The document discusses a framework for evaluating concept hierarchies without relying on a golden standard. It introduces Kleinberg's idea of hierarchical decentralized search, where background knowledge defines the distance between nodes. The framework determines a concept hierarchy's pragmatic usefulness by modeling how efficiently a decentralized searcher could find information in the hierarchy. The researchers believe this framework can objectively evaluate automatically generated hierarchies from folksonomies without a pre-defined taxonomy.
Coding publics and code as ethnographic artefactDan Verständig
SY06: MAKER CULTURES , CODE AND PUBLICNESS
EXPLORING (POST --)DIGITAL SPHERES AND PRACTICES
Dan Verständig | Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg/Germany
‘Going Public‘? Ethnography in Education and Social Work and Its Publics
October 31st - November 2nd, 2019 Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Germany
Presentation from November 1st, 2019.
On A Quest for Combating Filter Bubbles and Misinformation.
Invited Talk, Chinese University of Hong Kong at Shenzhen, Dec 13, 2022.
Social media have greatly facilitated access to information and news and have enhanced users' ability to share with peers their views on issues. However, they have unfortunately led to increased societal polarization. At the center of this phenomenon are filter bubbles and misinformation. Filter bubbles are the result of excessive personalization which enhances relevance of content at the price of limiting exposure to a specific viewpoint. These bubbles are amplified by the so-called echo chambers that exist in social media, whereby members of a community mutually reinforce a fixed opinion or viewpoint on an issue. Misinformation as well as disinformation, on the other hand, tends to propagate through the network, often faster and more virally than truth.
Both problems manifest themselves in the form of groups of actors working in concert and providing mutual reinforcement. How can we recognize these groups? Having detected them, how can we counteract these problems? The first question can benefit from an examination of techniques developed to search for dense subgraphs in an underlying network. As for the second question, a natural approach for countering filter bubbles is to launch some kind of counter-campaign to balance users' exposure to viewpoints. Countermeasures for misinformation propagating through a network depend on the party planning the countermeasure. The network host can intervene and take steps to limit the propagation of misinformation, but these actions come with a cost. Besides the political sensitivity and cost of limiting freedom of expression, what if the intervention was by mistake done on genuine information? On the other hand, a third party interested in countering the propagation of misinformation may launch a counter-campaign. Some of the ideas behind designing such campaigns have strong connections to a classic problem called Influence Maximization, studied in a very different context, driven by different applications like viral marketing, infection containment, and revenue or welfare maximization. In this talk, we will examine research on detecting dense subgraphs as well as competitive influence maximization and discuss how that can inspire techniques for addressing the two problems above.
Coding publics and code as ethnographic artefactDan Verständig
SY06: MAKER CULTURES , CODE AND PUBLICNESS
EXPLORING (POST --)DIGITAL SPHERES AND PRACTICES
Dan Verständig | Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg/Germany
‘Going Public‘? Ethnography in Education and Social Work and Its Publics
October 31st - November 2nd, 2019 Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Germany
Presentation from November 1st, 2019.
On A Quest for Combating Filter Bubbles and Misinformation.
Invited Talk, Chinese University of Hong Kong at Shenzhen, Dec 13, 2022.
Social media have greatly facilitated access to information and news and have enhanced users' ability to share with peers their views on issues. However, they have unfortunately led to increased societal polarization. At the center of this phenomenon are filter bubbles and misinformation. Filter bubbles are the result of excessive personalization which enhances relevance of content at the price of limiting exposure to a specific viewpoint. These bubbles are amplified by the so-called echo chambers that exist in social media, whereby members of a community mutually reinforce a fixed opinion or viewpoint on an issue. Misinformation as well as disinformation, on the other hand, tends to propagate through the network, often faster and more virally than truth.
Both problems manifest themselves in the form of groups of actors working in concert and providing mutual reinforcement. How can we recognize these groups? Having detected them, how can we counteract these problems? The first question can benefit from an examination of techniques developed to search for dense subgraphs in an underlying network. As for the second question, a natural approach for countering filter bubbles is to launch some kind of counter-campaign to balance users' exposure to viewpoints. Countermeasures for misinformation propagating through a network depend on the party planning the countermeasure. The network host can intervene and take steps to limit the propagation of misinformation, but these actions come with a cost. Besides the political sensitivity and cost of limiting freedom of expression, what if the intervention was by mistake done on genuine information? On the other hand, a third party interested in countering the propagation of misinformation may launch a counter-campaign. Some of the ideas behind designing such campaigns have strong connections to a classic problem called Influence Maximization, studied in a very different context, driven by different applications like viral marketing, infection containment, and revenue or welfare maximization. In this talk, we will examine research on detecting dense subgraphs as well as competitive influence maximization and discuss how that can inspire techniques for addressing the two problems above.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
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- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
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Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
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With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
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Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Pragmatic Evaluation of Concept Hierarchies
1. Graz University of Technology
Pragmatic Evaluation of Concept
Hierarchies
Christoph Trattner, Philipp Singer
Denis Helic, Markus Strohmaier
Graz University of Technology, Austria
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
1
2. Graz University of Technology
Part 1 What is this talk about
We will introduce a framework to evaluate concept
hierarchies that do not rely on a Golden-Standard
Framework determines the pragmatic usefulness of
concept hierarchies utilizing Kleinberg‟s idea of
hierarchical decentralized search
Part 2
We will show evidence that the framework does not
only work in theory but also in practice
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
2
3. Graz University of Technology
What was the motivation of our research?
