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DESERT PLANNING
- 1. DESERT PLANNING REGION Presented By- HaripriyaKesavan (219020076) Richa Rose Benson (2190200285) Shanavas. C (2190200286) Environmental Planning & Management
- 2. CONTENTS 1. Definitions 2. Whatare arid environments? 3. Desert ecosystem in India 4. Vegetation & sand dune stabilization 5. Guidelines for planning desert areas 6. Desertification feedbacks to the climate 7. Ecological planning model 8. Arid region- desert area conservation in planning 9. Desert development programme (ddp) 10.Cities in arid environments • Environmental & physical urban growth • DDCR zones 11. Arid region- desert area conservation in planning
- 3. DEFINITION ▪ Desert -A barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life. ▪ Drylands- are places of water scarcity, where rainfall may be limited or may only be abundant for a short period. They experience high mean temperatures, leading to high rates of water loss to evaporation and transpiration. ▪ Arid-having little or no rain; too dry or barren to support vegetation ▪ Desertification - the persistent degradation of dryland ecosystems by climatic variations and human activities. ▪ Native plants - plant which has occurred naturally in a particular region, ecosystem, or habitat without human introduction ▪ Xeric-Habitats so dry that very few plants can grow ▪ Xeriscape-the practice of designing landscapes to reduce or eliminate the need for irrigation ▪ Evapotranspiration- it is the sum of water evaporation and transpiration from a surface area to the atmosphere. ▪ Sand dune shift-sand dunes move forced by wind through different mechanisms. Eg:saltation ▪ Aquifer - an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock and/or sediment that holds groundwater or unconsolidated materials ▪ Pressure bearing capacity- the capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the ground. 1 Source: Wildlife Habitat council- Desert project guidance
- 4. WHAT ARE ARIDENVIRONMENTS? ▪ Although arid environments have typical characteristics, they can be very diverse in character and are often defined by the specific interplay of temperature and rainfall. ▪ They have different flora and fauna, geography and geology, resulting in different forms of human settlement. Arid environments are characterized by a natural scarcity of fresh water and/or precipitation. Just over 30% of the world’s land surface is classified as arid, a figure that is set to increase with climate change. • The climate is very hot & dry • Day time temp. 40°C.&t night can drop below 0°C. • Hot deserts have two distinct seasons: summer, temperature between >40°C, and winter >30°C. CLIMATE SOIL • Desert soils are thin, sandy, rocky & loose • Desert soils are very dry- absorb water quickly. • This is due to the lack of rainfall. Water evaporates, salts are left behind- soil surface 2 Source- Desert region planning considerations-https://www.arup.com/-/media/arup/files/publications/c/citiesalive_aridenviros_arup.pdf Source- Rethinking Cities in arid environments (AURP)
- 5. TYPES OF ARIDENVIRONMENTS HYPER-ARID ZONES • Extremely dry land • Devoid of vegetation- few scattered shrubs • Annual rainfall <100mm & irregular/absent for years • Traditional human habaitation- nomadic pastoralism & no form of continuous settlement ARID ZONES • Varied landscape planted with sparse native vegetation- annual & perennial grasses, shrubs & small trees • Rainfall varies in regularity- 200mm-300mm per annum • Human habitation is characterized by pastoralism & limited settlement, historically linked to irrigated farming land. Semi-arid zones • No typical land form, native vegetation- grasses, shrubs & date palm trees • Annual rainfall >900mm • This level of precipitation sustain agriculture & substantial urban development. Source- Rethinking Cities in arid environments (AURP) 3
- 6. HOT DESERTS • Rajasthan,Punjab,Haryana,Gujarat,Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. COLD DESERTS • Jammu & Kashmir • a unique feature of cold snow covered area but this can be termed as a fringe area DESERT ECOSYSTEM IN INDIA • characterized by sparse and highly variable precipitation and high evaporation. • sharply delineated by vegetation consisting of plants, which are either xerophytes or short-lived annuals. • Drought is characteristic of deserts due to lack of moisture HOT DESERT (Thar desert) COLD DESERT (Jammu & Kashmir) SOURCE- TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT – Vol. IX - Desert Ecosystem in India - T.S.Chouhan, U.K.Sharma 4
