1) Hypertensive disorders complicate 5-10% of pregnancies and are a leading cause of maternal mortality. They include gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and chronic hypertension.
2) Preeclampsia is defined as new hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. It is caused by abnormal placentation leading to endothelial dysfunction and multi-organ involvement.
3) Women with signs of severe preeclampsia such as severe headaches, visual disturbances, abdominal pain, thrombocytopenia, or impaired liver or kidney function require delivery, usually between 34-37 weeks of gestation. Strict maternal and fetal monitoring is necessary for management.
Gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia are conditions characterized by new onset hypertension during pregnancy. Pre-eclampsia is defined as hypertension accompanied by proteinuria developing after 20 weeks of gestation. It occurs in about 1 in 200 pregnancies and can lead to serious maternal and fetal complications if not properly managed. The cause is thought to be improper invasion of the uterine spiral arteries by trophoblast cells, resulting in vasoconstriction and reduced blood flow to the placenta. Delivery is usually required to resolve pre-eclampsia, as it poses risks to both mother and baby if allowed to continue. Management involves careful monitoring, treatment of symptoms like hypertension and edema, and delivery once the condition is diagnosed or
HYPERTENSIVE DISORDER IN PREGNANCY (1).pptxAjayHalder5
This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, including definitions, diagnostic criteria, etiology, clinical features, complications, and management of conditions like gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and superimposed preeclampsia. It defines these conditions and outlines criteria for diagnosis. Risk factors for preeclampsia are provided. The document details the clinical manifestations and potential maternal and fetal complications. Guidelines are given for monitoring, evaluating treatment response, and managing preeclampsia with bed rest, antihypertensives, magnesium sulfate, and indicated delivery.
Cardiovascular diseases of pregnancy.pptgreatdiablo
This document discusses cardiovascular and respiratory disorders in pregnancy. It provides classifications and definitions for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, chronic hypertension, and HELLP syndrome. It discusses the pathophysiology, evaluation, management, and treatment of these conditions. It also discusses respiratory disorders like asthma and influenza that can occur during pregnancy.
This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. It begins by noting that hypertensive disorders complicate about 10% of pregnancies and are a major cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. The document then defines various types of hypertensive disorders like gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and chronic hypertension. It discusses risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, maternal and fetal effects, diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis of these conditions. The multi-organ pathophysiology and maternal syndrome are explained through placental hypoxia and endothelial dysfunction.
This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, which remain a leading cause of maternal mortality in Uganda. It defines various hypertensive disorders including chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and HELLP syndrome. Risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, and management are described. Severe preeclampsia is treated with antihypertensive drugs like hydralazine to control blood pressure and delivery of the baby to resolve the condition. Hypertensive disorders continue to have high mortality and morbidity rates in Uganda.
A comprehensive overview of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy with its complications and management. Mainly focused on gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and eclampsia.
This document discusses hypertension in pregnancy and preeclampsia. It begins with definitions and classifications of hypertension in pregnancy. Preeclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Risk factors for preeclampsia are discussed. The pathogenesis involves placental ischemia leading to endothelial dysfunction. Clinical manifestations in the mother can include issues in cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, renal and hepatic systems. Management involves controlling blood pressure, preventing seizures with magnesium sulfate, and timely delivery of the baby.
1) Hypertensive disorders complicate 5-10% of pregnancies and are a leading cause of maternal mortality. They include gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and chronic hypertension.
2) Preeclampsia is defined as new hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. It is caused by abnormal placentation leading to endothelial dysfunction and multi-organ involvement.
3) Women with signs of severe preeclampsia such as severe headaches, visual disturbances, abdominal pain, thrombocytopenia, or impaired liver or kidney function require delivery, usually between 34-37 weeks of gestation. Strict maternal and fetal monitoring is necessary for management.
Gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia are conditions characterized by new onset hypertension during pregnancy. Pre-eclampsia is defined as hypertension accompanied by proteinuria developing after 20 weeks of gestation. It occurs in about 1 in 200 pregnancies and can lead to serious maternal and fetal complications if not properly managed. The cause is thought to be improper invasion of the uterine spiral arteries by trophoblast cells, resulting in vasoconstriction and reduced blood flow to the placenta. Delivery is usually required to resolve pre-eclampsia, as it poses risks to both mother and baby if allowed to continue. Management involves careful monitoring, treatment of symptoms like hypertension and edema, and delivery once the condition is diagnosed or
HYPERTENSIVE DISORDER IN PREGNANCY (1).pptxAjayHalder5
This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, including definitions, diagnostic criteria, etiology, clinical features, complications, and management of conditions like gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and superimposed preeclampsia. It defines these conditions and outlines criteria for diagnosis. Risk factors for preeclampsia are provided. The document details the clinical manifestations and potential maternal and fetal complications. Guidelines are given for monitoring, evaluating treatment response, and managing preeclampsia with bed rest, antihypertensives, magnesium sulfate, and indicated delivery.
