Here are the main components and uses of the astrolabe: - The astrolabe is composed of several movable disks or plates made of brass that are engraved with lines representing circles of celestial longitude and latitude. - It can be used to determine the positions of the sun, moon, planets and stars in the sky at any given date and time. This allowed astronomers to track celestial motions and enabled navigators to chart their position at sea. - By aligning the different plates to a particular date, time, and location, the astrolabe projects the sky onto its surface, allowing one to read off the altitude and azimuth of celestial bodies above the horizon. - It was an important astronomical and navigational tool

1. Editorial
¡Ah Al
Andalus!
"Dale lismona
mujer, que no hay
en la vida nada
como la pena de ser
ciego en Granada"
dice un dicho
popular.
Una prueba de que
el legado andalusí
tiene un valor
inestimable. Desde
714 hasta 1492, los
árabes trajeron su
sabiduría científica
y técnica a la
Península Ibérica
dejando huellas
inolvidables.
Desde la Noria
hasta la destilación,
desde el papel hasta
la cámara oscura
sus
descubrimientos no
dejaron de
sorprendernos. Y
nos dimos cuenta
de que su legado
sigue influyendo
nuestra propia vida
cotidiana.
¡¡Cuidado que
muchas sorpresas le
están esperando en
esta revista!!
¿Por qué "Ciencias to
talk"?
Querido lector:
Esta revista es el fruto del trabajo entre los
franceses del colegio Georges Pompidou de
Villeneuve-la-Garenne y los españoles del
IES Francisco Ayala de Granada.
Trabajamos juntos a lo largo del curso
2014-2015 para descubrir quiénes somos e
investigar sobre los grandes
descubrimientos científicos de la época de
Al Ándalus.
A la manera que los pueblos andalusíes,
procuramos debatir, argumentar,
intercambiar, compartir discusiones
interminables por correo o en el chat del
Twinspace para llevar a cabo este trabajo.
¡Esperamos que el resultado le guste!
Gael e Ilias

2. Sumario
El jardín árabe y sus plantas
5 Por Angela, Isabel y Kehina
Papel reciclado
6 Por Fabián, Julio y Yann.
Tinta y caligrafía
10 Por Carmen, Gael, y Marina
El alambique y la destilación
14 Por Adrien, David y Pablo.
Jabón y crema de argán
18 Por Arabela, Ibtissem, Julia,
María y Sheila
Perfumes y aromas
22 Por Alejandra, Rebeca
y Wissem
Cocina andalusí saludable
26 Por Aicha, Marina y Marguerite
Proyecto eTwinning Ciencias to talk 2014-2015

3. La Noria de agua
5 Por Fran e Ilias
El astrolabio
6 Por Lucía R, Lucía T y Marie
La clepsidra
10 Por Claudia y Javier
La brújula
14 Por Adrián, Enrique y
Hamedine
La cámara oscura
18 Por Carla y Patricia
Nube de palabras
22 Palabras que simbolizan el
proyecto para los chicos
PORTFOLIO
26 Recuerdos inolvidables...
Proyecto eTwinning Ciencias to talk 2014-2015

4. THE
EDITORS:
French
team(above)
and
Spanish
team(below)
1. Gael
2.Ibtissem
3.Hamedine
4.Ilias
5. Yann 6.Carla 7.Marie
8.Aicha 9.Kehina 10.Wissem
12.Adrien 13.Claudia
14.Marguerite
1.Isabel 2.Fabian 3.Patricia 7.Lucia R. 8.
Lucia T. 9. Angela 10. Pablo 11.Fran
12.Javier 13.Marina A. 14.Alejandra
15.David 16. Julia 17.Rebeca 18.Carmen
19.Marina D. 21. Maria 22.Sheila 23.Julio
24.Arabella 25.Enrique 27.Adrian

