1) The document presents a model for analyzing ordinal data with many zero observations, known as status quo decisions. It specifically focuses on modeling central bank interest rate decisions.
2) It introduces the Cross-Nested Ordered Probit model, which allows for three latent regimes with endogenous switching to better model the preponderance of no-change decisions in interest rate policy.
3) The model is estimated using data on interest rate decisions of the Fed, ECB, BoE, and NBP. It provides more reasonable estimates of the choice probabilities compared to competing models and allows examining how the probabilities of the different regimes vary across policy periods.
Video z této přednášky naleznete v repozitáři NTK: http://repozitar.techlib.cz/record/784
Chcete vědět víc? Mnoho dalších prezentací, videí z konferencí, fotografií i jiných dokumentů je k dispozici v institucionálním repozitáři NTK: http://repozitar.techlib.cz
Would you like to know more? Find presentations, reports, conference videos, photos and much more in our institutional repository at: http://repozitar.techlib.cz/?ln=en
Long term science and technology policy – russian priorities for 2030Vladimir Mesropyan
Currently the framework conditions for science and technology and innovation (STI) policy have changed significantly in Russia: a system of technology forecasting has been established, which focuses on ensuring the future needs of the manufacturing sector of the national economy. This system was supposed to be the main part of the state strategy planning system which is currently being formed. Over the last decade dozens of science and technology forward-looking projects have been implemented, among which 3 cycles of long-term S&T Foresight stand out prominently. The Foresight was developed by the request of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. The development of the 3rd cycle of long-term Foresight includes both normative ("market pull") and research ("technology push") approaches. The project involved more than 2,000 experts and more than 200 organizations. Within the project a network of six sectoral Foresight centers was created on the basis of leading universities. The article describes the most important issues of future studies in Russia and presents the principles which formed the basis for the long-term science and technology (S&T) Foresight until 2030. The authors explore its position in the national technology Foresight system and the possibilities for the implementation of its results by the key stakeholders of the national innovation system and on the level of STI policy. Eventually Russian experience could be fairly interesting and useful for many other countries with similar socio-economic features and barrier
Macroeconomics and financial imbalancesADEMU_Project
All of this is highly political. Therefore, Political Union is not at the end the work to be done, but must be placed at the beginning of the road map.
Ademu Research outlined as presented at the Kick-Off Conference
Econometrics or machine learning. I explain which each tool is appropriate, and survey the issues and tools involved in establishing causal relationships.
Results of the SYRTO Project
Roberto Savona - Primary Coordinator of the SYRTO Project
University of Brescia
Final SYRTO Conference - Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne
February 19, 2016
Video z této přednášky naleznete v repozitáři NTK: http://repozitar.techlib.cz/record/784
Chcete vědět víc? Mnoho dalších prezentací, videí z konferencí, fotografií i jiných dokumentů je k dispozici v institucionálním repozitáři NTK: http://repozitar.techlib.cz
Would you like to know more? Find presentations, reports, conference videos, photos and much more in our institutional repository at: http://repozitar.techlib.cz/?ln=en
Long term science and technology policy – russian priorities for 2030Vladimir Mesropyan
Currently the framework conditions for science and technology and innovation (STI) policy have changed significantly in Russia: a system of technology forecasting has been established, which focuses on ensuring the future needs of the manufacturing sector of the national economy. This system was supposed to be the main part of the state strategy planning system which is currently being formed. Over the last decade dozens of science and technology forward-looking projects have been implemented, among which 3 cycles of long-term S&T Foresight stand out prominently. The Foresight was developed by the request of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. The development of the 3rd cycle of long-term Foresight includes both normative ("market pull") and research ("technology push") approaches. The project involved more than 2,000 experts and more than 200 organizations. Within the project a network of six sectoral Foresight centers was created on the basis of leading universities. The article describes the most important issues of future studies in Russia and presents the principles which formed the basis for the long-term science and technology (S&T) Foresight until 2030. The authors explore its position in the national technology Foresight system and the possibilities for the implementation of its results by the key stakeholders of the national innovation system and on the level of STI policy. Eventually Russian experience could be fairly interesting and useful for many other countries with similar socio-economic features and barrier
Macroeconomics and financial imbalancesADEMU_Project
All of this is highly political. Therefore, Political Union is not at the end the work to be done, but must be placed at the beginning of the road map.