- 7. LANDFORM MAJOR SHAPING FORCE SOILSDOMINANT PLANT ADAPTIVE CHARACTER Mountains and Hills Chemical and physical Exposed bed rock Anogeissun latifolia Acacia Senegal, Compiphora wightii Regions with rainfall less than 25 cm Upper piedmont zone Water erosion Sandy loam Salvadora oleoides, Capparis deciduas, Acacia Senegal (sparse) Evergreen shrubs with low diffuse roots Lower piedmont merging with plains Water erosion Sandy loam to loamy sand Acacia arabica, Prosopis cpicigera, Salvadora oleoides, Acacia senegal, Capparis deciduas (rainfall less than 25 cm) Evergreen with deep tap root Evergreen tree & shrub Depression (saline) Water deposition Clay loam Salvadora persica, Tamarix dioica, Halophytic succulents No vegetation when salinity is high Water courses Water erosion Coarse sand Acacia arabica, Salvadora olecodes Deep tap root Depression (non-saline) Water deposition Clay loam Acacia arabica Deep tap root Sandy plains Wind erosion and deposition Wind deposited sand Prosopis cineraria,capparis decidua Deep tap root Sand dunes Wind deposition Fine sand Calligonum polugonnodes Deep tap root and shallow side roots Inter dunes Water deposition Clay loam covered with sand Capparis haloxylon Deep tap root Flood plains (old) Water deposition Clay loam Saloxylon salicornicum and H.recuvum Deep tap root Source: Indian Desert: Resources and Potential Development (1994). 5
- 8. LAND FORMS Upper piedmontzone and Lower piedmont merging with plains Mountains and Hills Depression (saline) - Formation of swamps or oasis and water courses 6
- 9. LAND FORMS Depression (non-saline)landform Sandy plains Sand dunes Inter dunes Flood plains (old) 7
- 10. MAJOR SHAPING FORCE Winderosion Water deposition Wind deposition Water erosion Physical 8
- 11. VEGETATION & SANDDUNE STABILIZATION Jodhpur, Rajasthan Proportion of Rajasthan- drifting or semi-stabilized sand dunes 58% Sand dunes- high velocity Cause structural damage Menace to inhabitants Native Vegetation Characteristics ARID REGION PLANNING- SAND DUNE STABILIZATION Inhospitable climates with burning sunlight and dust clouds. Trees +ve effect on thermal comfort and environmental quality & ground filter for surface runoff water Resistance to heat Low water requirement Absorb water quickly Long roots- deep rooted NATIVE SPECIES AFFORESTATION (REVEGETATION) Trees/shrubs (Acaciavariety) transplant- 5x5 m;Grasses- Sewan, Anjan& Murat;Creepers-Tumba & Kachri Time bound- before June micro wind breakestablished towards onset of monsoon ESTABLISH MICRO WINDS-Break dune movements Construct windbreaks- local brush wood material Buriedupside-downat 1ft height Along dune surface- parallel/checker rows BIOTIC INTERFERENCE PROTECTION High anthropometric activities Local vegetation- harvested/grazed Protection- dune angle barbedwire Sewan Tumba Source: Sand dune stabilization- jodhpur Rajasthan 9
- 12. India is aparty to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and MoEF is the National Coordinating Agency for the implementation of the UNCCD GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING DESERT AREAS Objectives of National Action Programme to Combat Desertification • Community based approach to development • Activities to improve the quality of life of the local communities, • Awareness raising • Drought management preparedness and mitigation, • R&D initiatives and interventions which are locally suited, • Strengthening self‐governance leading to empowerment of local communities. Key actions suggested in NEP, 2006 at Development Plan and local area planning level • Enhancing and expanding green cover based on local species. • Intensive water and moisture conservation through practices based on traditional and science‐based knowledge, and relying on traditional infrastructure. • Reviewing the agronomic practices in these areas, and promoting agricultural practices and varieties, which are well adapted to the desert eco‐system. As per URDPFI Guidelines, 2014.Ministry of Urban Development 10
