Topography and Geological Aspects of the Western Desert
The land of Egypt forms a one million square kilometre in the northeastern corner of Africa.
The Nile Valley splits this land from south to north, east of it is occupied by the Eastern
Desert and the Sinai Desert, west of it lies the Western Desert, which is the eastern part of the Great Sahara. In the depressions of this desert, the Oases lie in a curved row almost parallel to the Nile River defined by the lines of convergence
Understanding Malicious Behavior in Crowdsourcing Platforms - The Case of Onl...Ujwal Gadiraju
Crowdsourcing is increasingly being used as a means to
tackle problems requiring human intelligence. With the ever growing worker base that aims to complete microtasks on
crowdsourcing platforms in exchange for financial gains,
there is a need for stringent mechanisms to prevent exploitation of deployed tasks. Quality control mechanisms need to accommodate a diverse pool of workers, exhibiting a wide range of behavior. A pivotal step towards fraud-proof task design is understanding the behavioral patterns of microtask workers. In this paper, we analyze the prevalent malicious activity on crowdsourcing platforms and study the behavior exhibited by trustworthy and untrustworthy workers, particularly on crowdsourced surveys. We define and identify different types of workers in the crowd, propose a method to measure malicious activity, and finally present guidelines for the efficient design of crowdsourced surveys.
Ingeniería especialista en tramitación de Licencia de Actividad y Apertura de Locales en Madrid. Te ayudamos a montar tu centro sanitario. Asesoramiento gratuito.
ANTHEA MISSY PORTFOLIO 2016 PART 1/2 - STREET ART GRAFFITI MURALSAnthea Missy
Anthea Missy is an independent muralist based in Brussels and traveling as much as she can to create art since 2014. Her bold style blends in abstract and figurative happy and positive scenes in a unique organic style that seems to flow on walls. Originally a free hand painter, she’s widened her range of skills with stencils, graphic design, social media and video production. Although able to paint detailed artwork at small scale, she’s mainly focused on outdoors art working with diverse materials like acrylics, brushes and spray paint.
Some of her achievements for the past 2 years since she's started as a solo artist:
- Streetart in Brussels, Paris, Amsterdam, London, Brighton, Manchester, Helsinki, Lyon, Barcelona, Hanoi, Jakarta, Bangkok, Kuala Lampur, Phnom Penh, Shanghai
- A mural of 60 m long in Hanoi Vietnam made in 4 days
- Helping rejuvenate the old Lake side Phnom Penh in collaboration with Develop Boeung Kak Project
- Painting Rooms in Japanese Hotel Ofuro
- Group shows in Paris, Brussels, London, and Phnom Penh
- Public Live Art
- Participation to street art festival Femme Fierce London
- More than 60 art videos with Facebook native reach beyond 100 K
- 20 k followers on Facebook
Progression:
Since June 2014, Anthea Missy's developed her unique style by painting on walls and canvas, being able to produce much art on diverse media by mixing ink, spray paint, acrylic paint, synthetic paint, on wood, canvas, plaster, metal, concrete, plastic.
In 2015, she's progressively experienced with bigger surfaces extending her work from simple art on wall to deeper wall preparation and creation of a unique universe in a neighborhood, considering the architectural components and audience.
In Phnom Penh she's relentlessly practiced with all sorts of walls’ states making her a true muralist.
Her work which started with abstract organic shapes has extended to comics pop figurative scenes sometimes flirting with political art with works like 'Love Bomb' a positive work made in Brussels after the attacks.
For 2016 Anthea Missy has extended her skills to graphic design with intense training in Photoshop, Illustrator and Final Cut in order to multiply the diversity of media for her art, thus being the sole designer of her art from inception to production.
Ever-challenging herself, she's set to create large murals on water in Brussels in collaboration with the community, the port of Brussels and the city to create two murals of respectively 315m2 and 210m2, her biggest project so far.
She plans to attend Sliema Arts Festival Malta in July 2016 as well as the Mood Indigo Arts Festival in Mumbai at the end of the year with footfall of more than 100 000 students of India's new generation.
She continues to prospect to create large artwork anywhere on the globe.