Ademu Research outlined as presented at the Kick-Off Conference
Econometrics or machine learning. I explain which each tool is appropriate, and survey the issues and tools involved in establishing causal relationships.
Results of the SYRTO Project
Roberto Savona - Primary Coordinator of the SYRTO Project
University of Brescia
Final SYRTO Conference - Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne
February 19, 2016
Nursing research is research that provides evidence used to support nursing practices. Nursing, as an evidence-based area of practice, has been developing since the time of Florence Nightingale to the present day, where many nurses now work as researchers based in universities as well as in the health care setting.
Big Data Meets Biomedicine: Opportunities & ChallengesJen-Hsiang Chuang
There has been a dramatic increase in the number of publications using big data for biomedical applications in recent years. Although biomedical data with heterogeneous and unstructured data sources are increasing rapidly, it is expected that investments in big data applications in biomedicine have the potential to improve disease management from diagnosis to prevention to personalized medicine.
Introduction to the adverse outcome pathways concept and framework, Catherine...OECD Environment
On 30 April 2019, the OECD organised a webinar on the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework. The AOP framework is a collaborative tool that applies an innovative approach for collecting mechanistic knowledge from various sources that can eventually support chemical safety assessment.
The following questions were addressed:
What is the AOP framework and why should you care?
Why are we developing AOPs?
Why collaborations are encouraged and why should scientific societies be brought in?
What are the opportunities for collaboration in AOP development?
This study investigates the HBS effect in a panel of nine CEECs during 1993:Q1-2003:Q4 (unbalanced panel). Prior to estimating the model, we analyze several key assumptions of the model (e.g. wage equalisation, PPP and sectoral division) and elaborate on possible consequences of their failure to hold. In the empirical part of the paper, we check the level of integration of the variables in our panel using the Pedroni panel-stationarity tests. We then investigate the internal and external version of the HBS effect with the Pedroni panel-cointegration tests as well as by means of group-mean FMOLS and PMGE estimations to conclude that there is a strong evidence in support of the internal HBS and ambiguous evidence regarding the external HBS. Our estimates of the size of inflation and real appreciation consistent with the HBS effect turned out generally within the range of previous estimates in the literature (0-3 % per annum). However, we warn against drawing automatic policy conclusions based on these figures due to very strong assumptions on which they rest (which may not be met in near future). Finally, following the hypotheses put forward in the literature, we elaborate and attempt to evaluate empirically the potential impact of exchange rate regimes on the magnitude of the HBS effect.
Authored by: Monika Blaszkiewicz, Przemyslaw Kowalski, Łukasz Rawdanowicz, Przemyslaw Wozniak
Published in 2004
Spending reviews - Stefan Kiss, Slovak RepublicOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Stefan Kiss, Slovak Republic, at the 3rd Health Systems Joint Network meeting for Central, Eastern and South-eastern European Countries held in Vilnius, Lithuania, on 25-26 April 2019
Presentation given by Elke Schneider (EU-OSHA) to the Conference 'Europe at a crossroads. Which way to quality jobs and prosperity?' held under the joint auspices of the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) and the European Trade Union Institute (ETUI) held in Brussels on 24-26 September 2014.
The fiscal compact, EU IFIs and the new European Fiscal Board - Roel Beetsma,...OECD Governance
This presentation was made by Roel Beetsma, European Fiscal Board Secretariat, at the 9th Annual Meeting of the OECD network of Parliamentary Budget Officials and Independent Fiscal Institutions held in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 6-7 April 2017.
European Journal of Internal Medicine 32 (2016) e13–e14ConBetseyCalderon89
European Journal of Internal Medicine 32 (2016) e13–e14
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
European Journal of Internal Medicine
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ejim
Letter to the Editor
No correlation between health care expenditure
and mortality in the European Union
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
1
9
9
8
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
8
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
4
Years
P
ro
c
a
p
it
a
e
xp
e
n
d
it
u
re
(
ra
ti
o
)
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
D
e
a
th
s
(m
ill
io
n
)
Expenditure
Mortality
0.95
1.00
1.05
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
Procapita expenditure ratio
D
e
a
th
r
a
tio
(a)
(b)
Fig. 1. Trends of aggregate health care expenditures and mortality in the European Union
from the year 2000 to the year 2013 (Fig. 1a), and correlation between variation of health
care expenditures and mortality over the same period normalized for data of the year 2000
(Fig. 1b).
