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Data Analysis and Presentation
Course
1
‫المعلومات‬ ‫عرض‬
‫التقنية‬
‫الهندســـة‬ ‫كلية‬
‫قســم‬
‫الهندســـة‬
‫الميكانيـــكية‬
2019/2020
Data Analysis and Presentation
Course
2
‫المحتويات‬
‫مقدمة‬
‫الهندسة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الوحدات‬
‫العالمية‬ ‫الوحدات‬ ‫نظام‬ SI
‫األخرى‬ ‫الوحدات‬
‫التحويل‬
‫المعدات‬ ‫بات‬ِ‫ك‬‫ر‬ُ‫م‬ ‫رموز‬
‫المنحنيات‬ ‫رسم‬
‫لمنحنيات‬ ‫القوائم‬ ‫تحويل‬
‫التجربية‬ ‫القيم‬ ‫و‬ ‫النظرية‬ ‫القيم‬
‫للمنحنى‬ ‫العامة‬ ‫الصورة‬
:
‫مثال‬
‫إكسل‬ ‫برنامج‬ ‫إستخدام‬ (Excel)
‫التقارير‬
‫البيانات‬ ‫جداول‬ (Tables)
‫(األشكال‬Figures)
‫المالحق‬ (Appendices)
‫المراجع‬ (References)
‫المعملية‬ ‫التجارب‬
‫التقرير‬ ‫مكونات‬
‫الواجهة‬ ‫الصفحة‬
‫مثال‬
‫تقرير‬
‫معملي‬
‫التخرج‬ ‫مشروع‬
‫البيانات‬ ‫تحليل‬
Data Analysis and Presentation
Course
3
‫القياس‬ ‫وحدات‬
•
‫القياس‬
‫هو‬
‫مقابلة‬
‫شيء‬
‫ما‬
‫بشيء‬
‫آخر‬
‫من‬
‫النوع‬
‫ذاته‬
‫لنع‬
‫رف‬
‫إذا‬
‫كان‬
‫مساو‬
‫له‬
‫أو‬
‫ينقص‬
‫عنه‬
‫أو‬
‫يزيد‬
.
‫ووحدات‬
‫القياس‬
‫هي‬
‫وسائل‬
‫يعبر‬
‫بها‬
‫عن‬
‫مقدار‬
‫ما‬
‫بالموازنة‬
‫بينه‬
‫وبين‬
‫مقد‬
‫ار‬
‫آخر‬
‫ثابت‬
،
‫والعلم‬
‫الذي‬
‫يختص‬
‫بدراسة‬
‫األوزان‬
‫والمقاييس‬
‫وما‬
‫يتصل‬
‫بها‬
‫من‬
‫أدوات‬
‫وآالت‬
‫وعمليات‬
‫قياس‬
‫يدعى‬
«
‫علم‬
‫القياس‬
»
‫أو‬
‫التقييس‬
.
Data Analysis and Presentation
Course
4
‫تاريخية‬ ‫لمحة‬
•
‫ت‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫الحضارة‬ ‫نشوء‬ ‫منذ‬ ‫واألوزان‬ ‫والمكاييل‬ ‫المقاييس‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫حاجة‬ ‫ظهرت‬
‫عددت‬
‫وع‬ ‫بها‬ ‫خاصة‬ ‫وحدات‬ ‫دولة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫دويلة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫لكل‬ ‫فكان‬ ‫المجتمعات‬ ‫بتعدد‬ ‫وقيمتها‬ ‫مقاديرها‬
‫ندما‬
‫صعوبة‬ ‫من‬ ‫يزيد‬ ‫واألوزان‬ ‫والمكاييل‬ ‫المقاييس‬ ‫اختالف‬ ‫كان‬ ‫السلع‬ ‫يتبادلون‬ ‫الناس‬ ‫أخذ‬
‫في‬ ‫التعامل‬
‫بينهم‬ ‫ما‬
.
‫عالمية‬ ‫وحدات‬ ‫إلنشاء‬ ‫الفرنسية‬ ‫المبادرة‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫الحال‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫على‬ ‫األمر‬ ‫ظل‬
•
‫األكادي‬ ‫من‬ ‫إليهما‬ َ‫د‬ِ‫ه‬ُ‫ع‬ ‫فقد‬ ، ‫وميشين‬ ‫المبير‬ ‫دى‬ ‫العالمين‬ ‫بجهود‬ ‫الثورة‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫تم‬
‫الفرنسية‬ ‫مية‬
‫ب‬ ‫المار‬ ‫الطول‬ ‫خط‬ ‫امتداد‬ ‫على‬ ‫االستواء‬ ‫وخط‬ ‫الشمالي‬ ‫القطب‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المسافة‬ ‫بتحديد‬ ‫للعلوم‬
‫باريس‬
‫يت‬ِِّ‫وسم‬ ‫المسافة‬ ‫لقياس‬ ‫دولية‬ ‫وحدة‬ ‫المسافة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫من‬ ‫ماليين‬ ‫عشرة‬ ‫من‬ ‫جزء‬ ‫واتخاذ‬
"
‫ت‬ِ‫م‬
‫ر‬
"
ً‫ا‬‫اشتقاق‬
‫اليونانية‬ ‫الكلمة‬ ‫من‬
"
‫ترون‬ِ‫م‬
"
‫قياس‬ ‫ومعناها‬
.