Cardiovascular diseases of pregnancy.pptgreatdiablo
This document discusses cardiovascular and respiratory disorders in pregnancy. It provides classifications and definitions for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, chronic hypertension, and HELLP syndrome. It discusses the pathophysiology, evaluation, management, and treatment of these conditions. It also discusses respiratory disorders like asthma and influenza that can occur during pregnancy.
This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. It begins by noting that hypertensive disorders complicate about 10% of pregnancies and are a major cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. The document then defines various types of hypertensive disorders like gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and chronic hypertension. It discusses risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, maternal and fetal effects, diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis of these conditions. The multi-organ pathophysiology and maternal syndrome are explained through placental hypoxia and endothelial dysfunction.
This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, which remain a leading cause of maternal mortality in Uganda. It defines various hypertensive disorders including chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and HELLP syndrome. Risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, and management are described. Severe preeclampsia is treated with antihypertensive drugs like hydralazine to control blood pressure and delivery of the baby to resolve the condition. Hypertensive disorders continue to have high mortality and morbidity rates in Uganda.
A comprehensive overview of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy with its complications and management. Mainly focused on gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and eclampsia.
This document discusses hypertension in pregnancy and preeclampsia. It begins with definitions and classifications of hypertension in pregnancy. Preeclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Risk factors for preeclampsia are discussed. The pathogenesis involves placental ischemia leading to endothelial dysfunction. Clinical manifestations in the mother can include issues in cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, renal and hepatic systems. Management involves controlling blood pressure, preventing seizures with magnesium sulfate, and timely delivery of the baby.
Pregnancy Induced Hypertensin By Anita YadavSwty Sweta
The document discusses hypertensive disorders that can occur during pregnancy, including chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and HELLP syndrome. It defines the criteria for each disorder, risk factors, potential complications, pathophysiology involving placental and endothelial dysfunction, and management approaches. Hypertensive disorders complicate around 12-22% of pregnancies and are a leading cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality.
- Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy include pre-existing (chronic) hypertension and preeclampsia.
- Pre-eclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. It can lead to serious maternal and fetal complications if not treated properly.
- Treatment for pre-eclampsia involves controlling blood pressure, delivering the baby to resolve symptoms, and monitoring for signs of worsening conditions like eclampsia. Delivery is usually recommended at 36 weeks to balance fetal maturity and risks.
This document discusses the etiopathogenesis and management of preeclampsia. It begins by outlining recommendations for blood pressure measurement in pregnancy. It then covers the classification of hypertension in pregnancy and risk factors for preeclampsia. The document discusses the etiology of preeclampsia involving poor placentation leading to placental oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Predictors of preeclampsia and the role of ultrasound are described. Management involves termination of pregnancy, with timing based on gestational age and severity of symptoms. Antihypertensive therapy aims to control blood pressure without dropping it too low.
Preeclampsia in pregnancy etiopathogenesis and management Deepti Daswani
This document discusses the etiopathogenesis and management of preeclampsia. It begins by outlining recommendations for blood pressure measurement in pregnancy. It then covers the classification of hypertension in pregnancy and risk factors for preeclampsia. The document discusses the etiology of preeclampsia involving poor placentation leading to placental oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Predictors of preeclampsia and the role of ultrasound are described. Management involves termination of pregnancy, with timing based on gestational age and severity of symptoms. Antihypertensive therapy aims to control blood pressure without dropping it too low.
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy by Heba Heba Omoush
This document discusses hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including preeclampsia and eclampsia. It defines the conditions and classifications, describes risk factors and potential complications, and outlines diagnostic criteria and management approaches. Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal mortality characterized by new hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. It can range from mild to severe depending on symptoms, and severe preeclampsia is treated with aggressive delivery and antihypertensive medications. Eclampsia involves seizures in preeclampsia patients and is managed with magnesium sulfate. Overall, delivery is the only cure for preeclampsia and management aims to carefully control blood pressure and monitor for maternal-fetal complications.