Keywords:
Health care expenditure
Health care costs
Mortality
Deaths
There is ongoing debate about the impact of aggregate health care
expenditure on health outcomes, and it also remains quite uncertain
whether increasing health spending may be a significant factor for
decreasing death rates. In 1991, Mackenbach published an interesting
analysis to establish whether a higher national level of health care
expenditure could be associated with a larger degree of success in
decreasing mortality within the European Community [1], concluding
that no association existed between deaths and health care funding.
Interestingly, no other comprehensive evidence has been published
so far in Europe. Therefore, in order to establish whether or not any
relationship exists between aggregate health care expenditure and
mortality in the European Union in recent years, we analyzed data of
overall mortality in the 28 European countries from the year 2000 to
the year 2013, combined with those of the concomitant expenditure
for health care (all functions). Health care costs were reported as per
capita expenditure, including all financing agencies and all health care
providers (i.e., both private and public). Mortality data were extracted
from the official website of the European Union [2], whereas health
care costs were retrieved from the Organization for Economic Co-
operation and Development (OECD) [3]. For each year after the 2000,
a ratio was calculated for both mortality and health care expenditure
to normalize the data.
The results of our analysis are shown in Fig. 1. From the year 2000
to the year 2013, health care costs have constantly increased in the
countries of the European Union, nearly doubling at the end of the
observational period (Fig. 1a). At variance, the mortality trend did not
follow a consistent trend from the year 2000 to the year 2013, exhibiting
peaks (e.g., in the year 2003) and troughs (e.g., in the year 2004)
(Fig. 1a). When the ratio of health care expenditures and mortality of
each single y ...
The projection examines impact of demographic changes and changes in health status on future (up to 2050) health expenditures. Next to it, future changes in the labour market participation and their imact on the health care system revenues are examined. Results indicate that due to demographic pressures health expenditures will increase in the next 40 years and health care systems in the NMS will face deficit. Moreover, health revenues, expenditures and deficit/surplus are slightly sensitive to possible labour market changes. Health care system reforms are required in order to balance the disequilibrium of revenues and expenditures caused by external factors (demographic and economic), and decrease the premium needed to cover expenditures. Such reforms should lead, on the one hand, to the rationing of medical services covered by public resources, and on the other, to more effective governance and management of the sector and within the sector.
Authored by: Stanislawa Golinowska, Ewa Kocot, Agnieszka Sowa
Published in 2008
Nursing research is research that provides evidence used to support nursing practices. Nursing, as an evidence-based area of practice, has been developing since the time of Florence Nightingale to the present day, where many nurses now work as researchers based in universities as well as in the health care setting.
Big Data Meets Biomedicine: Opportunities & ChallengesJen-Hsiang Chuang
There has been a dramatic increase in the number of publications using big data for biomedical applications in recent years. Although biomedical data with heterogeneous and unstructured data sources are increasing rapidly, it is expected that investments in big data applications in biomedicine have the potential to improve disease management from diagnosis to prevention to personalized medicine.
Introduction to the adverse outcome pathways concept and framework, Catherine...OECD Environment
On 30 April 2019, the OECD organised a webinar on the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework. The AOP framework is a collaborative tool that applies an innovative approach for collecting mechanistic knowledge from various sources that can eventually support chemical safety assessment.
The following questions were addressed:
What is the AOP framework and why should you care?
Why are we developing AOPs?
Why collaborations are encouraged and why should scientific societies be brought in?
What are the opportunities for collaboration in AOP development?