•
‫سنة‬ ‫وفي‬
1799
‫من‬ ‫قطعتان‬ ‫طرفيه‬ ‫عند‬ َ‫ِّت‬ِ‫ب‬ُ‫ث‬‫و‬ ‫معدنية‬ ‫سبيكة‬ ‫من‬ ‫قضيب‬ ‫صنع‬ ِّ‫م‬‫ت‬
‫على‬ َ‫ر‬ِ‫ف‬ُ‫ح‬ ‫ذهب‬
‫المئوي‬ ‫الصفر‬ ‫حرارة‬ ‫درجة‬ ‫عند‬ ‫الخطين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الفاصلة‬ ‫والمسافة‬ ‫دقيق‬ ‫خط‬ ‫قطعة‬ ‫كل‬ ‫سطح‬
‫تساوي‬ ‫ة‬
ً‫ا‬‫واحد‬ ً‫ا‬‫متر‬
•
‫سنة‬ ‫في‬
1960
‫مقداره‬ ‫الضوئية‬ ‫الموجات‬ ‫أطوال‬ ‫من‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫مجموع‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫المتر‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تقرر‬
1,650,763.73
))
‫الكريبتون‬ ‫عنصر‬ ‫نظائر‬ ‫أحد‬ ‫من‬ ‫المنبعثة‬ ‫موجة‬
86
.
‫الجديد‬ ‫التعريف‬ ‫بهذا‬
‫القياس‬ ‫على‬ ‫قدرتنا‬ ‫من‬ ‫لنزيد‬ ‫المتر‬ ‫لتحديد‬ ‫ثابتة‬ ‫طبيعية‬ ‫ظاهرة‬ ‫نعتمد‬ ‫صرنا‬ ‫للمتر‬
‫دون‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫بدقة‬
‫التلف‬ ‫أو‬ ‫للتغير‬ ‫تتعرض‬ ‫قد‬ ‫المادة‬ ‫من‬ ‫كتلة‬ ‫على‬ ‫لالعتماد‬ ‫الحاجة‬
.
Data Analysis and Presentation
Course
5
‫العالمية‬ ‫المنظومة‬
•
‫ظلت‬
‫منظومة‬
‫المتر‬
‫المنظومة‬
‫األساسية‬
‫لألوزان‬
‫والمقاييس‬
‫والس‬
‫يما‬
‫في‬
‫البحوث‬
،‫العلمية‬
‫وقد‬
‫اتسع‬
‫مجالها‬
‫وتشعبت‬
‫استعماالتها‬
‫ب‬
‫عد‬
‫أن‬
‫جمعت‬
‫مع‬
‫وحدة‬
،‫الزمن‬
‫أي‬
‫الثانية‬
.
‫وسمح‬
‫هذا‬
‫الجمع‬
‫باشتقاق‬
‫وحدا‬
‫ت‬
‫أخرى‬
‫كثيرة‬
‫لتمييز‬
‫الظواهر‬
،‫الفيزيائية‬
‫وإدخال‬
‫تعديالت‬
‫وإض‬
‫افات‬
‫كثيرة‬
‫عليها‬
.
‫واتفق‬
‫في‬
‫خاتمة‬
‫المطاف‬
‫على‬
‫تبني‬
‫المنظومة‬
‫ال‬
‫عالمية‬
‫لواحدات‬
‫القياس‬
(
SI
)
International System of Units
‫كي‬
‫تشمل‬
‫أكمل‬
‫مجاالت‬
‫القياس‬
‫العلمية‬
‫والتقنية‬
.