C.G. is a 39-year-old pregnant woman presenting with increased blood pressure and swelling. At 28 weeks gestation, her blood pressure was 180/100. She was diagnosed with preeclampsia based on her gestational hypertension and proteinuria. Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy affecting 7-10% of pregnancies. It is characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Symptoms can range from mild to severe, including headaches, visual disturbances, RUQ pain, and others. Progression of preeclampsia must be closely monitored to determine optimal timing of delivery to prevent maternal and fetal complications.
Management of Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia Case discussionsMouafak Alhadithy
The document discusses the management of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, defining the conditions and outlining diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches. It provides case studies of patients presenting with hypertension in pregnancy and describes how to evaluate and treat the patients, including through antihypertensive medication, magnesium sulfate administration, and decisions around delivery timing and method. The goal of management is to terminate the pregnancy safely while restoring the health of both the mother and newborn.
HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY.pdfAyeshaAkbar40
This document discusses hypertensive disorders of pregnancy including pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and preeclampsia. It defines the degrees of hypertension and classifies types of hypertension in pregnancy. It outlines risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management of preeclampsia. Management involves recognizing the condition early, monitoring the mother and fetus, treating hypertension with medications like labetalol, preventing seizures with magnesium sulfate and timely delivery of the baby and placenta.
This document defines hypertension in pregnancy as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or higher or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or higher on more than one occasion. Preeclampsia is a multifactorial condition affecting 3% of pregnancies that is characterized by poor placentation leading to endothelial dysfunction and clinical manifestations including hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Magnesium sulfate is the drug of choice for preventing seizures in women with moderate to severe preeclampsia, given either as a continuous intravenous infusion or intermittent intramuscular injections to control blood pressure and prevent complications.
Pregnancy-induced-hypertension is hypertension that occurs after 20 weeks of gestation in women with previously normal blood pressure. Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) complicates 6-10% of pregnancies. It is defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) >140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) >90 mmHg. It is classified as mild (SBP 140-149 and DBP 90-99 mmHg), moderate (SBP 150-159 and DBP 100-109 mmHg) and severe (SBP ≥ 160 and DBP ≥ 110 mmHg).
Discover the critical insights you need to understand and combat pre-eclampsia in this engaging presentation. My expertly curated slides offer a comprehensive overview of this pregnancy-related condition, covering its causes, symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment options, and preventative measures. Don't miss this opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of pre-eclampsia and protect the health of expectant mothers and their babies.
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are common, affecting up to 10% of pregnancies, and can cause maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. There are several classifications of hypertensive disorders including gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, chronic hypertension, and pre-eclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension. Pre-eclampsia is defined by new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. It is caused by abnormal placentation leading to endothelial dysfunction and clinical manifestations include hypertension, proteinuria, and potential multi-organ involvement. Management involves monitoring, controlling blood pressure, preventing seizures with magnesium sulfate, and often involves early delivery.
Pregnancy induced hypertension includes gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, and chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is a multisystem disorder caused by abnormal placentation leading to placental hypoxia and endothelial damage. Management involves maternal and fetal monitoring, antihypertensive treatment for severe hypertension, magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis, and delivery once the fetus is mature. Anesthetic management is crucial and involves careful consideration of neuraxial versus general anesthesia depending on the severity of the preeclampsia and other maternal factors.
1. Hypertension is a common medical complication during pregnancy, affecting up to 5% of pregnancies. It can cause morbidity for both the mother and fetus.
2. There are several classifications of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, chronic hypertension, and preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension.
3. Preeclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. It is caused by placental ischemia and endothelial dysfunction leading to widespread vasoconstriction. Management involves monitoring, controlling blood pressure, delivering the baby if conditions warrant, and preventing seizures with magnesium sulfate.
04_Modern problems of pregnancy induced hypertension-2019.pptxUgo161BB
1. Gestoses and hypertensive disorders are common and serious conditions in obstetrics that can cause morbidity and mortality for both mother and fetus.
2. The document discusses various classifications of gestational problems including early pregnancy issues like ptyalism (excessive salivation), nausea, vomiting, and rare forms like hyperemesis gravidarum. It also covers pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia and their risk factors and pathophysiology.
