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多項式の反復法を使った解き方
前田賢輝
2022/5/10 作成
2022/5/10 最終更新
はじめに
𝑛次多項式𝑐0 + 𝑐1𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑥2
+ ⋯ + 𝑐𝑛𝑥𝑛
= 0には代数的に解く方法と反復法で解く方法がある。
𝑛 ≤ 4の場合は代数的に解くことができるが、𝑛 = 3,4の場合はすべての係数 𝑐0, … , 𝑐𝑛 が
実数であっても計算の途中で複素数が現れるという難しさがある。
一方、収束計算で解く方法には二分法、ニュートン法、DKA法、Splitting circle法、
Real-root isolationなどがある[1]。
本記事では実係数多項式の実数解を全て求める安定な方法として、
増減表と二分法を組み合わせた方法を紹介する。
[1] Wikipedia/求根アルゴリズム
増減表
極値では多項式の微分がゼロとなることを利用して
増減表を作成する。
𝑦 = 𝑥3
+ 3𝑥2
− 9𝑥 − 9 = 0
の場合、
𝑦′ = 3𝑥2 + 6𝑥 − 9
なので、 𝑦′
= 0を解くと𝑥 = −3,1となる。
よって、以下のような増減表が得られる。
FunctionViewで描画
𝑥3 + 3𝑥2 − 9𝑥 − 9
3𝑥2
+ 6𝑥 − 9
x -3 1
y ↗ 18 ↘ -14 ↗
増減表より解は−∞~ − 3, −3~1,1~∞にそれぞれ1個
あることがわかる。
このように実数解ごとに区間を分けることを
Real-root isolationという。
Real-root isolation
増減表以外の方法がWikipedia/Real-root isolationに紹介されている。
二分法
解を1つだけ含む区間から始めて徐々に狭めていく方法である。
手順は以下。
①区間ABから始める
②中点Cをとる
③AとCのyは正、Bのyは負なので
解は区間CBにあることが分かる。
④区間をCBに狭める
⑤「②」に戻る
すべての解を求めるためには、増減表で得られた
すべての区間に対して二分法を適用すればよい。
ただし、∞を含むと二分法が適用できないので、
最初の区間の下限と最後の区間の上限について
考慮が必要である。
解の上限
最高次の係数を1にした形式で考える。
多項式𝑦 = 𝑐0 + 𝑐1𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑛−1𝑥𝑛−1 + 𝑥𝑛は十分大きな𝑥では必ず正となる性質があり、
𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 = max 𝑐0, 0
1
𝑛 + max 𝑐1, 0
1
𝑛−1 + ⋯ + max 𝑐𝑛−2, 0
1
2 + max 𝑐𝑛−1, 0
とするとその条件を満たす。
<証明>
𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑛
= max 𝑐0, 0
1
𝑛 + max 𝑐1, 0
1
𝑛−1 + ⋯ + max 𝑐𝑛−2, 0
1
2 + max 𝑐𝑛−1, 0 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑛−1
= max 𝑐0, 0
1
𝑛 + max 𝑐1, 0
1
𝑛−1 + ⋯ + max 𝑐𝑛−2, 0
1
2 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑛−1
+ max 𝑐𝑛−1, 0 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑛−1
≥ max 𝑐0, 0
2
𝑛 + max 𝑐1, 0
2
𝑛−1 + ⋯ + max 𝑐𝑛−2, 0
2
2 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑛−2 + max 𝑐𝑛−1, 0 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑛−1
= max 𝑐0, 0
2
𝑛 + max 𝑐1, 0
2
𝑛−1 + ⋯ + max 𝑐𝑛−2, 0
2
3 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑛−2
+ max 𝑐𝑛−2, 0 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑛−2
+ max 𝑐𝑛−1, 0 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑛−1
…
≥ max 𝑐0, 0 + max 𝑐1, 0 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 + ⋯ + max 𝑐𝑛−2, 0 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑛−2 + max 𝑐𝑛−1, 0 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑛−1
≥ −𝑐0 − 𝑐1𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 − ⋯ − 𝑐𝑛−2𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑛−2
− 𝑐𝑛−1𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑛−1
よって、
𝑦 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 0
解の下限
多項式𝑦 = 𝑐0 + 𝑐1𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑛−1𝑥𝑛−1
+ 𝑥𝑛
は十分小さな𝑥では、𝑛が偶数なら正、奇数なら負となる。
𝑛が偶数の場合、
𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛 = − max −𝑐0, 0
1
𝑛 − max 𝑐1, 0
1
𝑛−1 − ⋯ − max −𝑐𝑛−2, 0
1
2 − max 𝑐𝑛−1, 0
𝑛が奇数の場合、
𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛 = − max 𝑐0, 0
1
𝑛 − max −𝑐1, 0
1
𝑛−1 − ⋯ − max −𝑐𝑛−2, 0
1
2 − max 𝑐𝑛−1, 0
とするとその条件を満たす。
証明は省略するが上限と同様にして証明できる。
<例>
𝑥 = −4.5446, −0.8329,2.3776を解に持つ𝑥3 + 3𝑥2 − 9𝑥 − 9 = 0の場合、
解の下限と上限は、 𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −6, 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5.0801と見積もられる。
解の下限と上限の改善
上記の方法で求める下限は常に負、上限は常に正となるため、
解が正または負に偏っている場合は広めに見積もられてしまう。
これを改善するためには、解の平均値が0となるように変数変換すればよい。
𝑥0, 𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛−1を解に持つ方程式は 𝑥 − 𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥1 … 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛−1 = 0と表すことができる。
この方程式を展開すると、𝑥𝑛
− 𝑥0 + 𝑥1 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛−1 𝑥𝑛−1
+ ⋯ = 0となるので、
𝑥𝑛−1の係数は(複素数解や重解を含む)すべての解の和で表せることが分かる。
よって、解の平均値を0にするためには、 𝑥𝑛−1の係数が0となるように変数変換してやればよい。
<例>
𝑥3 + 3𝑥2 − 9𝑥 − 9 = 0(解は𝑥 = −4.5446, −0.8329,2.3776 )の場合、
そのまま計算すると𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −6, 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5.0801。
𝑥 = 𝑥′ − 1と変数変換すれば、𝑥3 − 12𝑥 + 2 = 0となり、𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −5.7240, 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.4641。
𝑥3
− 300𝑥2
+ 29999𝑥 − 999900 = 0(解は𝑥 = 99,100,101)の場合、
そのまま計算すると𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0, 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 400.00。
𝑥 = 𝑥′ + 100と変数変換すれば、𝑥3 − 𝑥 = 0となり、𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 99, 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 101。

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多項式の反復法を使った解き方.pptx