of Miletus, approximately in 624 B.C, and died in 546 B.C.
Traditionally Tales has been considered one of the seven sages of Greece, being, together with
Solón, of the most cited ones in the diverse lists in which they were grouped them. The references
about his life are confusing and contradictory. Regarding his own origin, for example, some
consider him of Phoenician origin, having been later made a citizen of Miletus, and others make
him a native of Miletus and noble blood.
 3.Theophrastus was born in 370 B.C. and was a student of Aristotle, who bequeathed to
Theophrastus his writings, and designated him as his successor at his School. He was a scholar,
botanist, biologist, and physicist. The most important of his books are two large botanical
treatises, Enquiry into Plants, and On the Causes of Plants, which constitute the first systemization
of the botanical world and were major sources for botanical knowledge during antiquity and the
Middle Ages. On the strength of these works some call him the "father of botany.

13.  4 WILLIAM GILBERT. also known as ‘Gilberd’, was a famous researcher in
magnetism. He was famous during the time of Queen Elizabeth I and is
best known for his publication, ‘De Magnete’. Credited as one of the
originators of the term of electricity, William Gilbert is also known as the
father of electricity, magnetism and electrical engineering. He travelled
extensively and wrote many publications such as ‘Magnetisque
Corporibus’ and ‘ET de Magno Magnete Tellure’ during his lifetime. Apart
from being a scientist, Gilbert led a parallel career as an astronomer. He
studied the moon’s surface without a telescope and concluded that the
craters were in fact land, and the white patches on the moon’s surface were
water bodies. One of his other significant contributions was when he
pointed out that the motion of the skies occurred due to the rotation of the
earth.

14.  5 Otto von. Guericke was born on November 20, 1602, in Magdeburg, Germany.
Whilehe studied mathematics, law, and engineering, Guericke would become famous
for his experiments with a vacuum and air pressure.

 Following travels to England and France, Guericke returned to Magdeburg in 1627 and
became a politician. Unfortunately, this was during the Thirty Years'War, and Guericke
and his family had to flee the city in 1631. After the war,he returned and helped rebuild
the city, becoming mayor in 1646. Twenty years later he became a noble and added
"von" to his name.
 During Guericke's time, scientists were involved in an argument about whethera
vacuum could exist. Guericke, who believed in the Copernican theory of thesolar
system, was extremely interested in understanding the nature of space.He wondered
whether empty space could exist. Since he doubted the idea that infinitely increasing
speed could exist, he concluded that a vacuum could not existeither.

15.  6. Stephen Gray (December 1666 – 7 February 1736) was an English
dyer and astronomer who was the first to systematically experiment
with electrical conduction. Until his work in 1729 the emphasis had
been on the simple generation of static charges and investigations of
the static phenomena (electric shocks, plasma glows, etc). He also
first made the distinction between conduction and insulation, and
discovered the action-at-a-distance phenomenon of electrostatic
induction.

16.  7. BENJAMÌN FRANKLIN: Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston on
January 17, 1706. He was the tenth son of soap maker, Josiah
Franklin. Benjamin's mother was Abiah Folger, the second wife of
Josiah. In all, Josiah would father 17 children.Josiah intended for
Benjamin to enter into the clergy. However, Josiah could only afford
to send his son to school for one year and clergymen needed years of
schooling. But, as young Benjamin loved to read he had him
apprenticed to his brother James, who was a printer. After helping
James compose pamphlets and set type which was grueling work,
12-year-old Benjamin would sell their products in the streets.

17.  8. André Marie Ampère was a French physicist and founder of
electrodynamics (electromagnetism). The unit for measuring electric
current was named for him.
 Mostly self-educated, André Marie Ampère's father was guillotined
during the French Revolution. After witnessing an experiment by
Ørsted, Ampère developed theory to understand the relationship
between electricity and magnetism. In recognition of his
contribution to modern electrical science, the "ampere" was
established as a standard unit of electrical measurement. He died in
1836.

18.  9 John Hopkinson, (born July 27, 1849, Manchester, Eng.—died Aug. 27, 1898,
Mount Petite Dent de Veisivi, Switz.), British engineer and physicist who
invented the three-wire system for electricity distribution and improved the
design and efficiency of electric generators. In 1872 he became engineering
manager of Chance Brothers and Company, a glass manufacturer in Birmingham,
where he studied the problems of lighthouse illumination and advocated the use
of flashing groups of lights for more efficient lighthouse operation.He also
studied electrostatic storage capacity, the phenomenon of residual charge, and
other problems arising from the electromagnetic theory of James Clerk Maxwell.

19.  10. J.J. Thomson. was born on December 18, 1856, in Cheetham Hill,
England, and went on to attend Trinity College at Cambridge, where
he would come to head the Cavendish Laboratory. His research in
cathode rays led to the discovery of the electron, and he pursued
further innovations in atomic structure exploration. Thomson won
the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics, among many accolades. He died on
August 30, 1940.