- 13. DESERTIFICATION FEEDBACKS TO THE CLIMATE Off-site Bush encroachment Decline invegetation cover Direct Radiation & Absorption Indirect Cloud effects 11 SOURCE- Design with the Desert: Conservation and Sustainable
- 14. HUMANS BIOTIC ABOTIC ECOLOGICAL PLANNING MODEL Problemand/or opportunity identification Goal establishment Regional/local level inventory and analysis Detailed studies/ Planning concepts • Issue identified by the community: vulnerability to climatic changes, additional stress on infrastructure, habitats, challenges to accommodate/conserve species. • Learn from the past and build on locally adapted climate-specific design solutions. • Dependent on the cultural- politicalsystem. • Inventories and analyses of biophysical and sociocultural processes. • At regional and local levels • accumulation, field checking, mapping of data. • Development of concepts and alternative options. • How to accommodate the new growth while protecting the natural resource that are attracting people to the place Landscape plan and design Plan and design implementation • Effective design solutions that will deliver social as well as ecological benefits, leading to vibrant cities that attract and sustain people in challenging environment. • Inclusive spaces,Xeriscape landscapes,Nocturnal lighting,Efficientirrigation, Future-proofing mobility BIOPHYSICAL ELEMENTS FOR THE INVENTORY Design with the Desert: Conservation and Sustainable Development • Employment of various strategiestacticsand procedures to realize the goals and policies adopted in the landscape plan • Measures,performance standards,citizens participation. • Cities • Public space • Buildings • Wildlife – Mammals, Birds, Reptiles • Vegetation-Habitats,Plant types • People- Community needs, Economics, Community organization, Demographics, Land uses, Human history • Soils -Soil erosion, Soil drainage • Hydrology -Surface water, Ground water • Physiography –Slope, Elevation • Geology -Surficial geology, Bedrock geology • Climate- Microclimate, Macroclimate 12 Source: Design with the Desert: Conservation and Sustainable- Taylor & Francis group
- 15. DESERT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME(DDP) It was initiated in 1977-78 on the recommendation of the National Commission on Agriculture. It covers both the hot desert regions of Gujarat, Rajasthan and Haryana as well the as cold desert areas in Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. Sector Proportionate weightage 1.Land development, land shaping 15% 2. Water resources development 20% 3. Afforestation & pasture development 40% 4. Other activities 15% 5. Project Administration 10% Proportionate weights assigned to sectoral activities Controlling process of desertification Mitigating the effects of drought in the areas Restoring ecological balance in the affected areas Raising productivity of land, water livestock and human resources. OBJECTIVES Soil conservation & land development desert areas- in conserving moisture checking soil erosion growing of Kharif/Rabi crop Monitoring & Management Poor monitoring of programme for implementation no voluntary agency or peoples involvement Depletionof vegetationcover& degradation of environment uncontrolled & overgrazing livestock demand for fuel Fodder- increased live stock population Major Observations 13
- 16. ARID REGION- DESERTAREA CONSERVATION IN PLANNING Preventing urban sprawl- Controlling both overly dense high-rise schemes and too low- density developments Aquifer recharge & Groundwater management Cities generate wastewater,& utilization of desalinated water Green investments & Xeri-scaped landscapes- afforestation can create greenbelts around urban center that significantly reduce wind speeds, dust pollution & halt desertification. Building orientation- simulate wind flow & shading building and grid orientation- maximize natural passive cooling in arid environments. Green and blue roofs- Innovation in cooling,Greening buildings Localized vernacular Traditional urban heritage Microclimate- remove climatic stresses & minimize thermal discomfort. 14 Source- Rethinking Cities in arid environments (AURP)
