Punch marked karshapana coins were some of India's earliest coins, dating back to around 600 BC. They were created by pressing symbols into flat pieces of silver to indicate place and date of minting. Over time, additional symbols were sometimes added to the reverse to verify the coin's weight and purity. These coins continued until around the 2nd century BC and typically bore geometric, floral, animal or human figures. Mauryan period punch marked coins from 300-100 BC were initially issued by merchant guilds and later states, representing a trade currency during urban development. Common symbols included elephants, hills, trees, the sun and flowers.
Ancient Greece was dominated by independent city-states beginning around 750 BC. City-states like Athens and Sparta established colonies throughout the Mediterranean region from 750-550 BC to acquire farmland, trade routes, and wealth. This period of colonization spread Greek culture and ideas while growing the economy and creating political tensions between the aristocracy and a new wealthy merchant class. Tyrants then seized power in many city-states in the 7th-6th centuries BC, gaining support from merchants and peasants by ending aristocratic rule but also violating ideals of law. Athens developed a democratic system while Sparta established an oligarchy. The city-states united briefly against Persia during the Persian Wars in 490-479 BC, resulting in
The document discusses land grants during the Gupta period in India. It notes that land grants to Brahmins and temples, which were exempt from taxes, increased during this time. Whole villages were sometimes granted. This led to the growth of feudalism as officials who received these land grants started exploiting the peasants who lived and worked on the land. The document also discusses different types of land grants mentioned in ancient Indian texts and the sources that discuss land grants occurring during the Gupta period.
The Sassanid Empire ruled present-day Iran and surrounding regions from 224-651 AD. Some key events included:
- Ardashir I overthrew the Parthian Empire in 224 AD and established the Sassanid capital at Ctesiphon.
- The 4th century saw the empire's first golden age under Shapur II, who defeated Roman emperors and expanded eastward.
- The 6th century was another golden age, as Khusrau I and II built monuments and had success against Byzantium.
- However, the Sassanid Empire declined in the 7th century due to wars with Byzantium and the Muslim conquest, which ended S
The Indo-Parthian Kingdom was founded in the late 1st century BCE by Gondophares I, a member of the noble Suren family from the Parthian Empire. It encompassed parts of eastern Iran, Afghanistan, and the northwestern Indian subcontinent, with its capital at Taxila. The kingdom was influenced by Parthian, Greek, Buddhist, Hindu, and Zoroastrian cultures. It declined in the 2nd century CE as the Kushan Empire absorbed its northern Indian territories and the Sasanian Empire conquered its remaining territories in modern-day Iran.
The Sumer civilization thrived in ancient Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. It was the first civilization to develop systems of writing, government, religion, economic classes, advanced architecture like ziggurats, science, arts, and literature such as the Epic of Gilgamesh. The Sumerians invented innovations like the wheel, plow, calendar, bronze metallurgy, silver currency, and the first written legal code. However, rivalry among Sumerian city-states led to decline, and the Akkadian Empire later conquered and unified the region under rulers like Sargon I.
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Punch marked karshapana coins were some of India's earliest coins, dating back to around 600 BC. They were created by pressing symbols into flat pieces of silver to indicate place and date of minting. Over time, additional symbols were sometimes added to the reverse to verify the coin's weight and purity. These coins continued until around the 2nd century BC and typically bore geometric, floral, animal or human figures. Mauryan period punch marked coins from 300-100 BC were initially issued by merchant guilds and later states, representing a trade currency during urban development. Common symbols included elephants, hills, trees, the sun and flowers.
Ancient Greece was dominated by independent city-states beginning around 750 BC. City-states like Athens and Sparta established colonies throughout the Mediterranean region from 750-550 BC to acquire farmland, trade routes, and wealth. This period of colonization spread Greek culture and ideas while growing the economy and creating political tensions between the aristocracy and a new wealthy merchant class. Tyrants then seized power in many city-states in the 7th-6th centuries BC, gaining support from merchants and peasants by ending aristocratic rule but also violating ideals of law. Athens developed a democratic system while Sparta established an oligarchy. The city-states united briefly against Persia during the Persian Wars in 490-479 BC, resulting in
The document discusses land grants during the Gupta period in India. It notes that land grants to Brahmins and temples, which were exempt from taxes, increased during this time. Whole villages were sometimes granted. This led to the growth of feudalism as officials who received these land grants started exploiting the peasants who lived and worked on the land. The document also discusses different types of land grants mentioned in ancient Indian texts and the sources that discuss land grants occurring during the Gupta period.
The Sassanid Empire ruled present-day Iran and surrounding regions from 224-651 AD. Some key events included:
- Ardashir I overthrew the Parthian Empire in 224 AD and established the Sassanid capital at Ctesiphon.