This study investigates the HBS effect in a panel of nine CEECs during 1993:Q1-2003:Q4 (unbalanced panel). Prior to estimating the model, we analyze several key assumptions of the model (e.g. wage equalisation, PPP and sectoral division) and elaborate on possible consequences of their failure to hold. In the empirical part of the paper, we check the level of integration of the variables in our panel using the Pedroni panel-stationarity tests. We then investigate the internal and external version of the HBS effect with the Pedroni panel-cointegration tests as well as by means of group-mean FMOLS and PMGE estimations to conclude that there is a strong evidence in support of the internal HBS and ambiguous evidence regarding the external HBS. Our estimates of the size of inflation and real appreciation consistent with the HBS effect turned out generally within the range of previous estimates in the literature (0-3 % per annum). However, we warn against drawing automatic policy conclusions based on these figures due to very strong assumptions on which they rest (which may not be met in near future). Finally, following the hypotheses put forward in the literature, we elaborate and attempt to evaluate empirically the potential impact of exchange rate regimes on the magnitude of the HBS effect.
Authored by: Monika Blaszkiewicz, Przemyslaw Kowalski, Łukasz Rawdanowicz, Przemyslaw Wozniak
Published in 2004
Spending reviews - Stefan Kiss, Slovak RepublicOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Stefan Kiss, Slovak Republic, at the 3rd Health Systems Joint Network meeting for Central, Eastern and South-eastern European Countries held in Vilnius, Lithuania, on 25-26 April 2019
Presentation given by Elke Schneider (EU-OSHA) to the Conference 'Europe at a crossroads. Which way to quality jobs and prosperity?' held under the joint auspices of the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) and the European Trade Union Institute (ETUI) held in Brussels on 24-26 September 2014.
The fiscal compact, EU IFIs and the new European Fiscal Board - Roel Beetsma,...OECD Governance
This presentation was made by Roel Beetsma, European Fiscal Board Secretariat, at the 9th Annual Meeting of the OECD network of Parliamentary Budget Officials and Independent Fiscal Institutions held in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 6-7 April 2017.
European Journal of Internal Medicine 32 (2016) e13–e14ConBetseyCalderon89
European Journal of Internal Medicine 32 (2016) e13–e14
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
European Journal of Internal Medicine
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ejim
Letter to the Editor
No correlation between health care expenditure
and mortality in the European Union
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
1
9
9
8
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
8
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
4
Years
P
ro
c
a
p
it
a
e
xp
e
n
d
it
u
re
(
ra
ti
o
)
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
D
e
a
th
s
(m
ill
io
n
)
Expenditure
Mortality
0.95
1.00
1.05
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
Procapita expenditure ratio
D
e
a
th
r
a
tio
(a)
(b)
Fig. 1. Trends of aggregate health care expenditures and mortality in the European Union
from the year 2000 to the year 2013 (Fig. 1a), and correlation between variation of health
care expenditures and mortality over the same period normalized for data of the year 2000
(Fig. 1b).
Keywords:
Health care expenditure
Health care costs
Mortality
Deaths
There is ongoing debate about the impact of aggregate health care
expenditure on health outcomes, and it also remains quite uncertain
whether increasing health spending may be a significant factor for
decreasing death rates. In 1991, Mackenbach published an interesting
analysis to establish whether a higher national level of health care
expenditure could be associated with a larger degree of success in
decreasing mortality within the European Community [1], concluding
that no association existed between deaths and health care funding.
Interestingly, no other comprehensive evidence has been published
so far in Europe. Therefore, in order to establish whether or not any
relationship exists between aggregate health care expenditure and
mortality in the European Union in recent years, we analyzed data of
overall mortality in the 28 European countries from the year 2000 to
the year 2013, combined with those of the concomitant expenditure
for health care (all functions). Health care costs were reported as per
capita expenditure, including all financing agencies and all health care
providers (i.e., both private and public). Mortality data were extracted
from the official website of the European Union [2], whereas health
care costs were retrieved from the Organization for Economic Co-
operation and Development (OECD) [3]. For each year after the 2000,
a ratio was calculated for both mortality and health care expenditure
to normalize the data.
The results of our analysis are shown in Fig. 1. From the year 2000
to the year 2013, health care costs have constantly increased in the
countries of the European Union, nearly doubling at the end of the
observational period (Fig. 1a). At variance, the mortality trend did not
follow a consistent trend from the year 2000 to the year 2013, exhibiting
peaks (e.g., in the year 2003) and troughs (e.g., in the year 2004)
(Fig. 1a). When the ratio of health care expenditures and mortality of
each single y ...