3. Diagnosis and management of conditions like gestational hypertension and preeclampsia are outlined, including diagnostic criteria, symptoms, laboratory abnormalities and tests. Complications and maternal and fetal monitoring are also addressed.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Pregnancy Induced Hypertensin By Anita YadavSwty Sweta
The document discusses hypertensive disorders that can occur during pregnancy, including chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and HELLP syndrome. It defines the criteria for each disorder, risk factors, potential complications, pathophysiology involving placental and endothelial dysfunction, and management approaches. Hypertensive disorders complicate around 12-22% of pregnancies and are a leading cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality.
- Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy include pre-existing (chronic) hypertension and preeclampsia.
- Pre-eclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. It can lead to serious maternal and fetal complications if not treated properly.
- Treatment for pre-eclampsia involves controlling blood pressure, delivering the baby to resolve symptoms, and monitoring for signs of worsening conditions like eclampsia. Delivery is usually recommended at 36 weeks to balance fetal maturity and risks.
This document discusses the etiopathogenesis and management of preeclampsia. It begins by outlining recommendations for blood pressure measurement in pregnancy. It then covers the classification of hypertension in pregnancy and risk factors for preeclampsia. The document discusses the etiology of preeclampsia involving poor placentation leading to placental oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Predictors of preeclampsia and the role of ultrasound are described. Management involves termination of pregnancy, with timing based on gestational age and severity of symptoms. Antihypertensive therapy aims to control blood pressure without dropping it too low.
Preeclampsia in pregnancy etiopathogenesis and management Deepti Daswani
This document discusses the etiopathogenesis and management of preeclampsia. It begins by outlining recommendations for blood pressure measurement in pregnancy. It then covers the classification of hypertension in pregnancy and risk factors for preeclampsia. The document discusses the etiology of preeclampsia involving poor placentation leading to placental oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Predictors of preeclampsia and the role of ultrasound are described. Management involves termination of pregnancy, with timing based on gestational age and severity of symptoms. Antihypertensive therapy aims to control blood pressure without dropping it too low.
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy by Heba Heba Omoush
This document discusses hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including preeclampsia and eclampsia. It defines the conditions and classifications, describes risk factors and potential complications, and outlines diagnostic criteria and management approaches. Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal mortality characterized by new hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. It can range from mild to severe depending on symptoms, and severe preeclampsia is treated with aggressive delivery and antihypertensive medications. Eclampsia involves seizures in preeclampsia patients and is managed with magnesium sulfate. Overall, delivery is the only cure for preeclampsia and management aims to carefully control blood pressure and monitor for maternal-fetal complications.
C.G. is a 39-year-old pregnant woman presenting with increased blood pressure and swelling. At 28 weeks gestation, her blood pressure was 180/100. She was diagnosed with preeclampsia based on her gestational hypertension and proteinuria. Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy affecting 7-10% of pregnancies. It is characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Symptoms can range from mild to severe, including headaches, visual disturbances, RUQ pain, and others. Progression of preeclampsia must be closely monitored to determine optimal timing of delivery to prevent maternal and fetal complications.
Management of Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia Case discussionsMouafak Alhadithy
The document discusses the management of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, defining the conditions and outlining diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches. It provides case studies of patients presenting with hypertension in pregnancy and describes how to evaluate and treat the patients, including through antihypertensive medication, magnesium sulfate administration, and decisions around delivery timing and method. The goal of management is to terminate the pregnancy safely while restoring the health of both the mother and newborn.
HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY.pdfAyeshaAkbar40
This document discusses hypertensive disorders of pregnancy including pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and preeclampsia. It defines the degrees of hypertension and classifies types of hypertension in pregnancy. It outlines risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management of preeclampsia. Management involves recognizing the condition early, monitoring the mother and fetus, treating hypertension with medications like labetalol, preventing seizures with magnesium sulfate and timely delivery of the baby and placenta.
This document defines hypertension in pregnancy as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or higher or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or higher on more than one occasion. Preeclampsia is a multifactorial condition affecting 3% of pregnancies that is characterized by poor placentation leading to endothelial dysfunction and clinical manifestations including hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Magnesium sulfate is the drug of choice for preventing seizures in women with moderate to severe preeclampsia, given either as a continuous intravenous infusion or intermittent intramuscular injections to control blood pressure and prevent complications.