Website:
https://antheamissy.com
Contact by email for a mural / Design / Performance Project:
anthea.missy@gmail.com
La Valle del Nilo richiama e affascina viaggiatori di tutto il mondo dagli albori dell’umanità. Oggi l’Egitto,
erede di una civiltà ininterrotta di oltre 5000 anni, all’incrocio tra Africa, Asia e Mediterraneo, è un affascinante
miscuglio di moderna diversità e antico splendore. Ai suoi tesori culturali si aggiungono oltre 2.500 km di
litorali panoramici lungo il mar Rosso e il Mediterraneo. Per questo l’Egitto è una destinazione incantevole
tutto l’anno, in grado di regalare un sorriso anche al viaggiatore più spossato. Le qualità dell’Egitto sono
seducenti quanto diverse: la gradevole e mite temperatura dell’aria e del mare, soprattutto in inverno,
l’ospitalità e il buonumore del suo popolo, il sole tutto l’anno, le magnifiche spiagge, i centri di immersione
e snorkelling, le impareggiabili barriere coralline e la vita acquatica; le montagne bibliche; le romantiche
oasi del deserto. Tra tutto questo è intessuta la fertile valle del Nilo, il secondo fiume del mondo, piena di
vita e storia. Le diverse e profonde tradizioni spirituali egiziane non mancheranno di lasciare il loro segno. Le
chiese, i conventi, le moschee, i templi e gli elaborati complessi funerari delle tradizioni religiose egiziane:
faraonica, copta e mussulmana, rappresentano un tesoro di grande potenza artistica e spirituale che
offrono al visitatore un’esperienza profonda e indimenticabile.
Από τις απαρχές της ανθρωπότητας η κοιλάδα του ποταμού Νείλου έχει προσελκύσει και γοητεύσει
ταξιδιώτες απ’ όλο τον κόσμο. Η σύγχρονη Αίγυπτος, ο κληρονόμος ενός αδιάσπαστου πολιτισμού
άνω των 5.000 χρόνων βρίσκεται στο σταυροδρόμι της Ασίας, της Αφρικής και της Μεσογείου
καθιστώντας την Αίγυπτο ένα μαγευτικό προορισμό όλο το χρόνο, που μπορεί να ευχαριστήσει
ακόμη και τους πιο απαιτητικούς ταξιδιώτες. Τα πλεονεκτήματα της Αιγύπτου είναι τόσο δελεαστικά
όσο και διαφορετικά, οι ευχάριστες ήπιες θερμοκρασίες του αέρα και της θάλασσας, ιδίως το
χειμώνα: η φιλοξενία και η ευθυμία των κατοίκων της, η λιακάδα όλο τον χρόνο, οι μαγευτικές
παραλίες, τα θέρετρα για καταδύσεις και κολύμβηση και οι απαράμιλλοι ύφαλοι και η υδρόβια ζωή,
τα βιβλικά βουνά, οι ρομαντικές οάσεις της ερήμου,κι εκεί ανάμεσα η εύφορη κοιλάδα του Νείλου,
του δεύτερου μεγαλύτερου ποταμού στον κόσμο, πλούσιου σε ζωή και ιστορία. Η ποικιλόμορφη και
πολύ πνευματική κληρονομιά της Αιγύπτου δεν μπορεί να μην αφήσει ασυγκίνητους τους επισκέπτες
της. Η Φαραωνική, η Κοπτική και η Μουσουλμανική κληρονομιά, με εκκλησίες, μοναστήρια, τζαμιά,
ναούς και περίτεχνα ταφικά συγκροτήματα, οι πνευματικοί θησαυροί της Αιγύπτου δείχνουν
καλλιτεχνική και λατρευτική ενέργεια που κάνει την Αίγυπτο αξέχαστη και έντονη εμπειρία.
Das Land am Nil ist seit alters ein Traumziel aller Reisenden. Über eine Million km2 groß und am
Schnittpunkt zwischen Arabien, Afrika und der mediterranen Welt gelegen, bildet es seit mehr als 5000
Jahren einen Mittelpunkt menschlicher Zivilisation und die Heimat faszinierender Hochkulturen. Seine
ausgedehnten Küsten am Roten und am Mittelmeer, insgesamt an die 2500 km lang, verleihen ihm als
Ferienland zusätzliche Attraktivität.
