This experiment examined the relationship between pH levels of the environment and populations of four species that breathe through their skin (cutaneous respiration): northern two-lined salamanders, eastern red-backed salamanders, southern chorus frogs, and common earthworms. pH levels were measured under boards placed in a forest, and species found underneath were identified and counted. There was a weak positive correlation found between soil pH and populations of common earthworms, but no correlation for the other three species. This suggests that cutaneous respirators prefer neutral or slightly basic environments, supporting concerns that acidic rain damages forest ecosystems.
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QNT 351 Final Exam Answers 2015 versionvincenzwhaley
QNT 351 Final Exam Answers
1) The main purpose of descriptive statistics is to
A. summarize data in a useful and informative manner
B. make inferences about a population
C. determine if the data adequately represents the population
D. gather or collect data
2) The general process of gathering, organizing, summarizing, analyzing, and interpreting data is called
A. statistics
B. descriptive statistics
C. inferential statistics
D. levels of measurement
3) The performance of personal and business investments is measured as a percentage, return on investment. What type of variable is return on investment?
A. Qualitative
B. Continuous
C. Attribute
D. Discrete
4) What type of variable is the number of robberies reported in your city?
A. Attribute
B. Continuous
C. Discrete
D. Qualitative
5) What level of measurement is the number of auto accidents reported in a given month?
A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
C. Interval
D. Ratio
6) The names of
Aquatic Insect Similarity Connecting Natural Wetland Habitat and Ricefield fo...Innspub Net
This study describes the relationship of the natural wetland habitats in Agusan Marsh to nearby rice fields and its implication to ecological rice production. Aquatic insects play multiple roles in the ecosystem such as predators, prey to other animals and decomposers which help in maintaining ecological balance. Results revealed that the diversity of odonates was highest in the sedge-dominated swamp among natural habitats which corresponds to the adjoining ricefields. The pattern of clustering of odonates show 3 groups; the rice-sago and rice-sedges sub-cluster, the rice-bangkal, rice-Terminalia, rice-fern, bangkal, sago and sedges sub-cluster, and the Terminalia forest as the outlier. The diversity of semi-aquatic and aquatic bugs was highest in the Bangkal forest while the lowest was in the fern-dominated swamp. The pattern of clustering shows 2 sub-clusters and the outlier Bangkal forest. On aquatic beetles, highest diversity was in the Terminalia forest. The sub-cluster consists of Terminalia habitat and rice-fern, while the other sub-cluster includes rice-Bangkal and rice-Terminalia. The resulting patterns of similarity in diversity and distribution of species in natural habitats and nearby ricefields indicate that ricefields are important temporary habitats for some aquatic insect species and serve as stepping stones for the movement of the insects.
Zooplanktonic Diversity and Trophic Status of Pashupatinath Pond in Relation ...IOSR Journals
Present investigation were carried out to physico chemical characterstics and trophic status of
Pashupatinath pond Mandsour (M.P.).water sample were collected seasonal basis for a period of December
2008 to September 2010 using plastic container .standard procedure were followed during collection
,preservation and analysis of water sample for various physicochemical and biological parameter .
The water quality is remained moderately alkaline PH (8.11) while electrical conductivity (0.2176 ms/cm), TDS
(187ppm) chloride (22.123ppm), Hardness(139.166ppm) and alkalinity (75.33ppm) show low mean value
.Average dissolve oxygen levels were at (7.771 ppm) ,while average nitrate and phosphate The water remained
modertly alkaline PH (7.95) while electrical conductance (0.2165ms/cm),TDS (153.66ppm)chloride (22.83ppm)
hardness (138.66ppm )and alkalinity (62.166 ppm) showed low mean values .Average dissolved oxygen level
were at (7.58 ppm ) while average nitrate and phosphate level were (0.2126ppm) and (0.5868 ppm) respectely
.On the basis of water quality parameter .Mirzapur dam was found to be oligotrophic. A low density of
Zooplankton were also observed during the study period
1. The purpose of this experiment is to identify and analyze the
relationship between pH of the environment and the population
of cutaneous respirators. The northern two-lined salamander (E.
bislineata), the eastern red-backed salamander (P. cinereus), the
southern chorus frog (P. nigrita), and the common earthworm
(L. terrestris) breathe through the skin in a method called
cutaneous respiration. The transfer of vital gases is strongly
affected by the contact between the skin and factors in the
environment such as acidity. New information resulting from
this study on microhabitat tolerance can be considered for using
cutaneous respirators as an index to forest health in the future.
Examining how pH affects these organisms is important because
of their roles in the ecosystem and the concern of habitat
destruction by acid rain. The null hypothesis was that there
would be no correlation between pH and population of
cutaneous respirators.
The null hypothesis was rejected only for earthworms. (Hor=0 can
be rejected in favor of Har≠0 for the correlation between pH and
earthworms only). There was a weak positive correlation between
soil pH and population of common earthworms (L. terrestris). The
Pearson correlation test result for earthworms (0.3747) is the only
one greater than the critical value of 0.3687. There is no
correlation between pH and any of the other species. The peak
populations were found where the pH was 7 to 8. The correlation
is not strong enough to support the use of earthworms as an index
to forest pH. There is only a 14.04% chance that pH influences the
population of earthworms as shown by the r2 value. There was a
greater frequency of boards found with a neutral to basic pH than
acidic. If there were more boards with an acidic pH level, there
would be statistically more chances of cutaneous respirators being
found in acidic areas. However, this study does show that
cutaneous respirators prefer a neutral or slightly basic
environment. This supports the concern that acid rain pollution is
damaging to the organisms of a deciduous forest ecosystem.
Acknowledgements: I would like to thank my teacher, Ms. Peggy Brosnan for guiding me through the research process.
In addition, I want to thank a staff member at Watkins Regional Park , Ms. Paula McNeil, for helping us identify organisms.
1. 41 1-foot by 1-foot plywood boards at the site were labeled
with numbered orange flags before collection of data for
identification purposes. The boards were placed about six to
ten feet apart along the edge of a stream at Watkins Regional
Park. The boards were visited once a week over 3 months
2. With each visit to the site, the Koolertron Home Garden Soil
Tester Light Moisture pH Meter 3 in 1 meter was imbedded in
the soil near each board. Each board was lifted and any species
found under it were documented, on the data sheet as well as
photographically
3. Each board was placed back into its original position and the pH
value was recorded.
Pearson Correlation Test Results (r critical value=0.3687)
r2
Salamanders 0.3222 0.1038
Southern Chorus Frog 0.2392 0.0572
Common Earthworm 0.3747 0.1404
Total 0.3576 0.1278
Linda Kuo
Koolertron Home Garden Soil Tester Light
Moisture pH Meter 3 in 1 meter
Eastern red-backed salamander in a lead color
phase