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
3
4. Graz University of Technology
Directories: Categorization by Experts
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
4
5. Graz University of Technology
Research question
Can a crowd of users contribute to the
creation of such categorizations?
How can we generate such hierarchical
structures automatically?
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
5
6. Graz University of Technology
Annotation by Users: Tagging
Folksonomy
Tuple (U, R, T, Y)
User (U)
Resource (R)
Tag (T)
Relation (Y)
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
6
7. Graz University of Technology
Folksonomies
Emerge from the process of collaborative tagging
Latent hierarchical structures
Turn flat structure into hierarchy taxonomy
induction algorithms
Generality-based algorithms (centrality in tag-to-tag networks)
Other algorithms possible: k-means, affinity propagation, ...
E.g., [Heyman and Garcia-Molina 2006] or [Benz et al. 2010]
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
7
8. Graz University of Technology
Problem: How can we evaluate the
usefulness of these hierarchies?
Idea: Golden standard based methods
Problem: Lack of golden standard [Strohmaier et al. 2012]
little taxonomic overlap => results are not trustworthy
M. Strohmaier, D. Helic, D. Benz, C. Körner and R.
Very small overlap !!! Kern, Evaluation of Folksonomy Induction Algorithms, In the
ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
8
9. Graz University of Technology
Question?
Can we somehow find another evaluation method?
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
9
10. Graz University of Technology
Stanley Milgram
A social psychologist
Yale and Harvard University
Study on the Small World Problem,
beyond well defined communities
and relations 1933-1984
(such as actors, scientists, …)
„An Experimental Study of the Small World Problem”
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
10
11. Graz University of Technology
The simplest way of formulating the small-world problem is:
Starting with any two people in the world, what is the
likelihood that they will know each other?
A somewhat more sophisticated formulation, however, takes
account of the fact that while person X and Z may not know
each other directly, they may share a mutual acquaintance -
that is, a person who knows both of them. One can then think of
an acquaintance chain with X knowing Y and Y knowing Z.
Moreover, one can imagine circumstances in which X is linked
to Z not by a single link, but by a series of links, X-A-B-C-D…Y-
Z. That is to say, person X knows person A who in turn knows
person B, who knows C… who knows Y, who knows Z.
[Milgram 1967, according to
]http://www.ils.unc.edu/dpr/port/socialnetworking/theory_paper.html#2]
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
11
12. Graz University of Technology
An Experimental Study of the Small World
Problem [Travers and Milgram 1969]
A Social Network Experiment tailored towards
Demonstrating
Defining
And measuring
Inter-connectedness in a large society (USA)
A test of the modern idea of “six degrees of
separation”
Which states that: every person on earth is
connected to any other person through a chain of
acquaintances not longer than 6
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
12
13. Graz University of Technology
Set Up Target
Boston
Target person: stockbroker
A Boston stockbroker
Three starting populations
Nebraska Boston
100 “Nebraska stockholders”random random
96 “Nebraska random”
Nebraska
100 “Boston random”
stockholders
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
13
14. Graz University of Technology
Results
How many of the starters would be able to establish
contact with the target?
64 out of 296 reached the target
How many intermediaries would be required to link
starters with the target?
Well, that depends: the overall mean 5.2 links
Through hometown: 6.1 links
Through business: 4.6 links
Boston group faster than Nebraska groups
Nebraska stockholders not faster than Nebraska random
What form would the distribution of chain lengths
take?
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
14
15. Graz University of Technology
Decentralized Search
Search in (social) networks people have only local
knowledge of the network
People have background knowledge of the network, e.g.
geography
Background knowledge defines the notion of distance
between nodes
People are greedy: at each step people select a node that
has the smallest distance to the target
Kleinberg explained the process of navigating a network and
finding others with only local knowledge
Decentralized search with hierarchical background
knowledge [Kleinberg 2000]
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
15
16. Graz University of Technology
Hierarchical decentralized searcher
Information
Network
Hierarchy
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
16
17. Graz University of Technology
Idea!
Use Kleinberg„s model of decentralized search in social
networks and apply it to information networks.
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
17
18. Graz University of Technology
Framework
Hence, we implemented a framework that takes as input a given
hierarchy & network and determines the usefulness of this
hierarchy for navigating the network [Helic et al. 2011].
Hierarchy
Useful?
Yes/No
Framework
Hierarchical
Decentralized
D. Helic, M. Strohmaier, C. Trattner, M. Muhr, K.
Searcher Lerman, Pragmatic Evaluation of Folksonomies, 20th
Network International World Wide Web Conference
(WWW2011), Hyderabad, India, March 28 - April 1, ACM,
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
18
19. Graz University of Technology
Question?