Ägyptens Vorzüge sind so vielfältig wie verführerisch: die speziell winters wohltuend milden Temperaturen
von Luft und Meer, die Gastfreundschaft und Heiterkeit der Menschen, viel Sonne, prächtige Strände und
Tauchreviere, biblische Berge, romantische Wüstenoasen, und dazwischen das fruchtbare Flusstal des
Nil, des zweitgrößten Stromes der Welt, mit der Metropole Kairo, prallvoll von Leben und Geschichte...
Besonders tief beeindruckt jeden Urlauber die Begegnung mit dem architektonischen Erbe. Ob
Pyramiden, Tempel und Gräber der Pharaonen, koptische Kirchen und Klöster oder Moscheen – all
diese Schätze zeugen von einer künstlerischen und spirituellen Kraft, die Ägypten für immer einzigartig
und unvergesslich macht
Údolí řeky Nilu již od nejranějších dějin lidstva přitahovalo a okouzlovalo cestovatele z celého světa. Moderní
Egypt, dědic civilizace trvající nepřetržitě po více než 5 000 let, rozkládající se na křižovatce Asie, Afriky
a Středomoří, je fascinující směsicí moderní různorodosti a starověké vznešenosti. Jeho kulturní poklady
doplňuje více než 2 500 km malebného pobřeží podél Rudého a Sřtedozeminího moře, a proto je Egypt
kouzelnou celoroční destinací, která dokáže vyloudit úsměv na tváři i toho nejnáročnějšího cestovatele.
Přednosti Egyptu jsou nejen svůdné, ale i rozmanité: příjemná mírná teplota vzduchu i moře, zvlášté v zimě;
pohostinní a usměvaví obyvatelé; slunce po celý rok; nádherné pláže; střediska potápění a šnorchlování
a s ničím neporovnatelné útesy a podmořský život; biblická pohoří; romantické pouštní oázy; a mezi tím
vším úrodné údolí Nilu, druhé nejdelší řeky na světě, plné života a historie. Rozmanité a hluboce duchovní
dědictiví Egypta musí zapůsobit na každého návštěvníka. Faraonské, koptské muslimské duchovní poklady
Egypta včetně kostelů, klášterů, mešit, chrámů a okázalých zádušních komplexů jsou dokladem umělecké a
náboženské energie, která proměňuje návštěvu Egypta v nezapomenutelný a hluboký zážitek.
Understanding Malicious Behavior in Crowdsourcing Platforms - The Case of Onl...Ujwal Gadiraju
Crowdsourcing is increasingly being used as a means to
tackle problems requiring human intelligence. With the ever growing worker base that aims to complete microtasks on
crowdsourcing platforms in exchange for financial gains,
there is a need for stringent mechanisms to prevent exploitation of deployed tasks. Quality control mechanisms need to accommodate a diverse pool of workers, exhibiting a wide range of behavior. A pivotal step towards fraud-proof task design is understanding the behavioral patterns of microtask workers. In this paper, we analyze the prevalent malicious activity on crowdsourcing platforms and study the behavior exhibited by trustworthy and untrustworthy workers, particularly on crowdsourced surveys. We define and identify different types of workers in the crowd, propose a method to measure malicious activity, and finally present guidelines for the efficient design of crowdsourced surveys.
Ingeniería especialista en tramitación de Licencia de Actividad y Apertura de Locales en Madrid. Te ayudamos a montar tu centro sanitario. Asesoramiento gratuito.
ANTHEA MISSY PORTFOLIO 2016 PART 1/2 - STREET ART GRAFFITI MURALSAnthea Missy
Anthea Missy is an independent muralist based in Brussels and traveling as much as she can to create art since 2014. Her bold style blends in abstract and figurative happy and positive scenes in a unique organic style that seems to flow on walls. Originally a free hand painter, she’s widened her range of skills with stencils, graphic design, social media and video production. Although able to paint detailed artwork at small scale, she’s mainly focused on outdoors art working with diverse materials like acrylics, brushes and spray paint.
