This document discusses HIV/AIDS, including that HIV is a retrovirus with two types that cause AIDS through different transmission methods. It then summarizes the virus lifecycle and the classes of antiretroviral drugs that target different stages of the viral lifecycle, including nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, entry inhibitors, CCR5 receptor antagonists, and integrase strand transfer inhibitors.

2. INTRODUCTION
• HIV is a lentivirus causing AIDS.
• RNA virus with reverse transcription.
• Two types: HIV-1 and HIV-2.
• HIV-1 causes global pandemic.
• HIV-2 progresses slowly and less transmissible.
• HIV-2 is resistant to some drugs.

3. EPIDEMIOLOGY
HIV spreads in different ways:
• Men who have sex with men
• Sharing of sharp objects
• Heterosexual intercourse Factors that contribute to spread:
• Poverty
• Domestic violence
• Poor education, medical care

4. TRANSMISSION
• HIV transmission modes:
• Blood, semen, vaginal fluids carry HIV.
• Unprotected sex, blood transfusion spread HIV.
• Skin grafts, organ transplants, semen can spread.
• Sharing needles, mother-to-baby transmission, HIV.
• Needle stick injuries, splashing transmit HIV.

5. LIFE CYCLE
• Virus life cycle steps:
• Binding, fusion, entry.
• Reverse transcription prone to errors.
• Integration: makes HIV incurable.
• Transcription and translation occur next.
• Assembly, budding, and maturation follow.

6. PHARMACOTHERAPY OF ANTIRETROVIRAL AGENTS
• HIV antiretroviral agents act by interfering with important functions in
the viral life-cycle.
• These agents include;
• Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
• Non - nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
• Protease inhibitors
• CCR5 receptor antagonists
• Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (insti)

7. NUCLEOSIDE AND NUCLEOTIDE
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS
(NRTIS)
• Nucleoside inhibitors stop HIV spread
• Drugs block viral replication, lack 3-hydroxyl
• Must be triphosphorylated for activity
• Inhibit HIV-1 and HIV-2 and other retroviruses
• Toxicity from mitochondrial DNA synthesis inhibition
• Eliminated via renal excretion, dosed daily Slow resistance compared
to other drugs.

8. EXAMPLES OF NNRTIS
 Zidovudine
 Didanosin
 Zalcitabine
 Lamivudine
 Abacavir
 Tenofovir
 Emtricitabine

9. NON-NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE
TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NNRTIS)
• NNRTIs inhibit viral DNA formation
• Chemicals bind to reverse transcriptase enzyme
• Compounds induce enzyme conformational change
• No intracellular phosphorylation required for activity
• Effective against HIV-1, not HIV-2
• No activity against host cell DNA

10. CONT
• NNRTIs metabolized by liver.
• Efavirenz & nevirapine have 24-72 hr half-lives.
• Single-amino acid change can cause drug resistance.
• NNRTIs can induce resistance and relapse.
• Combination with other drugs is effective.
• Rashes and fat accumulation are common side effects.

11. CONT
• HIV protease inhibitors cleared by liver metabolism,
• Elimination half-lives vary from 1.8 to 10 hours,
• High interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics,
• Less penetration into semen than other drugs,
• Intermediate resistance development speed compared to other
drugs,
• Effective for long-term HIV suppression with some toxicities.

12. • Examples of protease Inhibitors
• SAQUINAVIR
• ATAZANAVIR
• LOPINAVIR‡
• FOSAMPRENAVIR
• AMPRENAVIR
• NELFINAVIR
• RITONAVIR
• INDINAVIR

13. ENTRY INHIBITORS
Enfuvirtide blocks HIV entry process
Targets gp41 subunit, given subcutaneously
Injection site reactions are common
Used in combination therapies with CD4
Prevents viral membrane fusion with host
Entry inhibitors for HIV prevention.

14. CCR5 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
Antiviral drug blocks HIV entry
Targets CCR5 receptor on host cells
Used for resistant R5 HIV
Many drug interactions and side effects
Maraviroc is one example
Prevents conformational change in viral envelope

15. INTEGRASE STRAND TRANSFER INHIBITORS
(INSTI)
• INSTI stops HIV DNA integration process
• Integrase enzyme blocked by INSTI
• Viral enzyme binding prevents strand transfer
• Replication of HIV is inhibited
• Host cell DNA is protected by INSTI
• Pro-viral DNA integration is interferes
• Raltegravir, Elvitegravir, Dolutegravir - INSTI drugs.

16. FIXED DOSE COMBINATIONS
•
FDCs simplify drug logistics management.
• Reduced pill burden improves adherence.
• Appropriate combinations avoid toxicities, interactions.
• Consider patient factors and virus characteristics.
• Selection based on disease symptoms and illnesses.
• Frequently complex regimens require ease

17. FORMULATION
Formulation Strength
AZT / 3TC 300 mg/150 mg
AZT /3TC/ NVP 300 mg/150 mg / 200 mg
D4T / 3TC 30 mg/ 150 mg
D4T / 3TC/ NVP 30 mg/ 150 mg / 200 mg
TDF /3TC 300 mg / 300 mg
TDF/ 3TC/ EFV 300 mg / 300 mg / 600 mg

18. CONT
Formulation Strength
ABC/3TC 60 mg/30 mg
AZT/3TC 60 mg / 30 mg
AZT/ 3TC/ NVP 60 mg/30 mg/ 50 mg

19. Goals of therapy
 To maximally and durably suppress viral load replication,
 To restore and preserve immunologic function,
 To reduce HIV-related morbidity and mortality,
 To improve quality of life

20. SUMMARY
• HIV is a retrovirus causing AIDS
• Spread through blood, sex, breast milk
• Distinct patterns men who have sex with men
• Sharp object sharing and heterosexual intercourse
• Virus found in various body fluids
• Therapeutic drug targets in its life cycle

21. CONT
• HIV treatment: PIs block protease
• NRTIs reverse transcriptase inhibitors
• NNRTIs reverse transcriptase inhibitors too
• Entry inhibitors prevent virus entry
• CCR5 antagonists block viral binding
• INSTIs block viral integration process.