To what extent are current tag hierarchy induction
algorithms useful for navigation?
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
19
20. Graz University of Technology
Evaluating Tag Hierarchy Induction
Algorithms
In [Helic et al. 2011 we used this kind of framework to
evaluate 5 different hierarchy induction algorithms on
5 different datasets (25 combinations)
BibSonomy
Delicious
CiteUlike
Flickr
LastFM
Simulations were based on a random sample of
100.000 search pairs
Measuring the success rate and stretch for evaluation
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
20
21. Graz University of Technology
Evaluating Tag Hierarchy Induction
Algorithms
BibSonomy CiteULike Delicious
Results:
Centrality-based hierarchy induction
algorithms outperform complicated
methods such as K-Means or Affinity
Flickr Propagation
LastFM
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
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22. Graz University of Technology
Question
What are the differences and similarities of hierarchies
based on different types of annotations?
To what extent are hierarchies based on tags more useful for navigation
than hierarchies based on keywords?
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
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23. Graz University of Technology
Tags
We
Keywords
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
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Results
Results:
Tag-based Hierarchies are more
useful for navigation than keyword-
based hierarchies
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
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25. Graz University of Technology
Question???
To what extent is it justified to model human navigation
in information networks with hierarchical
decentralized search?
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
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26. Graz University of Technology
Idea?
Compare Simulations with real world data!
Exploring the Differences and Similarities between Hierarchical Decentralized
Search and Human Navigation in Information Networks
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
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27. Graz University of Technology
Evaluation
We compared simulations with
human click trails of the online Game –
The Wiki Game (http://thewikigame.com/)
Contains 1,500,000
click trails of more
than 500,000 users with
(start; target) information.
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
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28. Graz University of Technology
Hierachy Creation
Two types of hierarchies were evaluated
1.) First type is based on our previous work
Categorial Concepts:
Wikipedia Category Label Dataset:
Tags from Delicious 2,300,000 category labels,
Category labels from Wikipedia 4,500,000 articles, 30,000,000 category
label assignments
Delicious Tag Dataset:
440,000 tags, 580,000 articles and
3,400,000 tag assignments
Similarity Graph
Latent Hierarchical Taxonomy
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
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Hierarchy Creation
2.) Second type is based on the work of [Muchnik et al. 2007]
Simple idea: Algorithm iterates through all
links in the network and decides if that link is
of a hierarchical type, in which case it
remains in the network otherwise it is
removed.
Directed link-network dataset of the
English-Wikipedia from February
2012.
All in all, the dataset includes
around 10,000,000 articles and
around 250,000,000 links
Muchnik, L., Itzhack, R., Solomon S. and Louzoun Y.: Self-emergence of knowledge trees: Extraction
of the Wikipedia hierarchies, PHYSICAL REVIEW E 76, 016106 (2007)
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
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Evaluation Metrics
Success Rate: Percentage of target nodes found
Number of Hops: Number of hops needed to reach the target
node
Stretch: Fraction of number of the number of steps and global
shortest path
Path Similarity: intersection(h_clicks,s_clicks)/s_clicks
Degree: median in- and out-degree values of the nodes visited
by the simulator and the human navigator
Transition Similarity
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
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What are the results??
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
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Results: Hops, Stretch, Success Rate
Success Rate: 100% Success Rate: 31.6%
Stretch: 2.5 Stretch: 1.7
Humans Searcher with Wikipedia Category
Hierarchy
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Results: Hops, Stretch, Success Rate
Success Rate: 100% Success Rate: 69%
Stretch: 2.5 Stretch: 8.8
Humans Searcher with Wikipedia Delicious
Hierarchy
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
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Results: Hops, Stretch, Success Rate
Success Rate: 100% Success Rate: 93%
Stretch: 2.5 Stretch: 1.5
Humans Searcher with Wikipedia Network
Hierarchy
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
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Results: Path Similarity
Question: How similar are the paths taken by our searcher compared
to the humans
Humans vs. Humans Humans vs. Simulators
T Trattner C., Singer P., Helic D., Strohmaier M. I-Know 2012
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Results: Degree
In- Degree Out- Degree
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Results: Transition Similarity
Humans Searcher
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Conclusions
We have shown that our approach of hierarchical
decentralized search models human navigation in
information networks fairly well
Furthermore, we have shown that hierarchies created
directly from the link network are better suited for
navigation than hierarchies that are created from
external knowledge
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What we plan for the Future?
Enhance the framework to consider not only
navigation but also search (= search box)
Evaluation of alternative navigational structures
and many more things
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Take home message
Network hierarchies are better suited for
Thank you!
navigation than hierarchies created from
external knowledge
Christoph Trattner Philipp Singer Denis Helic Markus Strohmaier
ctrattner@iicm.edu philipp.singer@tugraz.at dhelic@tugraz.at markus.strohmaier@tugraz.at
www.christophtrattner.info www.philippsinger.info http://coronet.iicm.edu/ www.markusstrohmaier.info
denis/homepage/
@ctrattner @ph_singer @dhelic @mstrohm
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