5. Properties of the medicinal
plants in Al-andalus
by Angela and Isa
Rosemary
The rosemary is a very rich
plant in active beginning and
has numerous medicinal
properties, between others, is
antiseptic, anti-spasmodic,
fragrant, a stomach and
stimulants. It can also be used
to relax our muscles when it is
heated, avoiding the muscles
pains. it's perfect to have it as
an infusion after doing exercise,
because it has been used since
the Arabians to relax.
Lavender
Since the antiquity , we use
lavender for relax . In this
respect, for example, a bag is
recommended to put by
lavender under the sheets, since
there are demonstrated the
tranquilizing effects that your
smell produces. Avoids the
insomnia, it is highly effective
at the moment of reducing the
conditions of anxiety and
edginess.
Lavender diminishes the
arterial tension and it helps
to avoid the dizziness in the
trips and facilitates the
digestions when these meet
altered because of the
nerves. It would be enough
to take an infusion of
lavender or combine it with
other such relaxing plants.
Lavender

6. Recycling paper
in Alandalus
FABIAN Y JULIO

7. The muslims learned how
to do paper thanks to the
chinise prisioners. They
learn to do it with bark of
mulberry but they
innovated it and they did
the paper with hemp and
cotton. The hemp paper
turned out a good quality
paper. They also did paper
with rags of linen. They
olso learned to recicle the
papers. To do this they
had to:
-Soak the paper at least one week. -Grind
the dough. -Put it in a solid mould with
one face made of a metal grille. -Push
with a cover for removed a lot of water. -
Leave another week to dry it. It get a dark
color because of the ink and it is
thickness than the normal paper but you
can write on it.

9. AL-ANDALUS/
Arabian Ink
Ink around the
History
Ink is a liquid or
paste that contains
pigments or dyes and
is used to color a
surface to produce an
image, text, or design.
In 2500 ancient
egyptian and chinese
civilizations both
developed ink around
this time. Through
the time the ink has
been perfected to
nowadays.
ARABIAN INK
The muslims perfect the ink:
*They improve the technique of making ink.
*They create new types of ink.
-Jabir Ibn Hayyan made an ink that was
present in the dark.
-Ibn Badis made silver ink by crushing silver
filings with distil wine. He also
decribe how to make colours inks.
-They invented a new black ink that colud be
clean if there was an error because it
was very soft.
Carmen García & Marina Domínguez

10. INGREDIENTS
Oak gall: 4g
Arabic gum: 2g
Ferrous sulphate: 1g
White wine: 40g
PROCEDURE
We crush the oak gall but not to
much. We weigh the arabic gum,
the ferrous sulphate and the
whitw wine. Then we mix it and
boil it during some minutes.
Finally we strain the liquid.
*It is advisable to let it stand
during some days for dim and
add him vinegar for delay the
appereance of mushroom.
Carmen García & Marina Domínguez

12. ALAMBIQUE
& Distillation
David and Pablo

13. DESCRIPTION
The alembic or alquitara is
a device used for the
distillation of liquids, by
means of a process of
evaporation for later
warming condensation for
cooling. It he was invents
for Al-Razi in the 10th
century, to produce
perfumes, medicines and
the alcohol
It is constituted by a boiler
or retort, where the mixture
warms up. The issued
steams go out on the top
part and cool in a coil
placed in a container
refreshed by water. The
resultant liquid is gathered
in the final warehouse.
The alcohol boils to a
temperature (80°C),
lower than that of the
water, the steams that
first are formed are
them of that one,
though mixed with a
small proportion of
water, and one
manages to reveal a
substance with major
alcoholic degree that
the original one.

14. Distillation of red
wine to produce
alcohol
Pablo and David

15. SOAP
By María López and Julia Jerez

16. * You should used gloves because
the soda will react and burnt your
skin if you touch it.
* You should do the first step in an
open place because the soda will
detach toxics gases.
* You can add essences, oils or
colourants to the soap.
ADVICE
1. Put in a bowl the water and add slowly the
soda.
2. Stir with a wood spoon until the soda is
totally dissolved and then, mix the water with
soda with the oil.
4. Continue stirring till the liquid become
viscous (with the consistency of the
mayonnaise) and put it in a flat pan.
6. Leave the soap to curdle minimum 48 hours
and after that time, cut the soap in small
pieces and used in for washing yourself
orclothes!
* 500ml of water (if the soap is
for the face, the water must be
distil)
* 125g of caustic soda
* 500ml of olive oil (it can be
used)
INSTRUCTIONS
INGREDIENTS

