The document outlines a comprehensive research methodology covering the definition, need, types, and processes involved in conducting research. It explains the steps from formulating a research problem to writing a research report, emphasizing the importance of research in solving problems and advancing knowledge. Additionally, it discusses different types of data and provides insights into distinguishing between a thesis and a technical report.

1. RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Presented by
Satyam Dubey

2. Outline
■ What is Research
■ Need of Research
■ Process of Research
– Formulation of research problem
– Preparing research design
– Developing data collection instruments
– Writing research proposal
– Collecting data
– Processing and analysing Data
– Writing a research report

3. What is Research
■ Research is a systematic process of inquiry to discover and interpret facts
and theories. It involves identifying problems, collecting and analysing
data, and drawing conclusions.
■ Research expands knowledge and understanding through careful
investigation and analysis.

4. Need of Research
1. Solves problems: Research helps identify solutions to real-world
problems, making it an essential tool for addressing challenges in
various fields.
2. Advances knowledge: Research expands our understanding of the
world, leading to new discoveries, theories, and innovations that improve
lives.
3. Informs decision-making: Research provides evidence-based
information, enabling informed decisions in fields like healthcare,
education, business, and policy-making.
4. Improves practices: Research evaluates and refines existing practices,
leading to improved outcomes, increased efficiency, and better results in
various industries and disciplines.

5. Type of Research
■ Inductive research
– Involves developing new theories based on specific observations.
This approach moves from detailed observations to broader
generalizations, often referred to as a bottom-up approach.
Researchers start by collecting data and identifying patterns or
regularities, which then lead to the formation of theories or
hypotheses.
■ Deductive research
– On the other hand, tests existing theories or hypotheses. This top-
down approach begins with a general theory, from which researchers
formulate a specific hypothesis. They then collect data to test this
hypothesis and analyze the results to confirm or refute it

6. Process of Research
Step 6: Processing and
Analysing Data
Step 2: Preparing
Research Design
Step 3: Developing Data
Collection Instrument
(Research Instrument)
Step 4:
Writing a
Research
Proposal
Step 1 Formulation
of Research Problem
Step 5:
Collecting
Data
Step 7: Writing a
Research Report

7. Step 1: Formulation of Research
Problem
■ Literature review
– Survey existing research to understand the current knowledge and
gaps.
■ Formulation of objectives
– Define the specific goals and aims of your research.
■ Identifying research variables and measuring scales
– Determine the variables to be studied and how they will be measured.
■ Formulating hypothesis
– Develop a testable statement predicting the relationship between
variables.

8. Step 2: Preparing Research Design
■ Problem structure
– Define the framework and scope of the research problem.
■ Study design
– Outline overall strategy and methodology of the research.
■ Experimental study
– Plan and conduct experiment to test the hypothesis.
■ Non-experimental study
– Use observational or correlational methods to gather data without manipulating
variables.

9. Step 3: Developing Data Collection
Instrument (Research Instrument)
■ Types of data
■ Methods of data collection
■ Designing research tool

10. Step 4: Writing a Research Proposal
Main elements
■ Need
Explain why this research is necessary.
■ Benefits
Highlights the potential and positive impact of the research.
■ Types of data
Specify the kind of data will be collected and analysed.
■ Justification for funds and
Provide reasons for required funding and resources.
■ Other resources

11. Step 5: Collecting Data
■ Experiments
– Systematically manipulating variables to test hypotheses and analyse cause-and-effect
relationships.
■ Observations
– Gathering information by directly observing and recording events, behaviours, or phenomena.
■ Interviews
– Conducting structured or unstructured conversations with individuals to collect data.
■ Questionnaire
– Administering written surveys with predefined questions to gather responses from participants.
■ Schedules
– Organizing and planning data collection activities, including timelines and resources.

12. Step 6: Processing and Analysing Data
Editing and Coding
Classification of data
■ Tabulation
■ Graphical analysis of data
■ Analysis
■ Hypothesis testing
■ Generalizations

13. Step 7: Writing a Research Report
■ Title page
■ Table of contents
■ Chapters
■ Bibliography
■ Appendices

14. Types of Data
■ Primary data
– It is original data collected firsthand by the researcher for a specific
research purpose. This type of data is gathered through methods such as
surveys, interviews, experiments, and observations. It is tailored to the
specific needs of the study, providing direct insights and allowing for a
high level of control over the data collection process.
■ Secondary data
– on the other hand, is data that has already been collected by someone else
for a different purpose. This data is typically found in books, articles,
reports, and databases. Researchers use secondary data to support their
own research, saving time and resources.