- 17. CITIES IN ARIDENVIRONMENTS Abu Dhabi could not support current population levels without innovations such as desalination technology, access to global food supply chains, climate controlled buildings, & complex engineering projects Umm Al Nar power & desalination plant. Climate change Desertification Degraded local habitats Water scarcity Public health- air pollution Urban heat islands KEY ISSUES Land reclamation off the coast- Trends Arid Cities & Urban Heat Islands The size and shape of arid cities has always been driven by environmental constraints such as the ability to manage fresh water resources for food production and public health Higher temperatures in cities than the rural areas that surround them, particularly at night. • Green roofs and walls, • orientation of buildings, • porous paving, • entire city grids, Mitigation- BUILT ENVIRONMENT Analysis- reduce the amount of heat absorbed 15 Source- Rethinking Cities in arid environments (AURP)
- 18. ARID REGION- DESERT AREACONSERVATION IN PLANNING Aquifer Protection Area High ground water level High Density Natural Vegetation areas Soil suitable for Agriculture Barchan Dunes Beaches Exposed to erosion Active Littoral Zone 10mcontours Dubai coastalline Shallow sea bed limit (12mor less) Dubai Emirates Boundry NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 16 Dubai 2020 urban masterplan
- 19. ARID REGION- DESERT AREACONSERVATION IN PLANNING Dubai Emirates Boundry Conservation Reserve Proposed Conservation Reserve Conservation Area- Reserve ongoing measures PrivateConservation Reserve Green Areas 300mCoastalsetback zone- High tide 60mCoastal setback zone- High tide CONSERVATION AREAS 17 Dubai 2020 urban masterplan
- 20. Sub-urbanexpansion Satellite Settlement City CompactCity ENVIRONMENTAL & PHYSICAL URBAN GROWTH URBANIZATION PARAMETERS 18 Dubai 2020 urban masterplan
- 21. ARID REGION- DESERTAREA CONSERVATION IN PLANNING Metropolitan& Off- shore islands Non-urban areas 19 DUBAI 2020 MASTERPLAN Dubai 2020 urban masterplan
- 22. Roads Buffer Areas Tourist Camps TouristRoutes DDCR gates DDCR Boundary waterbody Buffer Areas (250m) The highest distribution class represents flora diversity hotspot Reserve represents a permanently protected area Ensuring the future of region’s desert habitats- conserving fragile desert ecosystem bio-diversity managed- aimed at protecting natural resources and maintaining native species DDCR ZONES Native Flora Distribution 20 Source- DDCR Management plan (2019-24)
- 23. WILDERNESS ZONE • Nohuman interventions is allowed in this area, except entry for researchers and observation purposes. • prevents unnecessary interference to breeding sites and the locations which support plant regrowth. REHABILITATION ZONE • Human interventions is limited to infrastructure which supports wildlife and habitat programmes, such as watering points, enhanced and rehabilitated habitats • used for seeding indigenous plant species DEVELOPMENT AND RECREATIONAL ZONES • Areas set aside for recreational desert excursions and developments approved only for Dubai based safari operators ECO-TOURISM ACTIVITIES ZONE • Area that are set aside for low environmental impact activities such as camel/horse rides ZONES Eco tourism and recreationalactivities Rehabilitated habitats 21 Source- DDCR Management plan (2019-24)
- 24. REFERENCES ▪ URDPFI GuidelinesVolI-2014-Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs- http://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/URDPFI%20Guidelines%20Vol%20I(2).pdf ▪ Desert region planning considerations-https://www.arup.com/- /media/arup/files/publications/c/citiesalive_aridenviros_arup.pdf ▪ Sand dune stabilization- jodhpur Rajasthan https://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/Selected_Tech/swm/26-swm- sand%20dunes%20stabilization.pdf ▪ Desertification & climate change- https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2019/11/06_Chapter- 3.pdf ▪ Design with the Desert:Conservation and Sustainable - https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/41673/9781439881385.pdf?sequence=1&isAllo wed=y ▪ Desert development programme(DDP)- https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/planrel/fiveyr/8th/vol2/8v2ch17.htm;https://n iti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/reports/peoreport/cmpdmpeo/volume1/151.pdf ▪ DUBAI 2020 URBAN MASTERPLAN- https://isocarp.org/app/uploads/2014/05/AfE_2012_- _Dubai_Municipality-_Planning_Department.pdf ▪ Wildlife Habitat council- https://www.wildlifehc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/WHC-Deserts-Project- Guidance_FINAL.pdf 22