17. THE SOAP
History
We don't know exactly when or where
was made the first piece of soap but
the first civilization that produced soap
were the ancient Babylons around the
2800 BC. The first European big soap
factory was built by the Arabs in the
10th century in Seville, city of Al
Andalus. This soap spread through
Europe as it could be used for the
body cleanliness because it was made
with vegetable oil. The raw material
were got from the Guadalquivir
marshlands and the olive groves. In
the 16th century, with the discovery of
America, it became very famous and
made the European people to be more
clear so much illnesses disappeared.

18. Photos of the production
*Final result

19. Bees wax
Cream
Bees wax

20. In Muslim Spain, Andalusia, in the city of
Cordoba lived the famous physician and
surgeon, Al-Zahrawi (936-1013 CE) . He
wrote a monumental work, a medical
encyclopaedia entitled Al-Tasreef, in 30
volumes medical textbook. IN the 19th
volume of Al-Tasreef was devoted to
cosmetics and is the first original Muslim
work in cosmetology.
Bees wax

21. ARGAN OIL
Argan oil is rich in
natural ingredients
that play a role in cell
renewal and
regeneration. 4 In the
traditional Moroccan
pharmacopoeia,
Argan oil is adopted
for body treatments
to combat the ravages
of age and climate.
BEES WAX
Wax is the material that bees use to
build their nests. It is produced by young
honeybees that secrete it as a liquid
through their wax glands. On contact
with air, the wax hardens into small
flakes of wax in the bottom of the bee.
Bees wax

22. "PROCEDURE FOR MAKING
BEESWAX CREAM"
1.we take a pot and set it
to simmer, we take a glass
bowl and we put a square
beeswax. Put the
container in the pot and
leave. 2.when the melted
beeswax casting we argan
oil slowly while moving.
3.when in a liquid state we
remove it from the pot.
4.when we remove it we
can have a scent.
5.we put it in a bowl and
put it in the fridge 1 hour.
6.and we have OUR
CREAM!!!
BY:
Sheila and
Arabela

23. Water of Roses
by Alejandra & Rebeca

24. Perfumes in Al-
Andalus
·History:
In Al Andalus like in the rest of
the Islamic world, the perfumes
had an important presence.
Water perfumes of roses,
perfumes of saffron, musk,
amber or cinnamon that were
of general use in all the social
classes both for men and for
women.
During the Middle Ages and in
the Renaissance the perfumes
were begun to use to cover the
smell from the bad airs that
doing that they falling ill.
·How they did it?
Women and
children took the
flowers and
sustancies to
prepared it. They
were the managers
of gathering the
flowers with which
the essential oils
were obtained to
make the perfume,
they realized during
June. Thyme and
marshmallow was
ALEJANDRA JIMÉNEZ LÓPEZ Y REBECA RUÍZ GÓMEZ

25. Px
300ml of distilled water
Alcohol (96º)
50gr of roses petals
Essence of roses
Roses water ingredients

26. Px
Then you have to put in a glass and
decorate ir.
You have to strain and you have the
water of roses. When the water is cold
put 100ml of water of roses and 100ml
of alcohal, also you have to put 2 drops
of roses essence.
You have to boil the water and put the
flowers. You have to wait 5 minutes and
cover it, then wait 6 hours.

27. The Cake
Marina Jiménez Ariza

28. RELATION WITH AL-ANDALUS
Al-Andalus was famous for
the production of sweet, they
make it with oliva oil, like
now.
The cake was a famous recipe
that people make in Al-
Andalus.
We conserve some of the
recipes that hispano-arabian
people use in their century.