- The 4th century saw the empire's first golden age under Shapur II, who defeated Roman emperors and expanded eastward.
- The 6th century was another golden age, as Khusrau I and II built monuments and had success against Byzantium.
- However, the Sassanid Empire declined in the 7th century due to wars with Byzantium and the Muslim conquest, which ended S
The Indo-Parthian Kingdom was founded in the late 1st century BCE by Gondophares I, a member of the noble Suren family from the Parthian Empire. It encompassed parts of eastern Iran, Afghanistan, and the northwestern Indian subcontinent, with its capital at Taxila. The kingdom was influenced by Parthian, Greek, Buddhist, Hindu, and Zoroastrian cultures. It declined in the 2nd century CE as the Kushan Empire absorbed its northern Indian territories and the Sasanian Empire conquered its remaining territories in modern-day Iran.
The Sumer civilization thrived in ancient Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. It was the first civilization to develop systems of writing, government, religion, economic classes, advanced architecture like ziggurats, science, arts, and literature such as the Epic of Gilgamesh. The Sumerians invented innovations like the wheel, plow, calendar, bronze metallurgy, silver currency, and the first written legal code. However, rivalry among Sumerian city-states led to decline, and the Akkadian Empire later conquered and unified the region under rulers like Sargon I.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
1) The document discusses the early civilization of Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
2) It focuses on the Sumerian civilization, the first to emerge in Mesopotamia around 4500 BCE. The Sumerians developed advanced farming techniques, irrigation, and urban settlements like Ur.
3) The Sumerians invented cuneiform writing and made advances in math, architecture like the ziggurat, law, and literature including the Epic of Gilgamesh. However, the constant warfare between Sumerian city-states was also a defining aspect of their civilization.
Oswald Spengler was a German historian who developed a cyclical theory of the rise and decline of civilizations over approximately 1,000-1,200 years. He analyzed six major civilizations and identified their "prime symbols" or dominant worldviews. Spengler believed Western civilization was already in an advanced state of decline in the early 20th century. Arnold Toynbee also studied the rise and fall of civilizations but rejected Spengler's deterministic view. Toynbee argued civilizations thrive when they successfully address challenges and decline when leaders stop responding creatively. Joseph Tainter's theory is that societies become more complex to solve problems but eventually reach a point of diminishing returns, leading to
La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto significativo en la economía mundial y las vidas de las personas. Muchos países han impuesto medidas de confinamiento que han cerrado negocios y escuelas. Aunque estas medidas han ayudado a reducir la propagación del virus, también han causado un aumento en el desempleo y problemas económicos. Se espera que la recuperación económica lleve tiempo a medida que los países reabran gradualmente y las personas se sientan seguras para volver a trabajar y gastar.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest civilizations in South Asia, contemporary to Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. It peaked around 2500 BCE along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and parts of India. The civilization was highly advanced and urbanized, with many large cities. However, it declined around 1900 BCE, possibly due to changes in the monsoon patterns. The writing system of the Indus Valley Civilization remains undeciphered. The author proposes a theory that the civilization was destroyed by invading Pre-Dravidian groups from South India, and its people migrated and mixed with the local Pre-Dravidian population, eventually developing into the Dravidian culture.
Chaldea (/kælˈdiːə/), from Ancient Greek: Χαλδαία, Chaldaia; Akkadian: māt Kaldu/Kašdu; Hebrew: כשדים, Kaśdim;[1] Aramaic: ܟܠܕܘ, Kaldo), also spelled Chaldaea, was a small Semitic nation which emerged between the late 10th and early 9th century BC, surviving until the mid 6th century BC, after which it disappeared, and the Chaldean tribes were absorbed into the native population of Babylonia.[2] It was located in the marshy land of the far south eastern corner of Mesopotamia, and briefly came to rule Babylon. (SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldea)
Alexander invaded India between 327-323 BCE after defeating Darius III and the Persians. Some key battles included the Battle of Granicus in 334 BCE, the Battle of Issus in 333 BCE, and the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BCE. Alexander's final major battle in India was the Battle of the Hydaspes River against King Porus in 326 BCE, which Alexander won through careful planning and taking advantage of the terrain. Alexander then turned back from further invading east due to resistance from additional Indian kings and exhaustion of his army.
The document discusses the first civilization of Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and was the site of the world's first civilization due to the rivers providing fertile land for agriculture. The Sumerians were the first major civilization in Mesopotamia, developing cities, social classes, cuneiform writing, and inventions like the wheel, plow, and sailboat. Sargon later created the world's first empire by conquering Mesopotamia, while Hammurabi established one of the earliest legal codes.
1) The document discusses the early civilization of Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
2) It focuses on the Sumerian civilization, the first to emerge in Mesopotamia around 4500 BCE. The Sumerians developed advanced farming techniques, irrigation, and urban settlements like Ur.