Pregnancy-induced-hypertension is hypertension that occurs after 20 weeks of gestation in women with previously normal blood pressure. Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) complicates 6-10% of pregnancies. It is defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) >140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) >90 mmHg. It is classified as mild (SBP 140-149 and DBP 90-99 mmHg), moderate (SBP 150-159 and DBP 100-109 mmHg) and severe (SBP ≥ 160 and DBP ≥ 110 mmHg).
Discover the critical insights you need to understand and combat pre-eclampsia in this engaging presentation. My expertly curated slides offer a comprehensive overview of this pregnancy-related condition, covering its causes, symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment options, and preventative measures. Don't miss this opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of pre-eclampsia and protect the health of expectant mothers and their babies.
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are common, affecting up to 10% of pregnancies, and can cause maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. There are several classifications of hypertensive disorders including gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, chronic hypertension, and pre-eclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension. Pre-eclampsia is defined by new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. It is caused by abnormal placentation leading to endothelial dysfunction and clinical manifestations include hypertension, proteinuria, and potential multi-organ involvement. Management involves monitoring, controlling blood pressure, preventing seizures with magnesium sulfate, and often involves early delivery.
Pregnancy induced hypertension includes gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, and chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is a multisystem disorder caused by abnormal placentation leading to placental hypoxia and endothelial damage. Management involves maternal and fetal monitoring, antihypertensive treatment for severe hypertension, magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis, and delivery once the fetus is mature. Anesthetic management is crucial and involves careful consideration of neuraxial versus general anesthesia depending on the severity of the preeclampsia and other maternal factors.
1. Hypertension is a common medical complication during pregnancy, affecting up to 5% of pregnancies. It can cause morbidity for both the mother and fetus.
2. There are several classifications of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, chronic hypertension, and preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension.
3. Preeclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. It is caused by placental ischemia and endothelial dysfunction leading to widespread vasoconstriction. Management involves monitoring, controlling blood pressure, delivering the baby if conditions warrant, and preventing seizures with magnesium sulfate.
04_Modern problems of pregnancy induced hypertension-2019.pptxUgo161BB
1. Gestoses and hypertensive disorders are common and serious conditions in obstetrics that can cause morbidity and mortality for both mother and fetus.
2. The document discusses various classifications of gestational problems including early pregnancy issues like ptyalism (excessive salivation), nausea, vomiting, and rare forms like hyperemesis gravidarum. It also covers pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia and their risk factors and pathophysiology.
3. Diagnosis and management of conditions like gestational hypertension and preeclampsia are outlined, including diagnostic criteria, symptoms, laboratory abnormalities and tests. Complications and maternal and fetal monitoring are also addressed.
Similar to PRE ECLAMPSIA Presentation in Clincial Pathological Conference in Hyderabad LUMHS (20)
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
2. By time
Indeed, mankind is in loss
Except for those who have believed
and done righteous deeds and
advised each other to truth and
advised each other to patience.
Al- Asr
5. HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY IS DIVIDED
INTO 4 CATEGORIES:
3. PRE eclampsia-Eclampsia
1. Chronic Hypertension (of any cause)
4. Chronic Hypertension with Superimposed Pre-eclampsia
2. Gestational Hypertension
7. Pregnant woman with Blood Pressure > 140/90
mmHg
Non-PROTEINURIC PROTEINURIC
AFTER 20 WEEK’s
GESTATION
BEFORE 20 WEEK’s
GESTATION
AFTER 20
WEEK’s
GESTATION
BEFORE 20
WEEK’s GESTATION
CHRONIC HTN GESTATIONAL
HTN
RENAL
DISORDERS
PRE
ECLAMPSIA
8. CHRONIC
HYPERTENSI
ON
Hypertension as defined by
a BP > 140/90 mmHg
BEFORE PREGNANCY/20
WEEK’S GESTATION.
OR
Hypertension first
diagnosed AFTER 20
WEEK’S and persistent
AFTER 12 WEEKS’
9. Hypertension as
defined by a BP >
140/90 mmHg for
FIRST TIME DURING
PREGNANCY AFTER
20 WEEK’S
GESTATION, which
returns to normal
<12 weeks’
Postpartum and
WITHOUT
PROTEINURIA.
10. PRE-ECLAMPSIA
The minimum criteria for diagnosis of Pre-Eclampsia are
Blood pressure > 140/90mm Hg recorded on at least two
separate occasions and at least 4hrs apart, presented
AFTER 20 WEEKS’ GESTATION with PROTEINURIA
>300mg/24hr OR >1+ protein with Dipstick.