29. INGREDIENTS
- 2 yogurts
- 2 sugar`s glass
- 6 eggs
- 25g of yeast
- 3 flour`s glass
- ½ oil glass

30. ELABORATION
1st You must put all the
ingredients in a container
2nd You must mix all the
ingredients in the container
3rd You must throw the
ingredients in a baking dish
4th You must put the baking dish
in the oven
5th You turn on the oven at 180º
6th During 30 - 40 minutes the cake
must be on the oven and then the cake
is cooked
7th Enjoy it

31. The Noria
Fran Ortega

32. The most common
description of a noria is a
water wheel used for raising
water from a river so that it
can flow by gravity via
aqueduct to villages and
cultivated land for
irrigation. Using this broader
definition, norias can be
either animal or water-
powered, depending on the
source of water. When water
is lifted from wells, the wheel
is typically turned by an
animal. The rim of a second
wheel, placed horizontally,
touches the rim of the
vertical wheel at a 90º angle.
One of the two wheels has a
series of pegs protruding
from the rim parallel to the
axle of the respective wheel,

33. Parts Of The Noria
The noria, used for raising water,
was a type of undershot water
wheel that activated no
machinery beyond itself. It was
equipped with radial blades or
paddles that rotated the
apparatus as they were impacted
by the flowing water that came
into contact with the lower
immersed portion of the wheel.
Buckets or pots made of wood,
bamboo or pottery were attached
to the rim of the wheel. As the
machine rotated, the buckets
filled with water, which was
carried upward and spilled near
the top of the wheel into a trough.
The buckets then returned empty
to the bottom of the wheel to
repeat the process.
< Thats will be our
project

34. THE
ASTROLABE

35. The astrolabe is an
ancient instrument
that determines the
position of the stars on
the sky. The word
comes from the Greek
astrolabe and which
can be translated as "
star finder " . The
astrolabe was used by
navigators ,
astronomers and
scientists.
A
STROLABE
The origins of the astrolabe were in
classical Greece. Apollonius, the great
codifier of conic sections, probably
studied the astrolabe projection. The
most influential individual on the theory
of the astrolabe projection was
Hipparchus who was born in Nicaea in
Asia Minor about 180 BC but studied and
worked on the island of Rhodes.

36. “Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, si
dici consectetuer adipisci elit
mpendere integre.”
The astrolabe is based on the
stereographic projection of the
celestial sphere . It consists basically of
a graduated circle whose shaft turns a
needle with a spotlight that points the
chosen star . The edge of the mother,
or limbo, shows a scale in degrees and
often other in hours and minutes.
The front of the instrument , or face of
the mater , is slightly concave and her
other two discs are inserted. The
procedure, called eardrum, is a fixed
plate engraved with the coordinates of
the celestial sphere corresponding to a
particular latitude, including the
zenith , the horizon lines of altitude,
azimuth , the celestial Ecuador , the
ecliptic and the tropics of Cancer and
Capricorn
The external , called spider
or network is rotatable and
represents a transparent
world map with the
positions of the sun, moon
and the brightest stars of
the place. On the spider , a
needle with visor , the rule
aims to astro sought.
Directing the Sun indicates
, on the side of the
observer, local time.

37. The back of the mother used to know
the height of a tower , the distance to
the tower and the symbol of the zodiac
that is occupied by the sun . Above this
part just turns a needle alidade with
two or viewers for finlets readings. The
astrolabe throughout history has been
improving and diversifying in this way
, we find various types : the astrolabe
planispheric designed for calculating
and representing the positions of the
stars in a single latitude, the universa
astrolabe, the Rojas astrolabe , Islamic
astrolabe, the sailor employed in the
vessel and quadrant .

38. Clepsydra
Javier Suárez Lloréns

39. The clepsydra, or water
clock, is a group of objects
that measures time using a
liquid.
Clepsydras are one of the first
objects to measure time. The older
clepsydra never known is from
China and it was built 6015 years
ago!!