The projection examines impact of demographic changes and changes in health status on future (up to 2050) health expenditures. Next to it, future changes in the labour market participation and their imact on the health care system revenues are examined. Results indicate that due to demographic pressures health expenditures will increase in the next 40 years and health care systems in the NMS will face deficit. Moreover, health revenues, expenditures and deficit/surplus are slightly sensitive to possible labour market changes. Health care system reforms are required in order to balance the disequilibrium of revenues and expenditures caused by external factors (demographic and economic), and decrease the premium needed to cover expenditures. Such reforms should lead, on the one hand, to the rationing of medical services covered by public resources, and on the other, to more effective governance and management of the sector and within the sector.
Authored by: Stanislawa Golinowska, Ewa Kocot, Agnieszka Sowa
Published in 2008
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
1. Modelling Ordinal Data with Abundant and
Heterogeneous Zero (Status Quo) Observations
Andrei Sirchenko1
National Research University – Higher School of Economics
Moscow, Russia
May 21, 2016
1This paper is partially based on the research supported by a grant from the National Bank of Poland and a grant from the
EERC.
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2. Modelling Status Quo Decisions in Monetary Policy
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3. A phenomenon of zero in‡ation
The preponderance of zero observations is observed in many …elds
visits to a doctor
tobacco consumption
disease lesions on plants
manufacturing defects
recreational demand
sexual behavior
fertility
insurance claims
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4. Heterogeneity of zero observations
Numerous studies make a distinction between the di¤erent types of zeros
no medical appointments due to chance, doctor avoidance, lack of
insurance, or medical costs
no children due to infertility or choice
no illness due to strong resistance or lack of infection
a “genuine nonuser” versus a “potential user”
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6. "Ask not what you can do to the data but
rather what the data can do for you."
–Zvi Griliches
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7. Changes to policy interest rates
The preponderance of no-change decisions
larger
cut
25 bp
cut
no
change
25 bp
hike
larger
hike
Fed 10/1982 - 10/2012 9% 11% 63% 13% 3%
ECB 01/1999 - 10/2012 6% 4% 79% 10% 1%
BoE 06/1997 - 10/2012 5% 9% 76% 10% 0%
NBP 03/1998 - 10/2012 14% 9% 66% 11% 0%
Change to policy rate
Central
bank
Period
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8. Policy rate of the BoE
Policy easing (E), maintaining (M) and tightening (T) periods
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9. Policy rate of the ECB
Policy easing (E), maintaining (M) and tightening (T) periods
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10. Policy rate of the NBP
Policy easing (E), maintaining (M) and tightening (T) periods
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11. Policy rate decisions
in response to changes in in‡ation and economic situation
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12. Policy rate decisions
in response to changes in in‡ation and economic situation
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13. Policy rate decisions
in response to changes in in‡ation and economic situation
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14. Policy decisions
in response to changes in in‡ation and economic situation
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15. Policy decisions
in response to changes in in‡ation and economic situation
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16. Cross-Nested Ordered Probit Model
Three latent regimes with endogenous switching
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17. Cross-Nested Ordered Probit Model
A generalization of the NOP, MIOP and ACH models
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18. Allowing for endogenous explanatory variables
Simple mimicing of the two-stage least squares estimation of linear
models (i.e. inserting the …tted values from the reduced form in place
of the endogenous regressors in the structural equation) does not
generally work for nonlinear models and often makes the endogeneity
bias worse (Bhattacharya et al. 2006).
To accommodate continuous endogenous regressors in the CNOP
framework I implement the control function approach (Smith and
Blundell 1986, Rivers and Vuong 1988), which introduces residuals
from the reduced form for the endogenous regressors into the
structural equation as controls for endogeneity.
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19. Comparison of competing models
CNOP model provides the more reasonable estimates of choice probabilities
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20. Estimated probabilities of three policy regimes
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21. Probabilities of latent regimes in di¤erent policy periods
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22. Concluding remarks
"The model is often smarter than you are." –Paul Krugman
The proposed cross-nested ordered probit model is applicable in many
situations and can be applied to a variety of ordinal data sets
(changes to consumption, prices, rankings, etc.) and survey responses
(when the respondents are asked to indicate the negative, neutral or
positive attitude).
The model can be extended by relaxing the iid assumption among the
error terms.
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