EDEMA no longer is DIAGNOSTIC criteria for
PRE-Eclampsia
14. There are two stages of pathophysiology of Pre
eclampsia
STAGE 1: Deficient trophoblast invasion
STAGE 2: Endothelial dysfunction and diffuse
vasospasm
15. STAGE 1: DEFICIENT
TROPHOBLAST INVASION
• Failure of trophoblast invasion of
myometrium segments of spiral arteries
• Results in inadequate blood flow to the
placenta and foetus, resulting in
uteroplacental ischemia
16.
17.
18.
19. STAGE 2: ENDOTHELIAL
DYSFUNCTION AND VASOSPASM
Due to uteroplacental ischemia, oxidative and
inflammatory stress occurs resulting in
activation of mediators that cause
• Endothelial damage
• Diffuse vasospasm
20. ENDOTHELIAL DAMAGE
• Progressive inflammation = more endothelial
damage
Results in increased capillary permeability
causing
• HEMOCONCENTRATION
• EDEMA
21. DIFFUSE VASOSPASM
• Vasospasm increases peripheral vascular resistance
(PVR)
As Blood pressure = Heart rate x Peripheral vascular
resistance
Increased PVR increases Blood pressure
• Note that normal pregnancy is associated with
DECREASED PVR
25. SEQUELAE OF ABNORMAL
PLACENTA FORMATION:
Release of inflammatory mediators which cause
endothelial injury, causing:
1. Vasospastic and ischemic damage
2. Oedematous damage
3. Thrombotic damage
26. ORGAN SYSTEMS INVOLVED
These changes affect the following organ systems
mainly:
1. Cardiovascular system
2. Renal system
3. Hepatic system
4. Haematological system
5. Central nervous system
29. RENAL SYSTEM
Glomerular endotheliosis:
Characteristic lesion of pre
eclampsia which results in
endothelial and mesangial cell
swelling.
It causes:
Proteinuria of intermediate
weight proteins such as albumin
and transferrin.
Further exacerbates oedema.
• Decreased GFR which leads to oliguria or anuria in
severe cases.
• Oliguria leads to raised serum creatinine & urea.
34. What predisposes a mother to developing HTN and
Preeclampsia?
• Age
• Parity
• Multipara
• Obesity
• Family History
• Hyperplacentosis
• Metabolic Disorders
• Pre-existing Conditions
36. • Studies show that Pre-eclampsia tends to develop in
first pregnancy more than second pregnancy of a
person
• Multipara typically at lower risk for preeclampsia
than nulliparas.
• But multiparas associated with a change in paternity
has the adjusted attributable risk of preeclampsia of
29%.
Why?
• Possibly due to exposure to new set of paternal
PARITY
37. OBESITY
• BMI of 35 or more
• Leaves mother at risk of developing
various metabolic and systemic disease
38.
39. FAMILY HISTORY
• Having maternal family history of
preeclampsia was associated with up to a
115% increase in preeclampsia risk, with the
association strongest for early-onset
preeclampsia.
40. HYPERPLACENTOSIS
Hyperplacentosis is a condition of increased trophoblastic
activity.
Characterized by
⬆️ placental weight and ⬆️ circulating HCG levels
Higher than those associated with normal pregnancy.
• Seen in
- Multiple Pregnancy
- Molar Pregnancy
50. MATERNAL INVESTIGATIONS
Base line – FBC, Hepatitis B & C, Blood group
Urine analysis
Renal function test
Liver Function Test
Coagulation Profile
Cardiac Biomarkers
53. COAGULATION PROFILE
Activated partial thromboplastin
clotting time (APTT), Clot forms
in 25-35 seconds
Fibrin degradation products,
High level indicates DIC
54. COMPLETE URINE
EXAMINATION
•Proteinuria – defined as >300mg of
protein per 24hr urine collection (Gold
standard method)
•Dipstick reading of +1. (Used only if
other methods are not available)
55. • Proteinuria is the last
feature to develop in
preeclampsia.
• There may be few
hyaline cyst, epithelial
cells, or even few red
cells
58. CARDIAC BIOMARKERS
• To see if the patient is having or already had
a heart attack
• Troponin 1,myoglobin and CK
• B-Natriuretic peptide- higher levels of BNP
indicates possibilities of heart failure.
61. DOPPLER SCAN
• Umbilical artery doppler flow
to assess any blood clot
• We measure pulsatile index,
resistance index and
systolic/diastolic ratio.