40. In the Islamic world, the use of water
clocks has its roots from Archimedes
during the rise of Alexandria
(Egypt) and continues
through Byzantium. In al-Jazari's 1206
treatise, he describes one of his water
clocks, the elephant clock. The clock
recorded the passage of temporal
hours, which means that the rate of
flow had to be changed daily to correct
the clock as day length changes. To
simplify this, the clock had two tanks,
the top tank was connected to the time
indicating mechanisms and the bottom
was connected to the flow regulator.
Basically, at daybreak the tap was
opened and water flowed from the top
tank to the bottom tank through a
regulator that maintained a constant
pressure in the bottom tank.

41. Clepsydras in 20th and 21st
century
Only a few modern water clocks
exist today. In 1979, the french
scientist Bernard Gitton created his
Time-Flow Clocks, which are a
modern-day approach to the
historical version. His unique glass
tube designs can be found in over
30 locations through the world,
including one at Europa-Center's
The Clock of Flowing Time
in Berlin, Centre Commercial
Milenis in Guadeloupe and
the Giant Water Clock at The
Children's Museum of Indianapolis,
Indiana.
There are other modern designs of
water clocks, including the Royal
Gorge water clock in Colorado, the
Woodgrove Mall in
Nanaimo, British Columbia, in
the Abbotsford Airport (formerly
at Sevenoaks Shopping Centre)
in Abbotsford, British Columbia,
and the Hornsby Water
Clock in Sydney, Australia.
Parts of the clepsydra
1.- Upper tank, that
contains water that is going
to fall down.
2.- The flow regulator. It's a
cap with a hole, the size of
the hole is related with how
much water we will need
for measure, for example, 2
minutes.
3.- The bottom tank. It
keeps all the fallen water.
In this tank we have got
lines that means the passed
time

42. THE COMPASS
Where it was invented?
Improvements in Al-Andalus
How we have made?

43. THE COMPASS
The compass is one of the four
inventions of ancient China. At
first, the compass was made
with a natural magnet in the
form of spoon. Its smooth base
freely rotated on a bronze tray
or a wood table.
When the spoon handle
stopped, he pointed to the
magnetic south, hence its name
in Chinese literally means
"needle pointing south".
The most profound
consequence of the invention
was that employment in the
navigation introduced important
changes in techniques and
prometed nautical sea travel
and cultural exchanges,
thereby opening a new age in
history.
The Chinese compass
introduced in Europe. The
Arabs began to use in
navigation in the late of XII
century, more than one
hundred years after the
Chinese.
The Arabs created their
own compass, unlike
the Chinese, this
pointed north.
Later they invented a
compass consisting of
a magnetic leaf floating
in the water. Finally
they created a pocket
compass which was
based on a container of
water in a needle
rotating on an axix

44. Px
We noted in a dish filled with
water, with a compass, the
cardinal points.
Cut a piece of cork and mark the
cardinal points. Then we nailed the
needle with the tip pointing north.
How we have made
the compass?
Step 1
Step 3
Rub a needle with a magnet
for 10 second
Put the cork on the plate and
the tip of the needle points
north than we put on the plate
Step 2
Step 4
THE COMPASS

45. Dark Camera
by Patricia

46. The dark camera is one of
the ancestrals mechanisms
that drove to the
photograph development.
The actual cameras have
inherit the name of
"camera" from ancient
cameras. The dark camera
was probably invented by
Bagdad in the 10th
century.

47. Bagdad said that the
objects produce
luminous rays. The
observation at this
phenomenon gave
origin to the invention
of the camera.
It was used for painting.
The image was proyected
in paper, and it was used
as a guideline to paint. It
can be considered like the
thing that provide the
basis of the photography.

48. How to make a dark
camera?
Materials:
-A box of Pringles.
-Black adhesive tape
-A needle
-Wax paper
-Cutter
Steps:
1. Mark a line around the tube
about 5cm up from the bottom.
2. Cut the tube into two pieces
along this line.
3. Put the plastic lid onto the
short piece, then tape the
longer piece on top.
4. Put together sides of the tube
with adhesive tape.
5. Cover the tube with the
adhesive tape.
6. Make a hole in the middle of
the end of the shorter piece
with the needle.
7. Your camera is ready to use!
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