The document discusses two programming methodologies: the top-down and bottom-up approaches. The top-down approach involves breaking down a larger problem into smaller, manageable modules, while the bottom-up approach starts with individual components and builds up to a complete system. Each method has its own advantages, such as easier data security in bottom-up and a structured problem-solving framework in top-down.

1. NETAJI SUBHAS UNIVERSITY
BCA (2022-2025)
PRINCIPAL OF PROGRAMMING

2. APPROACHES

3. TOP DOWN APPROACH/ MODULAR
APPROACH
In this methodology we break down a problem into a small Problems and then
these smaller problems are coded independently.
Then we integrate that system and test it.
Focus is on dividing your bigger problems into managable smaller problems.
Each independent component is called as module.

4. In bottom up approach, system design starts with the lowest level of
components. Programs are divided into object, which are then
interconnected to get higher level component. This process continues
till hierarchy of all system component is generated. In this approach
security of data is provided. In this approach the addition of new data
and function can be easily added whenever it is required.
BOTTOM UP APPROACH

6. Top Down Approach Bottom Up Approach
Cart
Checkout
Shop
Search
Categori
es
Products
Cart
Checkout
Shop
Search
Categori
es
Products

7. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BOTTOM UP AND TOP
DOWN APPROACHES
Divide a problem into a
smaller unit and then solve.
A well established
communication is not
required.
Starts from solving the small
modules and adding up them
up to together.
Communication among step
is mandatory mandatory.
A)
B)
a)
b)
TOP DOWN BOTTOM UP

8. Mainly used by structural
programming languages like
C, FORTRAN.
Individual modules are
thoroughly analyzed.
Mainly used by object oriented
programming languages like
C++, Java.
Works on the concept of data
hiding and encapsulation.
C)
D)
c)
d)

9. THANK YOU