Some of her achievements for the past 2 years since she's started as a solo artist:
- Streetart in Brussels, Paris, Amsterdam, London, Brighton, Manchester, Helsinki, Lyon, Barcelona, Hanoi, Jakarta, Bangkok, Kuala Lampur, Phnom Penh, Shanghai
- A mural of 60 m long in Hanoi Vietnam made in 4 days
- Helping rejuvenate the old Lake side Phnom Penh in collaboration with Develop Boeung Kak Project
- Painting Rooms in Japanese Hotel Ofuro
- Group shows in Paris, Brussels, London, and Phnom Penh
- Public Live Art
- Participation to street art festival Femme Fierce London
- More than 60 art videos with Facebook native reach beyond 100 K
- 20 k followers on Facebook
Progression:
Since June 2014, Anthea Missy's developed her unique style by painting on walls and canvas, being able to produce much art on diverse media by mixing ink, spray paint, acrylic paint, synthetic paint, on wood, canvas, plaster, metal, concrete, plastic.
In 2015, she's progressively experienced with bigger surfaces extending her work from simple art on wall to deeper wall preparation and creation of a unique universe in a neighborhood, considering the architectural components and audience.
In Phnom Penh she's relentlessly practiced with all sorts of walls’ states making her a true muralist.
Her work which started with abstract organic shapes has extended to comics pop figurative scenes sometimes flirting with political art with works like 'Love Bomb' a positive work made in Brussels after the attacks.
For 2016 Anthea Missy has extended her skills to graphic design with intense training in Photoshop, Illustrator and Final Cut in order to multiply the diversity of media for her art, thus being the sole designer of her art from inception to production.
Ever-challenging herself, she's set to create large murals on water in Brussels in collaboration with the community, the port of Brussels and the city to create two murals of respectively 315m2 and 210m2, her biggest project so far.
She plans to attend Sliema Arts Festival Malta in July 2016 as well as the Mood Indigo Arts Festival in Mumbai at the end of the year with footfall of more than 100 000 students of India's new generation.
She continues to prospect to create large artwork anywhere on the globe.
Website:
https://antheamissy.com
Contact by email for a mural / Design / Performance Project:
anthea.missy@gmail.com
La Valle del Nilo richiama e affascina viaggiatori di tutto il mondo dagli albori dell’umanità. Oggi l’Egitto,
erede di una civiltà ininterrotta di oltre 5000 anni, all’incrocio tra Africa, Asia e Mediterraneo, è un affascinante
miscuglio di moderna diversità e antico splendore. Ai suoi tesori culturali si aggiungono oltre 2.500 km di
litorali panoramici lungo il mar Rosso e il Mediterraneo. Per questo l’Egitto è una destinazione incantevole
tutto l’anno, in grado di regalare un sorriso anche al viaggiatore più spossato. Le qualità dell’Egitto sono
seducenti quanto diverse: la gradevole e mite temperatura dell’aria e del mare, soprattutto in inverno,
l’ospitalità e il buonumore del suo popolo, il sole tutto l’anno, le magnifiche spiagge, i centri di immersione
e snorkelling, le impareggiabili barriere coralline e la vita acquatica; le montagne bibliche; le romantiche
oasi del deserto. Tra tutto questo è intessuta la fertile valle del Nilo, il secondo fiume del mondo, piena di
vita e storia. Le diverse e profonde tradizioni spirituali egiziane non mancheranno di lasciare il loro segno. Le
chiese, i conventi, le moschee, i templi e gli elaborati complessi funerari delle tradizioni religiose egiziane:
faraonica, copta e mussulmana, rappresentano un tesoro di grande potenza artistica e spirituale che
offrono al visitatore un’esperienza profonda e indimenticabile.