62. SCREENING
• Uterine artery doppler is done in first
trimester, high RI indicates resistance in spiral
artery which leads to hypo perfusion of the
fetus
• Serum placental growth factor, low level
indicates small fetus with significant placental
pathology.
• Mean arterial pressure.
• Provisional Dx- Chronic hypertension
superimposed preeclampsia.
64. HELLP
HAEMOLYSIS
ELEVATED LIVER ENZYMES
LOW PLATELETS!
• Complication due to hepatic and
haematologic damage in
preeclampsia.
• Occurs in severe cases.
• CLINICAL FEATURE: Epigastric pain,
nausea, vomiting, liver
tenderness(Right S.C)
65. CONT..
• Hypertension maybe mild
• Can lead to ascites, hepatic rupture, DIC, placental
abruption, FGR, foetal demise.
• STROKE is most common cause of maternal death.
• TREATMENT: Correct coagulation defects, stabilize
mother, prompt delivery.
66. ECLAMPSIA (OBSTETRIC
EMERGENCY)
Definition: Tonic- clonic convulsions occurring in a
women with well developed preeclampsia in the
absence of any other(neurological/metabolic) cause.
• It’s an obstetric emergency, life threatening condition
for both, the mother and the foetus.
• Seizures may occur antenatally, intrapartum or post
partum (within 48 hrs; most common).
• Convulsions may lead to spontaneous recovery,
lethargy or into comatose state.
67. CONT..
• Clinical features: Severe throbbing headache, visual
disturbance, oligo/anuria and hyperreflexia in addition
to other manifestations of preeclampsia.
• Cerebral haemorrhage is the most common cause of
maternal death.
• Investigations: Urine for protein, CBC, coagulation
profile, cross matching for blood, LFT, urea &
creatinine.
70. • Oral: Labetalol (first drug of choice)
• Others: Methyldopa, nifedipine.
• I/V: Hydralazine or Labetalol infusions if severe preeclampsia.
• Contraindications of Labetalol:
• Bronchial asthma
• Severe bradycardia
• Overt cardiac failure.
73. MILD PRE ECLAMPSIA
(140/90-149/99 mmHg)
• Home care with BP monitoring 4 times a day along
OPD visits for maternal and foetal assessment
• Blood tests (for liver and kidney function) twice a
week.
74. MODERATE PRE ECLAMPSIA AND
SEVERE PRE ECLAMPSIA
(150/100-159/109mmHg)
• Hospital admission required
• BP monitored 2 hourly, blood tests required thrice a
week
• I/V antihypertensive (Labetalol or hydralazine)
• fluid restriction (80ml/hour)
• In severe preeclampsia to prevent eclampsia I/V
MgSo4 is administered.
(160/110mmHg or higher
along significant
proteinuria)
75. MGSO4 (ANTICONVULSANT )
Cerebral vasodilator and membrane stabiliser.
• Loading dose: 4gm , maintenance infusion: 1gm/h for
about 24hrs.
• Can be given as a remedy as it decreases further
occurrence of seizure or it can be given as prevention of
seizures in case of severe preeclampsia.
• Has narrow therapeutic range, Monitor respiration,
reflexes, urine output and MgSO4 levels to prevent
toxicity.
10% Calcium gluconate is antidote in toxicity. Dose:
76. DAY CARE
• To avoid hospital admissions as they add additional
risks to mother and foetus,
• ‘Day care’ could be offered, by midwife of the local
area, near by GP, nearest RHC centre.
• Preventive intervention: Low dose aspirin (75mg daily)
given to women at high risk of preeclampsia.
77. ADDITIONAL POINTS IN
MANAGEMENT
• If delivery before 34th week(due to any
complication)administer corticosteroid betamethasone
to mother, for foetal lung maturity.
• Monitor closely during 48 hours after delivery as risk
of convulsions.
• After C-section, is risk of thromboembolism and DVT,
so prophylactic S/C heparin and stockings prescribed.
• By 6th week of postpartum Preeclampsia will resolve.
88. BIODATA:
NAME: Naseem w/o Gul Nabi
AGE:45yrs old
G12 P9+2
RELIGION: ISLAM
OCCUPATION: Embroidery worker
ADDRESS: Tando Mohd Khan
DOA: 15/June/2022
MOA: Emergency
89. 1) h/o of chronic hypertension since her previous
pregnancy 3 years ago.