Data Analysis and Presentation
Course
6
‫الوحدات‬
‫القائمة‬
(
2.1
:)
‫العالمي‬ ‫الوحدات‬ ‫نظام‬ ‫وحدات‬ ‫بعض‬
‫الضغط‬ ‫القدرة‬ ‫الطاقة‬ ‫القوة‬ ‫الحرارة‬ ‫درجة‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫الكتلة‬ ‫الطول‬
Pa W J N K s kg m
‫باسكال‬ ‫وات‬ ‫جول‬ ‫نيوتن‬ ‫كلفن‬ ‫ثانية‬ ‫غرام‬ ‫كيلو‬ ‫متر‬
‫القائمة‬
(
2.2
: )
‫الوحدات‬ ‫مشتقات‬
10-6 10-3 106 103
E-6 E-3 E6 E3
μ m M k
‫مايكرو‬ ‫ملي‬ ‫ميغا‬ ‫كيلو‬
micro milli mega kilo
Data Analysis and Presentation
Course
7
‫الوحدات‬
‫خطأ‬ ‫و‬ ‫صحيح‬
‫خطأ‬ ‫صحيح‬
ms-1 m/s
m.s-1
meter per second
m/s/s m.s-2 Meter per second per
second
m.s ms millisecond
C C degree celsius
K K kelvin
KW
Kw
kW kilowatt
Data Analysis and Presentation
Course
8
‫الوحدات‬
The SI is founded on seven SI base units for seven base quantities
assumed to be mutually independent, as given in Table 1.
Table 1. SI base units
Base quantity Name Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol
Luminous intensity candela cd
Data Analysis and Presentation
Course
9
‫الوحدات‬
SI derived unit
Derived quantity Name Symbol
area square meter m2
volume cubic meter m3
speed, velocity meter per second m/s
acceleration meter per second squared m/s2
density kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3
specific volume cubic meter per kilogram m3/kg
current density ampere per square meter A/m2
magnetic field strength ampere per meter A/m
amount-of-substance concentration mole per cubic meter mol/m3
mass fraction kilogram per kilogram, kg/kg = 1
Table 2. Examples of SI derived units
Data Analysis and Presentation
Course
10
‫الوحدات‬
Table 3. SI derived units with special names and symbols
SI derived unit
Derived quantity Name Symbol Expression
in terms of
other SI units
Expression
in terms of
SI base units
frequency hertz Hz - s-1
force newton N - m·kg·s-2
pressure, stress pascal Pa N/m2 m-1·kg·s-2
energy, work,
quantity of heat
joule J N·m m2·kg·s-2
power, radiant flux watt W J/s m2·kg·s-3
electric resistance Ohm V/A = (w/A2) m2·kg·s-3·A-2
magnetic flux weber Wb V·s m2·kg·s-2·A-1
magnetic flux
density
tesla T Wb/m2 kg·s-2·A-1
Data Analysis and Presentation
Course
11
‫الوحدات‬
Table 4. Examples of SI derived units whose names and symbols
include SI derived units with special names and symbols
SI derived unit
Derived quantity Name Symbol
dynamic viscosity pascal second Pa·s
moment of force newton meter N·m
surface tension newton per meter N/m
angular velocity radian per second rad/s
angular acceleration radian per second squared rad/s2
heat flux density watt per square meter W/m2
heat capacity, entropy joule per kelvin J/K
specific heat capacity, specific entropy joule per kilogram kelvin J/(kg·K)
specific energy joule per kilogram J/kg
thermal conductivity watt per meter kelvin W/(m·K)
energy density joule per cubic meter J/m3
Data Analysis and Presentation
Course
12
‫الوحدات‬
Table 5. SI prefixes
Factor Name Symbol
1024 yotta Y
1021 zetta Z
1018 exa E
1015 peta P
1012 tera T
109 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo k
102 hecto h
101 deka da
Factor Name Symbol
10-1 deci d
10-2 centi c
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro µ
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p
10-15 femto f
10-18 atto a
10-21 zepto z
10-24 yocto y
Data Analysis and Presentation
Course
13
‫الوحدات‬
Table 6. Units outside the SI that are accepted for use with the SI
Name Symbol Value in SI units
minute (time) min 1 min = 60 s
hour h 1 h = 60 min = 3600 s
day d 1 d = 24 h = 86 400 s
degree (angle) ° 1° = (π /180) rad
minute (angle) ’ 1’ =)1/60(° = (π /10 800) rad
second (angle) ” 1” = )1/60(’ = )π /648 000) rad
liter L 1 L = 1 dm3 = 10-3 m3
metric ton (a) t 1 t = 103 kg
Data Analysis and Presentation
Course
14
‫للوحدات‬ ‫التحويل‬ ‫قوائم‬
‫السرعة‬
m/s ft/s m/min ft/min km/h mile/h
1 3.281 60 196.85 3.6 2.2369
0.305 1 18.288 60 1.0973 0.6818
0.017 0.055 1 3.281 0.06 0.0373
0.005 0.017 0.305 1 0.0183 0.01136
0.278 0.911 16.667 54.68 1 0.6214
0.447 1.467 26.822 88 1.6093 1
Data Analysis and Presentation
Course
15
‫للوحدات‬ ‫التحويل‬ ‫قوائم‬
‫الكتلة‬ ‫سريان‬ ‫معدل‬
kg/s lb/s kg/h lb/h ton/h
1 2.205 3600 7936.64 3.6
0.454 1 1633 3600 1.607
2.78 x10-4 6.12 x10-4 1 2.205 9.84 x 10-4
1.026 x10-
4
2.78 x10-4 0.454 1 4.46 x 10-4
0.282 0.622 1016 2240 1
Data Analysis and Presentation
Course
16
‫للوحدات‬ ‫التحويل‬ ‫قوائم‬
‫الحجمي‬ ‫السريان‬ ‫معدل‬
L/s L/min m3/h ft3/h ft3/min U.S.