Από τις απαρχές της ανθρωπότητας η κοιλάδα του ποταμού Νείλου έχει προσελκύσει και γοητεύσει
ταξιδιώτες απ’ όλο τον κόσμο. Η σύγχρονη Αίγυπτος, ο κληρονόμος ενός αδιάσπαστου πολιτισμού
άνω των 5.000 χρόνων βρίσκεται στο σταυροδρόμι της Ασίας, της Αφρικής και της Μεσογείου
καθιστώντας την Αίγυπτο ένα μαγευτικό προορισμό όλο το χρόνο, που μπορεί να ευχαριστήσει
ακόμη και τους πιο απαιτητικούς ταξιδιώτες. Τα πλεονεκτήματα της Αιγύπτου είναι τόσο δελεαστικά
όσο και διαφορετικά, οι ευχάριστες ήπιες θερμοκρασίες του αέρα και της θάλασσας, ιδίως το
χειμώνα: η φιλοξενία και η ευθυμία των κατοίκων της, η λιακάδα όλο τον χρόνο, οι μαγευτικές
παραλίες, τα θέρετρα για καταδύσεις και κολύμβηση και οι απαράμιλλοι ύφαλοι και η υδρόβια ζωή,
τα βιβλικά βουνά, οι ρομαντικές οάσεις της ερήμου,κι εκεί ανάμεσα η εύφορη κοιλάδα του Νείλου,
του δεύτερου μεγαλύτερου ποταμού στον κόσμο, πλούσιου σε ζωή και ιστορία. Η ποικιλόμορφη και
πολύ πνευματική κληρονομιά της Αιγύπτου δεν μπορεί να μην αφήσει ασυγκίνητους τους επισκέπτες
της. Η Φαραωνική, η Κοπτική και η Μουσουλμανική κληρονομιά, με εκκλησίες, μοναστήρια, τζαμιά,
ναούς και περίτεχνα ταφικά συγκροτήματα, οι πνευματικοί θησαυροί της Αιγύπτου δείχνουν
καλλιτεχνική και λατρευτική ενέργεια που κάνει την Αίγυπτο αξέχαστη και έντονη εμπειρία.
Das Land am Nil ist seit alters ein Traumziel aller Reisenden. Über eine Million km2 groß und am
Schnittpunkt zwischen Arabien, Afrika und der mediterranen Welt gelegen, bildet es seit mehr als 5000
Jahren einen Mittelpunkt menschlicher Zivilisation und die Heimat faszinierender Hochkulturen. Seine
ausgedehnten Küsten am Roten und am Mittelmeer, insgesamt an die 2500 km lang, verleihen ihm als
Ferienland zusätzliche Attraktivität.
Ägyptens Vorzüge sind so vielfältig wie verführerisch: die speziell winters wohltuend milden Temperaturen
von Luft und Meer, die Gastfreundschaft und Heiterkeit der Menschen, viel Sonne, prächtige Strände und
Tauchreviere, biblische Berge, romantische Wüstenoasen, und dazwischen das fruchtbare Flusstal des
Nil, des zweitgrößten Stromes der Welt, mit der Metropole Kairo, prallvoll von Leben und Geschichte...
Besonders tief beeindruckt jeden Urlauber die Begegnung mit dem architektonischen Erbe. Ob
Pyramiden, Tempel und Gräber der Pharaonen, koptische Kirchen und Klöster oder Moscheen – all
diese Schätze zeugen von einer künstlerischen und spirituellen Kraft, die Ägypten für immer einzigartig
und unvergesslich macht
Údolí řeky Nilu již od nejranějších dějin lidstva přitahovalo a okouzlovalo cestovatele z celého světa. Moderní
Egypt, dědic civilizace trvající nepřetržitě po více než 5 000 let, rozkládající se na křižovatce Asie, Afriky
a Středomoří, je fascinující směsicí moderní různorodosti a starověké vznešenosti. Jeho kulturní poklady
doplňuje více než 2 500 km malebného pobřeží podél Rudého a Sřtedozeminího moře, a proto je Egypt
kouzelnou celoroční destinací, která dokáže vyloudit úsměv na tváři i toho nejnáročnějšího cestovatele.
Přednosti Egyptu jsou nejen svůdné, ale i rozmanité: příjemná mírná teplota vzduchu i moře, zvlášté v zimě;
pohostinní a usměvaví obyvatelé; slunce po celý rok; nádherné pláže; střediska potápění a šnorchlování
a s ničím neporovnatelné útesy a podmořský život; biblická pohoří; romantické pouštní oázy; a mezi tím
vším úrodné údolí Nilu, druhé nejdelší řeky na světě, plné života a historie. Rozmanité a hluboce duchovní
dědictiví Egypta musí zapůsobit na každého návštěvníka. Faraonské, koptské muslimské duchovní poklady
Egypta včetně kostelů, klášterů, mešit, chrámů a okázalých zádušních komplexů jsou dokladem umělecké a
náboženské energie, která proměňuje návštěvu Egypta v nezapomenutelný a hluboký zážitek.
ÄGYPTEN – DAS OFFIZIELLE PARTNERLAND DER ITB BERLIN 2012Press release -_germanEgypt Tourism Board
Die ägyptische Tourismusbehörde befindet
sich überdies im regen Austausch mit der
deutschen Industrie- und Handelskammer
und relevanten Kulturbehörden, um die
Aufmerksamkeit für die ITB-Partnerschaft zu
stärken.
1. ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT
25° 26° 27° 28° 29° 30° 31° 32° 33° 34° 35° 36° 37° Topography and Geological Aspects of the Western Desert
The land of Egypt forms a one million square kilometre in the northeastern corner of Africa.
The Nile Valley splits this land from south to north, east of it is occupied by the Eastern
Desert and the Sinai Desert, west of it lies the Western Desert, which is the eastern part of
M e d the Great Sahara. In the depressions of this desert, the Oases lie in a curved row almost
i t e r r a n e a n S e a
parallel to the Nile River defined by the lines of convergence at the weaker points in the
earth crust between the various geological eras. The topography and geology shows
Sallum • Sidi Barani • that the regional dip of the strata is towards the north, which means that the southern
•Rosetta regions are the oldest exposed features declining in height and age into a younger north.
•Kafr El-Sheikh •Damietta Therefore Uweinat and the Gilf Kebir in the south form the Palaeozoic Sandstone Plateau
Marsa Matruh • Alexandria• •Port Said El Arish•
Rafah • 31°
rising 1000 meters above sea level, they merge into the Eocene Limestone plateau at
Dakhla and Kharga at about 500 meters above sea level, followed by the central desert
31°
•Sidi Abd •Damanhur •El Mansura
formations of the Cretaceous era at Farafra and finally to the lower northern Miocene
limestone plateau about 130 meters below sea level in the Qattara depression. To the
SUEZ CANAL
el Rahman AVERAGE YEARLY TEMPERATURE CHART east of the Oases runs the Nile and to the west lies one of the most arid territories of
• El Alamein Borg
•
El Arab •Tanta OF THE WESTERN DESERT the Earth, the Great Sand sea, characteristic of its infinite parallel rows of high dunes
Month Min Max extending sometimes for as long as 150 kilometres. They slope gradually from northwest
El-Moghra
Protectorate
•Zagazig •Ismailia JANUARY
FEBRUARY
4
5
22
25
to southeast with a 172-degree angle, following the path of the northwestern wind that
blows almost all year round.
MARCH 7 29
Wadi el- •Banha Timsa h APRIL 8 35
The Western Desert elevated from the bottom of an ancient shallow tropical sea called
Thetys some 40 Million years ago at the end of the Eocene period, forming a great plateau
Natroun MAY 10 37
Lake covered by limestone beds
JUNE 15 38 30°
30° PYRAMIDS During the long period of time since then, many enormous changes have created its
OF SAQQARA JULY 18 40
present shape. The desert was formed in gradual steps, its contours and rocks emerging
Giza• •Cairo Suez• AUGUST 17 39
due to big tectonic events, continental drifts, advancing and retreating of glaciers, volcanic
a n
ar ssio
PYRAMIDS Oyoun Musa SEPTEMBER 15 37
activity and changes in atmospheric circulation along with masses of sand deposited by
OF GIZA OCTOBER 12 35
erosion. Finally the imprints of the basic elements, especially the sharp wind blowing
Sinai
pr t
Qarun NOVEMBER 8 29
DeQat
•
e
usually low and shaping the earth surface and any stable obstacle, explaining the many
Siwa Protectorate Qara Oasis Protectorate DECEMBER 5 25
Western Sector Whale Valley Ain Sukhna • Taba • coned hills scattered all over the desert. All this has made this desert what it is today, a
Qarun Lake •Ras Sidr Pharaoh’s Island
Temperatures in Celsius vast expand of a diverse topography, one of its kind in the whole world.