2) Gestational amenorrhea since 8 months
3) Shortness of breath since 1 month
4) headache since 5 days
5) palpitations and blurring of vision since 01 day.
PRESENTING COMPLAIN:
90. OBSTETRIC HISTORY
IST TRIMESTER:
• complains of nausea and vomiting
• u/s done at 12 wks.
• no complain of any vaginal discharge or bleeding PV or spotting
• adequate use of folic acid
• no history of fever, flu rash or UTI
• Captopril was replaced by Methyldopa.
2ND TRIMESTER
• quickening felt at 17 wks. for the first time
• satisfactory fetal movements
• adequate and regular use iron and calcium supplements
• no any regular antenatal visits
• anomaly scan not done
• no c/o pv bleeding fever rash raised sugar or abdominal pain
91. DRUG HISTORY
She had been taking ACE INHIBITOR and
aspirin for her raised blood pressure which is
now substituted with methyldopa because of
her pregnancy.
3RD TRIMESTER
• regular and satisfactory fetal movements
• Un-booked case
• tetanus vaccine not done
• h/o chronically raised bp and urinary urgency problems, no h/o disturbed sugar levels Pv
bleeding or abdominal pain
• last u/s done at 32 wks.
• restricted salty food intake
92. OBSTETRICAL HISTORY
Booked / Un booked / TT Vaccine
Married Since: 25 years
Husband relation: None
Gravida: 12 Parity: 9 + 2 LCB:3 years
ago
Early Abortion: 2 Late Abortion: None Ectopic:
None
LMP: NSOD EDD: 24 July
Gest Age: 32 w By LMP--------- By USS-----
93. S NO: Year Place Gender Gest:
Age & Wt.
MOD Delivery
Vaginal/CS
Alive/ IUD/
ENND
Complications
Antepartum/intrapart
um/ PN
Vaccination/ Breast
feeding
1
2003 Home Male 38 weeks and
4.5 kg
NVD Alive None Yes/yes
2
2010 home female 39 wks and 4
kg
NVD alive none yes/yes
3 2012 home male 38 wks and
3.8kg
NVD alive none yes/yes
4 2013 home female 39 wks and
3.9 kg
NVD alive none yes/yes
5 2014 home male 37 wks and
3.8 kg
NVD alive none yes/yes
6 2015 home female 38 wks and 4
kg
NVD alive none yes/yes
7 2017 home male 39 wks and
3.9 kg
NVD alive none yes/yes
8 2017 home unknown unknown NVD IUD none no/no
9 2018 home female 37wks and 4
kg
NVD alive none yes/yes
10 2019 home female 37 wks and 4
kg
NVD alive none yes/yes
11 2020 home unknown unknown NVD IUD none no/no
95. PAST MEDICAL/ SURGICAL HISTORY: Chronic history
of HTN. No any significant past surgical Hx
PERSONAL HISTORY: Everything normal except for
urinary urgency
H/O ALLEGRY: None
BLOOD TRANSFUSION HISTORY: 2 bottles during 2nd
child and 1 bottle during the 1st child
SOCIOECNOMIC CONDITION: poor socioeconomic
status
96. CONT..
O/E her vitals were the following:
BP: 200/120 mmHg
Pulse: 94 bpm
Temp: 98oF
RR: 20 breaths per min
Sub vitals: pitting edema +ve
Anemia +ve
97. CONT..
On PA examination, following points were
noted:
Symphysio fundal height: 30cm
Fetal lie: longitudinal
Fetal presentation: cephalic 5/5
Fetal movements: +ve
Fetal heartbeat: 140 bpm, REGULAR
Uterine contractions: -ve
105. MY PATIENT’S MANAGEMENT
PLAN:
(She arrived with B.P of 200/120mmHg classified as severe
preeclampsia)
• Maintain I/V line
• Send all labs
• Arrange and cross match blood
• CTG
• Consent (written and informed high risk consent + LSCS
consent + termination)
106. • Injection MgSo4 (Prophylactically)
• I/V Labetalol
• Catheterise the patient
• FMM
• The goal was to deliver baby at 37th gestational week but due to
severely raised BP, baby was delivered at 34 weeks
• Inj Dexa
•LSCS on 23 June 2022
•ABB of 2.1 kg
•APGAR SCORE 10/10
•Contraception by TUBAL LIGATION
•BOTH MOTHER AND BABY DISCHARGED IN SATISFACTORY CONDITION