gal/min
U.S. barrel/ day
1 60 3.6 127.133 2.1189 15.85 543.439
0.017 1 0.06 2.1189 0.0353 0.264 9.057
0.278 16.667 1 35.3147 0.5886 4.403 150.955
0.008 0.472 0.0283 1 0.0167 0.125 4.275
0.472 28.317 1.6990 60 1 7.480 256.475
0.063 3.785 0.2271 8.0209 0.1337 1 34.286
0.002 0.110 0.0066 0.2339 0.0039 0.029 1
Data Analysis and Presentation
Course
17
‫للوحدات‬ ‫التحويل‬ ‫قوائم‬
‫القوة‬
Newton N kilonewton kN kilogram force (kgf) pound force lbf
1 0.001 0.102 0.225
1000 1 101.97 224.81
9.807 0.0098 1 2.205
4.448 0.0044 0.454 1
Data Analysis and Presentation
Course
18
‫للوحدات‬ ‫التحويل‬ ‫قوائم‬
‫السمت‬ ‫و‬ ‫الضغط‬
Newton per
square meter
N/M2 or
Pascal
(Pa)
kilo -
pascal
kPa
bar kilogram force
per square
centi-meter
kgf/cm2
pound force per
square inch
lbf/in2
foot of
water
meter of
water
millimet
er of
mercury
mm Hg
inch of
mercury
in Mg
1 0.001 1x105 1.02x105 1.045 x10-4 3.35x10-4 1.02x10-4 0.0075 2.95x10-4
1000 1 0.01 1.02x10-2 0.145 0.335 0.102 7.5 0.295
100000 100 1 1.02 14.5 33.52 10.2 750.1 29.53
98067 98.07 0.981 1 14.22 32.81 10 735.6 28.96
6895 6.895 0.069 0.0703 1 2.31 0.703 51.72 2.036
2984 2.984 0.03 0.0305 0.433 1 0.305 22.42 0.882
9789 9.789 0.0980. 0.1 1.42 3.28 1 73.42 2.891
133.3 0.133 0.0013 0.0014 0.019 0.045 0.014 1 0.039
3386 3.386 0.0338 0.0345 0.491 1.133 0.345 25.4 1
Data Analysis and Presentation
Course
19
‫للوحدات‬ ‫التحويل‬ ‫قوائم‬
‫الطاقة‬
joule
J
kilojoule
kJ
megajoule
MJ
foot pound
force
ft lbf
British thermal
unit
B.t.u.
kilowatt hour
kWh
1 0.001 1 X 10-6 0.737 9.48 x 10-4 2.78 x 10-7
1000 1 0.001 737.56 0.9478 2.78 x 10-4
1 x 106 1000 1 737562 947.82 0.2778
1.356 1.36 x 10-3 1.36 x 10-6 1 1.28 x 10-3 3.77 x 10-7
1055.1 1.0551 1.05 x 10-3 778.17 1 2.931 X 10-4
3.6 x 106 3600 3.6 2.65 x 106 3412.1 1
Data Analysis and Presentation
Course
20
‫للوحدات‬ ‫التحويل‬ ‫قوائم‬
‫القدرة‬
Watt
W
kilogram force meter
per sec.