3) The Sumerians invented cuneiform writing and made advances in math, architecture like the ziggurat, law, and literature including the Epic of Gilgamesh. However, the constant warfare between Sumerian city-states was also a defining aspect of their civilization.
Oswald Spengler was a German historian who developed a cyclical theory of the rise and decline of civilizations over approximately 1,000-1,200 years. He analyzed six major civilizations and identified their "prime symbols" or dominant worldviews. Spengler believed Western civilization was already in an advanced state of decline in the early 20th century. Arnold Toynbee also studied the rise and fall of civilizations but rejected Spengler's deterministic view. Toynbee argued civilizations thrive when they successfully address challenges and decline when leaders stop responding creatively. Joseph Tainter's theory is that societies become more complex to solve problems but eventually reach a point of diminishing returns, leading to
La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto significativo en la economía mundial y las vidas de las personas. Muchos países han impuesto medidas de confinamiento que han cerrado negocios y escuelas. Aunque estas medidas han ayudado a reducir la propagación del virus, también han causado un aumento en el desempleo y problemas económicos. Se espera que la recuperación económica lleve tiempo a medida que los países reabran gradualmente y las personas se sientan seguras para volver a trabajar y gastar.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest civilizations in South Asia, contemporary to Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. It peaked around 2500 BCE along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and parts of India. The civilization was highly advanced and urbanized, with many large cities. However, it declined around 1900 BCE, possibly due to changes in the monsoon patterns. The writing system of the Indus Valley Civilization remains undeciphered. The author proposes a theory that the civilization was destroyed by invading Pre-Dravidian groups from South India, and its people migrated and mixed with the local Pre-Dravidian population, eventually developing into the Dravidian culture.
Chaldea (/kælˈdiːə/), from Ancient Greek: Χαλδαία, Chaldaia; Akkadian: māt Kaldu/Kašdu; Hebrew: כשדים, Kaśdim;[1] Aramaic: ܟܠܕܘ, Kaldo), also spelled Chaldaea, was a small Semitic nation which emerged between the late 10th and early 9th century BC, surviving until the mid 6th century BC, after which it disappeared, and the Chaldean tribes were absorbed into the native population of Babylonia.[2] It was located in the marshy land of the far south eastern corner of Mesopotamia, and briefly came to rule Babylon. (SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldea)
Alexander invaded India between 327-323 BCE after defeating Darius III and the Persians. Some key battles included the Battle of Granicus in 334 BCE, the Battle of Issus in 333 BCE, and the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BCE. Alexander's final major battle in India was the Battle of the Hydaspes River against King Porus in 326 BCE, which Alexander won through careful planning and taking advantage of the terrain. Alexander then turned back from further invading east due to resistance from additional Indian kings and exhaustion of his army.
The document discusses the first civilization of Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and was the site of the world's first civilization due to the rivers providing fertile land for agriculture. The Sumerians were the first major civilization in Mesopotamia, developing cities, social classes, cuneiform writing, and inventions like the wheel, plow, and sailboat. Sargon later created the world's first empire by conquering Mesopotamia, while Hammurabi established one of the earliest legal codes.
2. • Направления, течения и стили в искусстве являются своеобразными
«визитными карточками», отмечающими напряженную духовную жизнь
эпохи, постоянные поиски прекрасного, его взлеты и падения. Так же как лицо
«зеркало души» отдельного человека, искусство — зеркало души своего
своего времени.
3. ОСНОВНЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ И СТИЛИ В
ИСКУССТВЕ
сюрреализм
кубизм
абстракционизм
авангардизм
хайтек
модернизм
4. МОДЕРНИЗМ
• Модернизмом называется широкое направление в культуре конца XIX –
начала ХХв., охватывающее художественные тенденции и новые формы творч
ества, отрицающие правдоподобие и канон.
Главная черта модернизма-
свободный взгляд и особое видение мастера, имеющего право
изменять видимый мир по своему усмотрению, следуя лично
му впечатлению, идее или мистическому представлению.
5. КУБИЗМ
• термин «кубизм» появился в
1908, после того как
художественный критик Анри
Матисс назвал новые картины
Брака «кубическими
причудами»
8. ХАЙ-ТЕК
• (англ. hi-tech – высокие технологии) – высокотехнологичный стиль
архитектурного дизайна, возникший в период позднего модернизма в 70-х
годах прошлого века. был широко популярен в 1980-х.
9. СЮРРЕАЛИЗМ
• — (от франц. Surrealisme) — течение в
авангардном искусстве первой половины двадцатого
века, характеризуемое слиянием реальности с чем-
то другим, но не оппозиционным. Сюрреализм —
это сон — он не реальный, но и не ирреальный.