15. Scientific Report
A scientific report is a formal document that systematically presents the methods, results, and
conclusions of a research study or experiment.
1. Title: A concise statement of the main topic or experiment.
2. Abstract: A summary of the report, including the purpose, methods, results, and conclusions.
3. Introduction: Background information, the purpose of the experiment, and the hypothesis.
4. Methods: Detailed description of the procedures and materials used in the experiment.
5. Results: Presentation of the data collected, often using tables, graphs, and figures.
6. Discussion: Interpretation of the results, implications, and how they relate to the hypothesis.
7. Conclusion: Summary of the findings and their significance.
8. References: List of all the sources cited in the report.

16. Difference between Thesis and Technical Report
Aspect Thesis Technical Report
Purpose Part of a postgraduate and Ph.D. Degree,
presenting original research
Documents technical or scientific research,
often for industry and scientific project use
Content Comprehensive, including literature review,
methodology, and detailed analysis
Practical focus, including problem statement,
methodology, results, and recommendations
Length Longer, often over 100 pages Shorter, typically 20-50 pages
Audience Academic (supervisors, examiners,
researchers)
Broader, including industry professionals and
stakeholders
Structure Chapters like Introduction, Literature
Review, Methodology, Results, Discussion,
Conclusion
Sections like Title Page, Abstract, Introduction,
Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion,
References

17. Some important Keywords
■ Impact Factor of a Journal
– The Impact Factor (IF) is a measure
reflecting the yearly average number of
citations to recent articles published in
a particular journal. It is used to gauge
the relative importance of a journal
within its field; journals with higher
impact factors are often deemed more
prestigious
Journal Name Impact Factor
Nature Nanotechnology 14.577
Advanced Materials 9.191
Progress in Polymer Science 6.211
Nano-Micro Letters 6.484
Advanced Functional
Materials
5.496
ACS Nano 4.593
Nano Today 3.483
Nano Letters 3.411
Small 3.348
Advanced Composites and
Hybrid Materials
3.623

18. Citation Index
■ A citation index is a bibliographic database that provides
citation links between documents, allowing users to see which
later documents cite which earlier ones. This helps in tracking
the influence and impact of research articles over time.

19. 19
Citation Index Description
Web of Science (WoS)
Includes the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE),
known for rigorous selection and comprehensive coverage.
Scopus
Extensive coverage of scientific journals, conference
proceedings, and patents.
Google Scholar
Broad range of scholarly articles, theses, books, and
conference papers.
Chemical Abstracts
Service (CAS)
Access to chemical literature and patents, including
polymer physics.
Dimensions
Modern citation database with research outputs, grants,
patents, and more.

20. ■ ISBN (International Standard Book Number)
– An ISBN is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. Each edition and
variation (except reprints) of a book is assigned a different ISBN. It is used for
ordering, listing, and inventory control by booksellers, libraries, and distributors
ISBN-10: Introduced in 1970, it consists of 10 digits divided into four parts:
1.Group Identifier: Identifies the national, geographic, or language group.
2.Publisher Code: Identifies the specific publisher.
3.Title Identifier: Uniquely identifies the specific edition and format of a
title.
4.Check Digit: A mathematically calculated digit to verify the validity of the
ISBN.

21. ■ ISBN-13: Introduced in 2007 to address the limitations of the ISBN-10 system, it
consists of 13 digits divided into five parts:
1. Prefix Element: Always 978 or 979, signifying the book industry within the global
EAN system.
2. Group Identifier: Like ISBN-10, identifies the national, geographic, or language
group.
3. Publisher Code: Identifies the specific publisher.
4. Title Identifier: Uniquely identifies the specific edition and format of the title.
5. Check Digit: A mathematically calculated digit to verify the validity of the ISBN.

22. ■ ISSN (International Standard Serial Number)
– An ISSN is an eight-digit code used to uniquely identify a serial publication, such
as a magazine or journal. It helps in distinguishing between serials with the same
title and is used in cataloging and interlibrary loans

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