kgf m/s
metric
horsepower
foot pound force per
second
ft lbf/s
horsepower
hp
1 0.102 0.00136 0.738 0.0013
9.806 1 0.133 7.233 0.0131
735.5 75 1 542.476 0.9863
1.356 0.138 1.84 x 10-3 1 1.82 x 10-3
745.70 76.04 1.0139 550.0 1
Data Analysis and Presentation
Course
21
‫للوحدات‬ ‫التحويل‬ ‫قوائم‬
‫الحجم‬
cubic millimeter
mm3
cubic centimeter
cm3
cubic meter
m3
cubic inch
in3
cubic foot
ft3
cubic yard
yd3
1 0.001 1 x 10-9 6.1 x 10-5 3.531 x 10-8 1.3068 x 10-9
1000 1 1 x 10-6 0.061 3.531 x 10-5 1.308 x 10-6
1 x 109 1 x 106 1 61024 35.31 1.308
16387 16.39 1.639 x 10-5 1 5.787 x 10-4 2.143 x 10-5
2.832 x 107 2.832 x 104 0.0283 1728 1 0.0370
7.646 X 108 7.646 x 105 0.7646 46656 27 1

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Presentation of Technical Information 01.pdf

  • 1. Data Analysis and Presentation Course 1 ‫المعلومات‬ ‫عرض‬ ‫التقنية‬ ‫الهندســـة‬ ‫كلية‬ ‫قســم‬ ‫الهندســـة‬ ‫الميكانيـــكية‬ 2019/2020
  • 2. Data Analysis and Presentation Course 2 ‫المحتويات‬ ‫مقدمة‬ ‫الهندسة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الوحدات‬ ‫العالمية‬ ‫الوحدات‬ ‫نظام‬ SI ‫األخرى‬ ‫الوحدات‬ ‫التحويل‬ ‫المعدات‬ ‫بات‬ِ‫ك‬‫ر‬ُ‫م‬ ‫رموز‬ ‫المنحنيات‬ ‫رسم‬ ‫لمنحنيات‬ ‫القوائم‬ ‫تحويل‬ ‫التجربية‬ ‫القيم‬ ‫و‬ ‫النظرية‬ ‫القيم‬ ‫للمنحنى‬ ‫العامة‬ ‫الصورة‬ : ‫مثال‬ ‫إكسل‬ ‫برنامج‬ ‫إستخدام‬ (Excel) ‫التقارير‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫جداول‬ (Tables) ‫(األشكال‬Figures) ‫المالحق‬ (Appendices) ‫المراجع‬ (References) ‫المعملية‬ ‫التجارب‬ ‫التقرير‬ ‫مكونات‬ ‫الواجهة‬ ‫الصفحة‬ ‫مثال‬ ‫تقرير‬ ‫معملي‬ ‫التخرج‬ ‫مشروع‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫تحليل‬
  • 3. Data Analysis and Presentation Course 3 ‫القياس‬ ‫وحدات‬ • ‫القياس‬ ‫هو‬ ‫مقابلة‬ ‫شيء‬ ‫ما‬ ‫بشيء‬ ‫آخر‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫ذاته‬ ‫لنع‬ ‫رف‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫كان‬ ‫مساو‬ ‫له‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ينقص‬ ‫عنه‬ ‫أو‬ ‫يزيد‬ . ‫ووحدات‬ ‫القياس‬ ‫هي‬ ‫وسائل‬ ‫يعبر‬ ‫بها‬ ‫عن‬ ‫مقدار‬ ‫ما‬ ‫بالموازنة‬ ‫بينه‬ ‫وبين‬ ‫مقد‬ ‫ار‬ ‫آخر‬ ‫ثابت‬ ، ‫والعلم‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫يختص‬ ‫بدراسة‬ ‫األوزان‬ ‫والمقاييس‬ ‫وما‬ ‫يتصل‬ ‫بها‬ ‫من‬ ‫أدوات‬ ‫وآالت‬ ‫وعمليات‬ ‫قياس‬ ‫يدعى‬ « ‫علم‬ ‫القياس‬ » ‫أو‬ ‫التقييس‬ .
  • 4. Data Analysis and Presentation Course 4 ‫تاريخية‬ ‫لمحة‬ • ‫ت‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫الحضارة‬ ‫نشوء‬ ‫منذ‬ ‫واألوزان‬ ‫والمكاييل‬ ‫المقاييس‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫حاجة‬ ‫ظهرت‬ ‫عددت‬ ‫وع‬ ‫بها‬ ‫خاصة‬ ‫وحدات‬ ‫دولة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫دويلة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫لكل‬ ‫فكان‬ ‫المجتمعات‬ ‫بتعدد‬ ‫وقيمتها‬ ‫مقاديرها‬ ‫ندما‬ ‫صعوبة‬ ‫من‬ ‫يزيد‬ ‫واألوزان‬ ‫والمكاييل‬ ‫المقاييس‬ ‫اختالف‬ ‫كان‬ ‫السلع‬ ‫يتبادلون‬ ‫الناس‬ ‫أخذ‬ ‫في‬ ‫التعامل‬ ‫بينهم‬ ‫ما‬ . ‫عالمية‬ ‫وحدات‬ ‫إلنشاء‬ ‫الفرنسية‬ ‫المبادرة‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫الحال‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫على‬ ‫األمر‬ ‫ظل‬ • ‫األكادي‬ ‫من‬ ‫إليهما‬ َ‫د‬ِ‫ه‬ُ‫ع‬ ‫فقد‬ ، ‫وميشين‬ ‫المبير‬ ‫دى‬ ‫العالمين‬ ‫بجهود‬ ‫الثورة‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫تم‬ ‫الفرنسية‬ ‫مية‬ ‫ب‬ ‫المار‬ ‫الطول‬ ‫خط‬ ‫امتداد‬ ‫على‬ ‫االستواء‬ ‫وخط‬ ‫الشمالي‬ ‫القطب‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المسافة‬ ‫بتحديد‬ ‫للعلوم‬ ‫باريس‬ ‫يت‬ِِّ‫وسم‬ ‫المسافة‬ ‫لقياس‬ ‫دولية‬ ‫وحدة‬ ‫المسافة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫من‬ ‫ماليين‬ ‫عشرة‬ ‫من‬ ‫جزء‬ ‫واتخاذ‬ " ‫ت‬ِ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ " ً‫ا‬‫اشتقاق‬ ‫اليونانية‬ ‫الكلمة‬ ‫من‬ " ‫ترون‬ِ‫م‬ " ‫قياس‬ ‫ومعناها‬ . • ‫سنة‬ ‫وفي‬ 1799 ‫من‬ ‫قطعتان‬ ‫طرفيه‬ ‫عند‬ َ‫ِّت‬ِ‫ب‬ُ‫ث‬‫و‬ ‫معدنية‬ ‫سبيكة‬ ‫من‬ ‫قضيب‬ ‫صنع‬ ِّ‫م‬‫ت‬ ‫على‬ َ‫ر‬ِ‫ف‬ُ‫ح‬ ‫ذهب‬ ‫المئوي‬ ‫الصفر‬ ‫حرارة‬ ‫درجة‬ ‫عند‬ ‫الخطين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الفاصلة‬ ‫والمسافة‬ ‫دقيق‬ ‫خط‬ ‫قطعة‬ ‫كل‬ ‫سطح‬ ‫تساوي‬ ‫ة‬ ً‫ا‬‫واحد‬ ً‫ا‬‫متر‬ • ‫سنة‬ ‫في‬ 1960 ‫مقداره‬ ‫الضوئية‬ ‫الموجات‬ ‫أطوال‬ ‫من‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫مجموع‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫المتر‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تقرر‬ 1,650,763.73 )) ‫الكريبتون‬ ‫عنصر‬ ‫نظائر‬ ‫أحد‬ ‫من‬ ‫المنبعثة‬ ‫موجة‬ 86 . ‫الجديد‬ ‫التعريف‬ ‫بهذا‬ ‫القياس‬ ‫على‬ ‫قدرتنا‬ ‫من‬ ‫لنزيد‬ ‫المتر‬ ‫لتحديد‬ ‫ثابتة‬ ‫طبيعية‬ ‫ظاهرة‬ ‫نعتمد‬ ‫صرنا‬ ‫للمتر‬ ‫دون‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫بدقة‬ ‫التلف‬ ‫أو‬ ‫للتغير‬ ‫تتعرض‬ ‫قد‬ ‫المادة‬ ‫من‬ ‫كتلة‬ ‫على‬ ‫لالعتماد‬ ‫الحاجة‬ .
  • 5. Data Analysis and Presentation Course 5 ‫العالمية‬ ‫المنظومة‬ • ‫ظلت‬ ‫منظومة‬ ‫المتر‬ ‫المنظومة‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫لألوزان‬ ‫والمقاييس‬ ‫والس‬ ‫يما‬ ‫في‬ ‫البحوث‬ ،‫العلمية‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫اتسع‬ ‫مجالها‬ ‫وتشعبت‬ ‫استعماالتها‬ ‫ب‬ ‫عد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫جمعت‬ ‫مع‬ ‫وحدة‬ ،‫الزمن‬ ‫أي‬ ‫الثانية‬ . ‫وسمح‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫الجمع‬ ‫باشتقاق‬ ‫وحدا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫كثيرة‬ ‫لتمييز‬ ‫الظواهر‬ ،‫الفيزيائية‬ ‫وإدخال‬ ‫تعديالت‬ ‫وإض‬ ‫افات‬ ‫كثيرة‬ ‫عليها‬ . ‫واتفق‬ ‫في‬ ‫خاتمة‬ ‫المطاف‬ ‫على‬ ‫تبني‬ ‫المنظومة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫عالمية‬ ‫لواحدات‬ ‫القياس‬ ( SI ) International System of Units ‫كي‬ ‫تشمل‬ ‫أكمل‬ ‫مجاالت‬ ‫القياس‬ ‫العلمية‬ ‫والتقنية‬ .