Gabal El Mawta
Siwa Protectorate •Siwa Cleopatra
El Rayyan •El Fayoum International road
Middle Sector
Protectorate
29° Siwa O asis Gabal
Bath
Wa d i Za’farana • 29°
Dual carriage road
El Dakrur
Siwa Protectorate
Eastern Sector
El Rayyan •Beni Suef •Nuweiba i rack
City
•
lf of Aqaba
Nuwamisa
• El Bahrein
•S i tra Fayou m International boundary
L I B YA
Oasi s S t Cath e rine
Are a
Gu
ST ANTHONY’S Ras Dahab •
rt•
•
lf
Gharib fS MOUNT MOSES
o
Bawiti MONASTERY ue
•El Tur
Gu
se
•Bahariya ST PAUL’S
z
Oase s
e ert El Minya•
28° MONASTERY 28°
Ea se
The Great es
Sand Sea D ten W hite
D
ra
te
Sharm el-Sheikh
De
s t o MONS
tec
st
We
R as Mo h amme d
rn
Pro PORPHYRITES
White De sert
n
e
r t
e
ese Ab
r
te D •
t
st
i u El Gouna
• Wh M
uh
r
Ain Dalla en ar Hurghada•
ast Asyut•
We
ek 27°
27° E Du
•Farafra Oasis ne
Nile
Line East 25
River Are the prehistoric humans of the Egyptian deserts the origin of the Pharaonic
Safaga• civilization in the Nile Valley?
Abu Minqar Sohag• The Egyptian deserts are now extremely arid and almost uninhabited, receiving less then
a quarter of an inch of rainfall each year, but was this always the case?
Scattered everywhere are signs of human habitation, indicating a wider cultural history
Qena then believed until recently.
New •Qena Very long ago, humans were able to live in these desert regions due to different weather
26° Va DI T •El Quseir 26°
conditions.
lle DANDARA• WA AMA
M The oldest known civilization in Egypt dates back to the Palaeolithic Age 300,000 BC
AM
VALLEY OF •Qus H indicated by the discovery of Acheulean tools made of flint, quartzite or sandstone typified
y
by their large oval shape. Many of them found in Gilf El Kebir and the Sandsea. They
THE KINGS
KARNAK were used for hunting and gathering of wild plants. This hunting people travelled great
•Luxor e
R
distances after their food in savannah- like regions and already used fire.
Silica Valley
•Dakhla Oase s
d
Climate conditions are proven to have greatly
•Al Kharga Oases reversed over the years between Wet periods
and Dry Periods.
Esna
•Marsa AlamS
During Dry Periods, these people went down
Regenfeld • into the valleys where their tool making
e
25°
25° technologies improved according to the
a
Edfu different purposes they needed them for.
Some 150,000 years ago, specialized tools
started to emerge and a culture known as
Gilf
Ke •Baris TEMPLE OF SOBEK
the Playa civilization(Playa: low areas near
water) to be dated back to approximately
Wadi Abu El Malik b & HAREORIS
70,000 to 35,000 years ago, began using
more advanced ways of semi cultivating
ir
Abu Ballas lands, capturing and holding animals within
Gilf El-Kebir their groups.
Pro Aswan Then in the Upper Palaeolithic Age, about
te c SAAD EL-ALI, Shayyb Mount 24°
24°
THE HIGH DAM •Berenice 33,000 years ago man discovered the making
te
PHILAE of blades, which helped him greatly to develop
tor
Ras Bana s
Rou
better tools for his use like the microlith, a
a te
Mestikawy Cave tiny flint tool indicating a vital evolution in the
Wadi Soura
ien
refinement of production methods and food
rba
Tropic of Cancer KALABSHA storage.
El-A
During the Neolithic Age, alternating wet and
dry cycles continued but people started taking
refuge in the NileValley and first evidence
Wadi Furaq Wadi Wissaa Lake of Prepastoral cultures followed, not only
•Tarfawi Well Nasser •Shalatin around the Nile River but also in other valleys
23° Memorial • 23°
scattered on the high plateaus. The most
famous is the Nabta Playa lying only 100 Km
Peter and Paul • west of Abu Simbel.
The last wet climate cycle began around
9,000BC and ended 3,200BC. Very dry
Tushka
Aswan climate set in and forced people to leave the
higher regions forever heading east toward
the oases and the Nile bringing with them
UWEINAT MOUNT
1 934 M
ABU SIMBEL
•Halaib their accumulated various knowledge of semi
agricultural techniques, artcrafts and basic practices of village- like social organization.
22° •Karkur Talh Line North 22 22° These are the ancestors of the Pharaonic ethnic group, developing over the years to a
great Civilization.
The ancient prehistoric drawings in Gilf Kebir and Uweinat can be linked through the later
carvings and engravings in the various desert valleys to the more sophisticated arts of the
S U D AN famous Pharaonic Temples in the Nile Valley.
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