This research is an uncensored history guide for lessons on Tsonga History. It gives an analysis of the historical movements and cultural significance of the Xitsonga-speaking people of southern Africa. The book is best suited for teaching and learning purposes. It also looks at commonly misinterpreted historical factors and offers an alternative view of looking at history. References are given where necessary in an effort to collect as much reliable information as possible, while linking these to oral traditions and local folklore in order to come to a better understanding of history. Sources were carefully analysed and those that correlate more with known traditions, oral history, and the praise poetry of the Xitsonga-speaking people are especially pointed out. Order online from: https://a.co/d/gW7DLsr

2. History of Xitsonga-Speaking
Tribes
Their language and settlement patterns in southern Africa
VONAKANI MALULEKE
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3. History of Xitsonga-Speaking
Tribes
Written by Vonakani Maluleke
First edition (electronic) published in 2016
Second edition (electronic) published in 2022
New impression (electronic and print) published in 2023
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by
Vonakani Maluleke
Front Cover Image:
Bing Image Creator from Microsoft
Copyright © 2023 by Vonakani Maluleke
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any
form or by any means without written permission from the authors.
ISBN (print): 9798859610235

4. Preface
After finishing high school and begun to embark on higher education studies
in the fields of psychology and literature, I started to realise the importance
of early childhood history. One of the most important things I learned from
early childhood psychology class is that childhood is a very important phase
in life where each person learns the basics of social behaviour, cultural
traits, and language. Into adulthood many of us then begin to have the
desire to learn even the influences and impact of what we learned in
childhood. So into my studies in Psychology and English Literature I noticed
that just as each one of us goes through childhood stages where we learn a
lot of different things, so does each social/cultural/language group. A
particular tribe or an ethnic group has its own early childhood stages too,
where the foundations of social norms, cultural values, and language are all
built. This realization made me interested in learning about the early stages
of my own ethnic group in particular, from which I dedicated a lot of time
(11 years) to studying the history and origins of the people and their
language in order to better understand their sense of identity and belonging
in the modern world.
This research is an uncensored history guide for lessons on Tsonga History. It
gives an analysis of the historical movements and cultural significance of the
Xitsonga-speaking people of southern Africa. The book is best suited for
teaching and learning purposes. It also looks at commonly misinterpreted
historical factors and offers an alternative view of looking at history.
References are given where necessary in an effort to collect as much reliable
information as possible, while linking these to oral traditions and local
folklore in order to come to a better understanding of history. Sources were
carefully analysed and those that correlate more with known traditions, oral
history, and the praise poetry of the Xitsonga-speaking people are especially
pointed out.

5. Contents
THE XITSONGA LANGUAGE 5
HISTORIC IDENTITY 29
HISTORY OF THE VATSWA 60
HISTORY OF THE VATEMBE 69
HISTORY OF THE VAN'WANATI 81
HISTORY OF THE VABILA 107
HISTORY OF THE VAKHOSA 115
HISTORY OF THE VANDZAWU 123
HISTORY OF THE VARHONGA 130
HISTORY OF THE VAXIKA 144
HISTORY OF THE VAHLANGANU 148
HISTORY OF THE VALOYI 156
HISTORY OF THE VANKOMATI 174
HISTORY OF THE VAHLENGWE 180
HISTORY OF THE VADZONGA 192
HISTORY OF THE VAHLAVE 197
HISTORY OF THE VANKUNA 204
HISTORY OF THE VAXINGWEDZI 214
HISTORY OF THE VALAMBYA 218
HISTORY OF THE VASHANGANE 222
NOTES ON EARLY AFRICAN COLONIAL HISTORY 244
SUMMARY 250

6. History of Xitsonga-Speaking Tribes
5
THE XITSONGA LANGUAGE

7. History of Xitsonga-Speaking Tribes
6
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