  • 6. Data Analysis and Presentation Course 6 ‫الوحدات‬ ‫القائمة‬ ( 2.1 :) ‫العالمي‬ ‫الوحدات‬ ‫نظام‬ ‫وحدات‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫القدرة‬ ‫الطاقة‬ ‫القوة‬ ‫الحرارة‬ ‫درجة‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫الكتلة‬ ‫الطول‬ Pa W J N K s kg m ‫باسكال‬ ‫وات‬ ‫جول‬ ‫نيوتن‬ ‫كلفن‬ ‫ثانية‬ ‫غرام‬ ‫كيلو‬ ‫متر‬ ‫القائمة‬ ( 2.2 : ) ‫الوحدات‬ ‫مشتقات‬ 10-6 10-3 106 103 E-6 E-3 E6 E3 μ m M k ‫مايكرو‬ ‫ملي‬ ‫ميغا‬ ‫كيلو‬ micro milli mega kilo
  • 7. Data Analysis and Presentation Course 7 ‫الوحدات‬ ‫خطأ‬ ‫و‬ ‫صحيح‬ ‫خطأ‬ ‫صحيح‬ ms-1 m/s m.s-1 meter per second m/s/s m.s-2 Meter per second per second m.s ms millisecond C C degree celsius K K kelvin KW Kw kW kilowatt
  • 8. Data Analysis and Presentation Course 8 ‫الوحدات‬ The SI is founded on seven SI base units for seven base quantities assumed to be mutually independent, as given in Table 1. Table 1. SI base units Base quantity Name Symbol Length meter m Mass kilogram kg Time second s Electric current ampere A Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K Amount of substance mole mol Luminous intensity candela cd
  • 9. Data Analysis and Presentation Course 9 ‫الوحدات‬ SI derived unit Derived quantity Name Symbol area square meter m2 volume cubic meter m3 speed, velocity meter per second m/s acceleration meter per second squared m/s2 density kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3 specific volume cubic meter per kilogram m3/kg current density ampere per square meter A/m2 magnetic field strength ampere per meter A/m amount-of-substance concentration mole per cubic meter mol/m3 mass fraction kilogram per kilogram, kg/kg = 1 Table 2. Examples of SI derived units
  • 10. Data Analysis and Presentation Course 10 ‫الوحدات‬ Table 3. SI derived units with special names and symbols SI derived unit Derived quantity Name Symbol Expression in terms of other SI units Expression in terms of SI base units frequency hertz Hz - s-1 force newton N - m·kg·s-2 pressure, stress pascal Pa N/m2 m-1·kg·s-2 energy, work, quantity of heat joule J N·m m2·kg·s-2 power, radiant flux watt W J/s m2·kg·s-3 electric resistance Ohm V/A = (w/A2) m2·kg·s-3·A-2 magnetic flux weber Wb V·s m2·kg·s-2·A-1 magnetic flux density tesla T Wb/m2 kg·s-2·A-1
  • 11. Data Analysis and Presentation Course 11 ‫الوحدات‬ Table 4. Examples of SI derived units whose names and symbols include SI derived units with special names and symbols SI derived unit Derived quantity Name Symbol dynamic viscosity pascal second Pa·s moment of force newton meter N·m surface tension newton per meter N/m angular velocity radian per second rad/s angular acceleration radian per second squared rad/s2 heat flux density watt per square meter W/m2 heat capacity, entropy joule per kelvin J/K specific heat capacity, specific entropy joule per kilogram kelvin J/(kg·K) specific energy joule per kilogram J/kg thermal conductivity watt per meter kelvin W/(m·K) energy density joule per cubic meter J/m3
  • 12. Data Analysis and Presentation Course 12 ‫الوحدات‬ Table 5. SI prefixes Factor Name Symbol 1024 yotta Y 1021 zetta Z 1018 exa E 1015 peta P 1012 tera T 109 giga G 106 mega M 103 kilo k 102 hecto h 101 deka da Factor Name Symbol 10-1 deci d 10-2 centi c 10-3 milli m 10-6 micro µ 10-9 nano n 10-12 pico p 10-15 femto f 10-18 atto a 10-21 zepto z 10-24 yocto y
  • 13. Data Analysis and Presentation Course 13 ‫الوحدات‬ Table 6. Units outside the SI that are accepted for use with the SI Name Symbol Value in SI units minute (time) min 1 min = 60 s hour h 1 h = 60 min = 3600 s day d 1 d = 24 h = 86 400 s degree (angle) ° 1° = (π /180) rad minute (angle) ’ 1’ =)1/60(° = (π /10 800) rad second (angle) ” 1” = )1/60(’ = )π /648 000) rad liter L 1 L = 1 dm3 = 10-3 m3 metric ton (a) t 1 t = 103 kg
  • 14. Data Analysis and Presentation Course 14 ‫للوحدات‬ ‫التحويل‬ ‫قوائم‬ ‫السرعة‬ m/s ft/s m/min ft/min km/h mile/h 1 3.281 60 196.85 3.6 2.2369 0.305 1 18.288 60 1.0973 0.6818 0.017 0.055 1 3.281 0.06 0.0373 0.005 0.017 0.305 1 0.0183 0.01136 0.278 0.911 16.667 54.68 1 0.6214 0.447 1.467 26.822 88 1.6093 1
  • 15. Data Analysis and Presentation Course 15 ‫للوحدات‬ ‫التحويل‬ ‫قوائم‬ ‫الكتلة‬ ‫سريان‬ ‫معدل‬ kg/s lb/s kg/h lb/h ton/h 1 2.205 3600 7936.64 3.6 0.454 1 1633 3600 1.607 2.78 x10-4 6.12 x10-4 1 2.205 9.84 x 10-4 1.026 x10- 4 2.78 x10-4 0.454 1 4.46 x 10-4 0.282 0.622 1016 2240 1
  • 16. Data Analysis and Presentation Course 16 ‫للوحدات‬ ‫التحويل‬ ‫قوائم‬ ‫الحجمي‬ ‫السريان‬ ‫معدل‬ L/s L/min m3/h ft3/h ft3/min U.S. gal/min U.S. barrel/ day 1 60 3.6 127.133 2.1189 15.85 543.439 0.017 1 0.06 2.1189 0.0353 0.264 9.057 0.278 16.667 1 35.3147 0.5886 4.403 150.955 0.008 0.472 0.0283 1 0.0167 0.125 4.275 0.472 28.317 1.6990 60 1 7.480 256.475 0.063 3.785 0.2271 8.0209 0.1337 1 34.286 0.002 0.110 0.0066 0.2339 0.0039 0.029 1
  • 17. Data Analysis and Presentation Course 17 ‫للوحدات‬ ‫التحويل‬ ‫قوائم‬ ‫القوة‬ Newton N kilonewton kN kilogram force (kgf) pound force lbf 1 0.001 0.102 0.225 1000 1 101.97 224.81 9.807 0.0098 1 2.205 4.448 0.0044 0.454 1
  • 18. Data Analysis and Presentation Course 18 ‫للوحدات‬ ‫التحويل‬ ‫قوائم‬ ‫السمت‬ ‫و‬ ‫الضغط‬ Newton per square meter N/M2 or Pascal (Pa) kilo - pascal kPa bar kilogram force per square centi-meter kgf/cm2 pound force per square inch lbf/in2 foot of water meter of water millimet er of mercury mm Hg inch of mercury in Mg 1 0.001 1x105 1.02x105 1.045 x10-4 3.35x10-4 1.02x10-4 0.0075 2.95x10-4 1000 1 0.01 1.02x10-2 0.145 0.335 0.102 7.5 0.295 100000 100 1 1.02 14.5 33.52 10.2 750.1 29.53 98067 98.07 0.981 1 14.22 32.81 10 735.6 28.96 6895 6.895 0.069 0.0703 1 2.31 0.703 51.72 2.036 2984 2.984 0.03 0.0305 0.433 1 0.305 22.42 0.882 9789 9.789 0.0980. 0.1 1.42 3.28 1 73.42 2.891 133.3 0.133 0.0013 0.0014 0.019 0.045 0.014 1 0.039 3386 3.386 0.0338 0.0345 0.491 1.133 0.345 25.4 1
  • 19. Data Analysis and Presentation Course 19 ‫للوحدات‬ ‫التحويل‬ ‫قوائم‬ ‫الطاقة‬ joule J kilojoule kJ megajoule MJ foot pound force ft lbf British thermal unit B.t.u. kilowatt hour kWh 1 0.001 1 X 10-6 0.737 9.48 x 10-4 2.78 x 10-7 1000 1 0.001 737.56 0.9478 2.78 x 10-4 1 x 106 1000 1 737562 947.82 0.2778 1.356 1.36 x 10-3 1.36 x 10-6 1 1.28 x 10-3 3.77 x 10-7 1055.1 1.0551 1.05 x 10-3 778.17 1 2.931 X 10-4 3.6 x 106 3600 3.6 2.65 x 106 3412.1 1
  • 20. Data Analysis and Presentation Course 20 ‫للوحدات‬ ‫التحويل‬ ‫قوائم‬ ‫القدرة‬ Watt W kilogram force meter per sec. kgf m/s metric horsepower foot pound force per second ft lbf/s horsepower hp 1 0.102 0.00136 0.738 0.0013 9.806 1 0.133 7.233 0.0131 735.5 75 1 542.476 0.9863 1.356 0.138 1.84 x 10-3 1 1.82 x 10-3 745.70 76.04 1.0139 550.0 1
  • 21. Data Analysis and Presentation Course 21 ‫للوحدات‬ ‫التحويل‬ ‫قوائم‬ ‫الحجم‬ cubic millimeter mm3 cubic centimeter cm3 cubic meter m3 cubic inch in3 cubic foot ft3 cubic yard yd3 1 0.001 1 x 10-9 6.1 x 10-5 3.531 x 10-8 1.3068 x 10-9 1000 1 1 x 10-6 0.061 3.531 x 10-5 1.308 x 10-6 1 x 109 1 x 106 1 61024 35.31 1.308 16387 16.39 1.639 x 10-5 1 5.787 x 10-4 2.143 x 10-5 2.832 x 107 2.832 x 104 0.0283 1728 1 0.0370 7.646 X 108 7.646 x 105 0.7646 46656 27 1